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About the Scientific Life of Harald Fritzsch

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About the Scientific Life of Harald Fritzsch About the scientific life of Harald Fritzsch Peter Minkowski University of Bern ”Harald Fritzsch Symposium” 6. June , 2008 at the Ludwig-Maximilian University in Munich 1 List of contents 1 ’Strong interactions are mediated by a gauge theory’ 3 ... a few remarks on the pre-history of this idea 2 From our collaboration 19 3 From Caltech becoming a Professor first in Wuppertal 1977 theninBern1978 26 4 From Bern to the LMU in Munich 1980 – 27 5 Outlook 31 References 32 2 1 ’Strong interactions are mediated by a gauge theory’ ... a few remarks on the pre-history of this idea and about QCD As far as I know from you , Harald , this idea which gave birth to QCD , was strongly impressed in your mind , when you succeeded after obtaining the diploma in physics from the University of Leipzig, to escape through the black sea to Turkey in 1968 . But how these thoughts developed may be the topic of Murray Gell-Mann’s contribution and thus I shall only report here about times long past, starting 1953 with Wolfgang Pauli, and going backwards to about 1937 to more general ideas of Elie´ Cartan on ’connections’ . → 3 Figure 1: ’Many letters, some answers’ ( → ) . 4 Paulis Letters Brief an Oskar Klein Sto ckholm vom Ab er ich verstehe zu wenig von Exp erimentalphysik um diese Ansicht b eweisen zu konnen und so ist Bohr in der fur ihn angenehmen Lage unter Ausnutzung meiner allgemeinen Hilosigkeit b ei der Diskussion von Exp erimenten sich selb er und mir unter Berufung auf Cambridger Autoritaten ubrigens ohne Literaturangab e da etwas b eliebiges vormachen zu konnen Brief an Oskar Klein Sto ckholm Ich selbst bin ziemlich sicher Heisenb erg nicht so unb edingt da Strahlen die Ursache des kontinuierlichen Sp ektrums der Strahlen sein mussen und da Bohr mit seinen dies b ezuglic hen Betrachtungen ub er eine Verletzung des Energiesatzes auf vollkommen falscher Fahrte ist Auch glaub e ich da die warmemessenden Exp erimentatoren irgendwie dab ei mogeln und die Strahlen ihnen nur infolge ihrer Ungeschicklichkeit bisher entgangen sind Brief an die Grupp e der Radioaktiven Physikalisches Institut der Eidg Technischen Ho chschule Zuric h Zuric h Dez Lieb e Radioaktive Damen und Herren Wie der Ub erbringer dieser Zeilen den ich huldvollst anzuhoren bitte Ihnen des naheren aus einandersetzen wird bin ich angesichts der falschen Statistik der N und Li Kerne sowie des kontinuierlichen Sp ektrums auf einen verzweifelten Ausweg verfallen um den Wechselsatz 1 der Statistik und den Energiesatz zu retten Namlich die Moglichkeit es konnten elektrisch 2 Here three letters in conjunction neutrale Teilchen die ich Neutronen nennen will in den Kernen existieren welche den Spin hab en und das Ausschlieungsprinzip b efolgen und sich von Lichtquanten auerdem no ch dadurch unterscheiden da sie nicht mit Lichtgeschwindigkeit laufen Das kontinuierliche with the neutrino hypothesis Sp ektrum ware dann verstandlich unter der Annahme da b eim Zerfall mit dem Elektron jeweils no ch ein Neutron emittiert wird derart da die Summe der Energien von Neutron are shown , from und Elektron konstant ist Nun handelt es sich weiter darum welche Krafte auf die Neutronen wirken Das wahr Rudolf Mossbauer,¨ Proc. of scheinlichste Mo dell fur das Neutron scheint mir aus wellenmechanischen Grunden dieses zu sein da das ruhende Neutron ein magnetischer Dip ol von einem gewissen Moment ’Neutrino Astrophysics’ Ringberg Castle ist Die Exp erimente verlangen wohl da die ionisierende Wirkung eines solchen Neutrons nicht groer sein kann als die eines Strahls und dann darf wohl nicht groer sein als 13 Tegernsee 20.-24. Oct. 1997 , ed. by e cm Ich traue mich vorlaug ab er nicht etwasub er diese Idee zu publizieren und wende mich erst vertrauensvoll an Euch lieb e Radioaktive mit der Frage wie es um den exp erimentellen Nachweis eines solchen Neutrons stande wenn dieses ein eb ensolches o der M.Altmann, W. Hillebrandt, H.-T. Janka and etwa mal groeres Durchdringungsvermogen b esitzen wurde wie ein Strahl Also lieb e Radioaktive prufet und richtetLeider kann ich nicht p ersonlich in Tubingen G. Raffelt, TU M¨unchen 1998 [1a] . ( → ) erscheinen da ich infolge eines in der Nacht vom zum Dez in Zuric h stattndenden Balles hier unabkommlich bin Euer untertanigster Diener W Pauli 1 Heute Paulisches Ausschlieungspri nz ip 2 Heute Neutrinos 5 But the strong interactions gauging a nonabelian local SU2 group are subject of another letter , and concerning the association of the gauge group with isospin ( G = SU2) we have to say with Pauli : ’ganz falsch’ , yet ... The following letter from Wolfgang Pauli to Abraham Pais, 25. July 1953, is from K. Meyenn, ’Wolfgang Pauli, Wissenschaftlicher Briefwechsel’, Band IV, Teil II, Springer Verlag 1999 [2a] . 