Progress Report

2004–2005

Edited by Pedro W. Crous Robert A. Samson and Richard C. Summerbell

Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures Fungal Biodiversity Centre

An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences

1 Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures - Fungal Biodiversity Centre.

Visiting and courier address: Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands. Postal address: P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands. Telephone +31 (0)30 2122600. Telefax +31 (0)30 2512097. Email: [email protected]

Homepage: http://www.cbs.knaw.nl

2 CONTENTS

Preface 4

Structure and Research Programmes 7

The Collection 8

Research Programmes Evolutionary Phytopathology 13 Origins of Pathogenicity in Clinical Fungi 17 Yeast and Basidiomycete Research 20 Applied and Industrial 24

Programmes, Themes and Projects 28

Scientifi c Output (2004–2005) 33

Contract Research and Services 51

Finance and Staff 54

CBS Publications 2004–2005 56

Popular Scientifi c Activities 57

3 Preface

The CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, also known as used to market mycology as a serious component the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, is one of biodiversity. of 17 institutes of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (RNAAS). The CBS is unique To Study Biodiversity: The CBS has chosen to in its scope and international significance, curating establish various online databases via its unique the world’s most diverse living collection of fungi. BioloMICS software. A good example of such a The collection, which grows at approximately 3000 database can be found by consulting MycoBank strains per year, includes organisms of crucial (www.MycoBank.org), where names of all new importance to diverse sectors of industry, as well as fungal taxa published in reputable journals will be to agriculture and medicine. In our previous biennial deposited, along with the corresponding descriptions, report (May, 2003), we adopted the motto to Collect, illustrations, and voucher information (for herbarium Study and Preserve. Two years have gone by, specimens, DNA sequences and banked DNA and it is thus prudent to reflect on our vision and specimens, cultures, literature citations, etc.). The mission, and simultaneously assess what we have CBS has chosen for a more public engagement accomplished to date. with science, and is thus establishing research programmes to address issues of relevance to To Collect Biodiversity: In the Studies of Mycology society. A good example of this is the inception of volume 50, David Hawksworth provided fresh new postdoctoral positions for the creation of DNA arguments for his original estimate of 1.5 million barcodes to facilitate rapid recognition of fungi species of fungi (now accepted by many as a vast in various sectors such as agriculture, medicine, underestimate), and drew our attention to the fact indoor air and food microbiology. CBS will strive that of the 7% of these species that are currently for a situation where it will have a DNA sequence known from scientific description (approximately and barcode for each strain in the collection. This 100 000 species), only a subset amounting to 16% project has been initiated by means of financial are known from culture, i.e., 1.1% of the original support of the RNAAS, but will need considerable estimated 1.5 million species. Although the CBS additional funding to attain the goal stated. As an collection expands more rapidly than any other, official partner of the Consortium for the Barcode of similar genetic resource centre in the world, one could Life (CBoL), the CBS has chosen to add DNA data ask what new projects have been initiated to further to its identifications in its striving to attain a gold promote the collection of the “silent majority” of as standard in fungal identification, and to promote yet unknown and uncultured fungi? To address this a better understanding of ecological interactions concern, the CBS, in collaboration with Agriculture where microorganisms play a role. CBS also strives and Agri-Food Canada, will officially launch the to support and participate in international ventures Fungal Planet (www.fungalplanet.org), which will aimed at attaining this goal, such as the US National aim to add a further 1% to the world’s currently Science Foundation (NSF)-funded Assembling the known fungal biodiversity, by describing 1000 new Fungal Tree of Life (AFToL) project. species of fungi. The concept is that descriptions of new taxa will be published and distributed on To Preserve Biodiversity: Since our previous biennial a monthly basis, and will be freely available on report, the genetic resource centre has been the web. They will also be linked via MycoBank experiencing a phase of rapid expansion. Although to vouchers in herbaria, DNA banks, and culture this is partly due to policy, it is also due to the fact that collections world-wide. With this initiative, we hope the CBS is emerging as an international collection to highlight the world’s incredible fungal diversity, of choice both for mycologists and for editors of and to underline the importance of funding fungal high impact journals promoting the preservation biodiversity research. A major aim is to link fungi of the critical voucher material and DNA extracts to their environment, i.e. the ecosystems where upon which important published identifications they occur. High quality digital colour photographs are based. The original mandate of CBS, when it capturing the essence of each collection site as was officially established in 1904, was based on a an environment are thus a prerequisite for the recommendation of the Association Internationale publication of each species description. The Big des Botanistes that an international repository Book of Fungi, “Fungal Planet” will be compiled must be established for fungal cultures. Soon, this using material selected from the descriptions, as mandate was broadened to include biosystematic well as unpublished illustrations and text intended research, and the collection and its research group to provide a broad perspective on fungi. Our goal were for several decades the twin pillars of CBS. is to produce a book with a compelling design, as In the last two years, to further strengthen the well as one full of stimulating concepts that can be collection and international biosystematic research 4 on fungi, we have established MycoBank (www. the EU, you could apply to SYNTHESYS (www. MycoBank.org), the registry of new taxon names, synthesys.info) for fi nancial support to facilitate and also have begun actively to collaborate with such a research visit. If you are in the U.S.A., CABI Bioscience and Landcare New Zealand in your research professor’s NSF grant will make the curation of both existing and new fungal names it possible to obtain fi nancial support for such a (www.speciesfungorum.org), linking these to unique visit, as CBS is a member of CETAF (Consortium Life Science Identifi ers (LSIDs), which are supplied of European Taxonomic Facilities), which has an to GBIF. Via its MycoBank and Mycoheritage (www. existing exchange with the NSF. If you are a student cbs.knaw.nl/mycoheritage) sites CBS will be making in a developing country, consult the web page of a steadily increasing number of descriptions and the Academy (www.knaw.nl), or contact us to hear illustrations available for existing names. In the about possible collaborative ventures. coming period we will be actively developing and further improving the MycoBank software in an Lets make the link, lets promote our science attempt to provide a further improved and updated together! service to society. CBS has also chosen for open access to scientifi c information. This policy gives the internet user maximal access not only to CBS databases, but also to its journal, Studies in Mycology (www.cbs.knaw.nl/simonline), which is now published in full colour.