6 From the five derivation pages only two shall be shown → 7 M 6 = M 1+3 × S 2 → 8 The equation number is eight → 9 This first in time excursion , shall put into perspective your own ideas, Harald , and leave open the eventual existence of other similar ones . In fact it would be incomplete, not to mention here Elie´ Cartan. The interest of the latter in general relativity is documented by a book : Elie´ Cartan - Albert Einstein: Letters on Absolute Parallelism, 1929-1932, Robert Debever Editor, Princeton Univ. Press. 1979 [3a] . The next picture shows Elie´ Cartan returning from a turbulent ship excursion during an International Mathematics Conference in Oslo , 1936 – from the photo album of George Polya´ [4a] . → 10 He tried to understand general relativity but found general group-valued connections, which include the specific SU2-valued one derived by Wolfgang Pauli, around 1937 . → 11 The ’Uberbau’¨ structure of fibre bundles, mathematically elaborated later, is fine , but so enormously generalised, that the jewels relevant for quantized gauge field theories are difficult to recognize. a The next figure shall serve to put Wolfgang Pauli and Arnold Sommerfeld in perspective with your University, the LMU in Munich. It is taken from the exposition at the ETH library at the occasion of the centenary of W. P., URL http://www.ethbib.ethz.ch/exhibit/pauli/index.html/ [5a] . a I am grateful to Raymond Stora for pointing out to me two later indirect accounts of this work , by a) Charles Ehresmann, ’Les connexions differentiables´ dans un fibre´ differentiable’,´ Colloque de Topolo- gie (Espaces fibres),´ Centre Belge de Recherches Mathematiques,´ Bruxelles, 5.-8. Juin 1950 [6a] , and b) mimeographed notes of lectures by Shiing-Shen Chern, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton ∼ 1951 [7a] . 12 Wolfgang Pauli as high school student in Vienna , his student card at the LMU and Arnold Sommerfeld and Wolfgang Pauli during a conference on metals in Geneva 1934 → 13 Varna, Bulgaria the starting point of your escape with Stefan, 1968 . → 14 Igneada, Turkey – the ’road to freedom’, 1968 [8a] . → 15 ”Forces between quarks ( and antiquarks ) are mediated by gauge bosons ...” this was your conviction maybe related to your studies of general relativity . This brings you into the group of physicists and mathematicians, which I mentioned in the introduction to your scientific life . It brought you – a well conceived plan – to Aspen and later in 1970 to the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center in order to discuss with Murray Gell-Mann and try to initiate your collaboration Three accounts shall be cited here : [1] William A. Bardeen, H. Fritzsch, Murray Gell-Mann , CERN-TH-1538, May 1972, ’Light cone current algebra, π 0 decay, and e + e− annihilation’ , William A. Bardeen, H. Fritzsch and Murray Gell-Mann . CERN-TH-1538, May 1972, presented at Topical Meeting on the Outlook for Broken Conformal Symmetry in Elementary Particle Physics, 4-5 May 1972, Frascati, Italy, hep-ph/0211388. [2] Harald Fritzsch and Murray Gell-Mann (CERN) ’Current algebra: Quarks and what else?’, Proceedings of 16th International Conference on High-Energy Physics, Batavia, Illinois, 6-13 Sep 1972, published in eConf C720906V2 (1972) 135-165, also in Physics, Proceedings of the XVI International Conference on High Chicago 1972 p.135 (J. D. Jackson, A. Roberts, eds.), hep-ph/0208010 . [3] H. Fritzsch, Murray Gell-Mann and H. Leutwyler (Caltech) , ’Advantages of the Color Octet Gluon Picture’, CALT-68-409, 1973, Phys.Lett.B47 (1973) 365-368. This shall acknowledge your original and seminal contribution to the conception of QCD . 16 Let me also show ’ The road to freedom (at short distances) ’ quoting four references [4] I. B. Khriplovich, ’Greens functions in theories with a non-abelian gauge group’ , Yad. Fiz. 10 (1969) 409 , engl. transl. Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 10 (1970) 235 . [5] G. ’t Hooft, Remarks at the Colloquium on renormalization of Yang-Mills fields and applications to particle physics, Marseille 1972 . [6] D. J. Gross and F. Wilczek, ’Ultraviolet behaviour of nonabelian gauge theories’ , Phys. Rev. Lett. 30 (1973) 1343 . [7] D. Politzer, ’Reliable results for strong interactions ?’ , Phys. Rev. Lett. 30 (1973) 1346 . g 2 3/2 4 µd/dµ log Z / Z 1 = − b 1 + O g “ 3 ” ` ´ 16 π 2 (1) 12 − 1 4 b 1 = C 2 ( G ) − 3 T 2 ( D G ) 3 a b ab C 2 ( SUN ) = N ; tr T ( D ) T ( D ) = T 2 ( D ) δ → 17 ... this shows the delight in your collaboration → 18 2 From our collaboration In fall 1971 you and Murray Gell-Mann arrived for a stay of one year at CERN . Soon later we met and started to collaborate , first on problems related to deep inelastic scattering and the short distance expansion of products of local currents . But let me move to fall 1973 , whence I had followed an offer to become a research fellow at Caltech and we resumed there a wider collaboration . First lets turn to a paper on unified gauge-interactions, which took more than a year to be completed : [8] Harald Fritzsch and Peter Minkowski (Caltech), ’Unified Interactions of Leptons and Hadrons’, CALT-68-467, (Received Dec 1974), Annals Phys.93 (1975) 193-266 .
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