In the coming two years CBS will be playing an increasingly active role in EU research programmes, striving to promote mycology and science for global public good. We will be actively expanding our culture and DNA databases, and will be establishing additional databases for specifi c fungal groups of interest. CBS will also take active steps to become a major training ground for young mycologists, a role that will be promoted by strengthening the interaction with top-ranking Dutch universities as well as international research bodies. In our Pedro W. Crous previous report I mentioned that CBS represents Director, a wonderful scientifi c opportunity as a living fungal Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, DNA bank. Young mycologists should make it part an institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of of their education to visit the CBS. If you are within Arts and Sciences (CBS-RNAAS)

5 Research collaboration (see Programmes, Themes and Projects section for details).

Research collaboration (see Programmes, Themes and Projects section for details).

7

6 Structure and Research Programmes

The CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre is an institute the Consortium for European Taxonomic Facilities of biosystematics. The primary aim of its research (CETAF), CBS is one of the member institutes that programmes is to enhance its unique living collection were successful in obtaining funding from an EU of fungi by adding valuable new data and cultures. project facilitating scientifi c exchange; the resulting CBS has chosen to transform itself from simply program, called SYNTHESYS, subsidizes systematic being the international culture collection of choice researchers from the EU and EU-accession countries to being the trendsetter and gold standard of who want access to the collection and its facilities mycology. (www.synthesys.info). Another EU application that Our core business is the collection, and this is was awarded has funded the development of a the aspect we must be the best at. Our research European Distributed Institute of (EDIT). programmes should therefore add value to the Within EDIT, the main task for CBS as a partner of collection. Each research programme consists of the Netherlands Biodiversity Information Network several projects. While some projects represent (NL-BIF) concerns the establishment of an European “discovery science”, focusing on discovering network to facilitate the DNA barcoding of life. CBS biodiversity, others are focused on understanding also represents the Netherlands in a program processes, and thus on striving to unravel developed by the Organisation for Economic Co- metabolomic, proteomic or genomic complexities operation and Development (OECD), the “Biological of specifi c fungal groups or species. Additional Resource Centres” task force of the Working Party information about these projects can be found on Biotechnology. In addition, CBS as a partner further on in this document under the descriptions of within NL-BIF forms a component of the Global specifi c research programmes. Biodiversity Information Network (GBIF). CBS is an active partner in numerous national Research programmes have their own themes and international collaborative projects. We aim to and projects. The collection, online databases, and use these projects to broaden our scope not just newly established DNA Bank serve all research in biosystematic studies but also to in the study programmes, and together represent the main public of functional fungal biodiversity. As a partner of and scientifi c interface of CBS.

↔ ↔

Evolutionary Phytopathology Yeast and Basidiomycete Research

Origins of Pathogenicity in Applied and Industrial Mycology Clinical Fungi

↔ The Collection ↔

7 The Collection

The CBS Collection of Fungi has more than 50 000 strains in its public collection, making it the largest mycological culture collection in the world. CBS is unchallenged as a reference collection for mycological research, as practically all groups of the Fungal Kingdom that can be cultured are represented. In 2005, researchers from 48 countries ordered strains from our institute. CBS strains are also selected for DNA sequencing projects in the framework of global initiatives, such as the Fungal Tree of Life and DNA Barcoding. The CBS Bacterial Collection consists of another 10 000 strains, including a unique Plasmid and Phage Collection. The high quality of CBS strains is ensured by the practice of having identities and typical features authenticated by CBS specialists. Our constant endeavour to document scientifi c and other data with the strains increases the value of the collection to the scientifi c community. Much attention is given to increasing and improving our web-services, not only by digitizing publications, but also by allowing clients to use various types of collection data. CBS has developed web-based polyphasic identifi cation for specifi c groups such as yeasts and species, and plans to extend this to include additional economically important groups. Moreover, CBS developed MycoBank, an on-line registration system for new fungal taxonomic names, as a novel service for mycology. In its most recent external peer review, the CBS Collection was rated as “excellent”.

In the period of 2004–2005, CBS incorporated. In total, CBS now several specialized collections acquired over 5000 strains, many holds 944 Budapest Treaty that had become poorly supported of them belonging to species deposits, and 263 maintenance or orphaned elsewhere because not yet represented in the CBS or safe deposits. The collection of the retirement of specialists collections, including many of Dr K. Hyde (University of Hong or because institutional policies taxa entirely new to science. Kong) which contains many type had changed. Safe-keeping In the restricted collection, strains, was incorporated in 2004. the important strains from such 38 new patent deposits were In the past, CBS has adopted collections for future use is a priority for CBS. In some cases, fungi are specifi cally preserved in order to rescue a threatened organism with which these fungi are associated. For example, in 2005 CBS incorporated isolates of a basidiomycetous which is regarded as the natural mycobiont of Platanthera holochila, a nearly extinct orchid from Hawaii. The taxonomy of the fungus is still under investigation. Researchers are hoping to utilize the preserved strains in a future

8 recovery programme for this Developments in the Collection of Fungi and Yeasts orchid, which is currently thought to be represented in by 60000 only 2–3 dozen plants. To re- establish the orchid in secure 50000 habitats, protocorms will have to be raised, and these embryonic 40000 orchids are completely dependent Total LN on successful infection with the 30000 LY mycobiont. AG CBS preserves practically all of 20000 its strains in metabolically inactive condition, in order to ensure 10000 that the microorganisms are preserved as much as possible 0 in the pristine original condition in 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 which were collected or received. The most important preservation invoicing. The results of all control seldom replaced by experts methods are cryopreservation checks made on the strains over on fungal identifi cation. CBS and freeze-drying (lyophilisation). the years are recorded, allowing initiated a project in 2001 aiming For both methods, cutting-edge us to monitor the quality of each at sequencing selected ribosomal equipment is available. Almost strain. Scientifi c information on DNA regions (the ITS1, 5.8S, all strains are cryopreserved the strains is also recorded, as is ITS2 and 26S rDNA [D1,D2] and stored in liquid nitrogen elaborated below in the section on regions) of all its ex-type strains, containers. In recent years bioinformatics and databasing. including those now considered CBS has installed gas-phase to be redundantly described containers, in which the strains (synonymous species names). are stored in a dynamic gas phase Research projects and This project will be continued maintained by a constant fl ow of collaborations in the framework of DNA cold gas from above, resulting in Barcoding under the auspices of temperatures that are constantly DNA Barcoding of yeasts and a partnership with the Coalition below -180 °C even at the top of fi lamentous fungi for the Barcode of Life (CBOL). the containers. In conventional The CBS collection currently Barcodes are thoroughly quality- static phase containers this is not contains over 5000 ex-type controlled taxon-specifi c DNA the case, and temperature can and authentic strains of yeasts sequences. They will be linked to rise to about -120 °C, which is and fi lamentous fungi. An ex- the strains in the CBS database, above the minimum temperature type strain fi xes the undisputed and through BioloMICS software for potentially damaging water application of a fungal name, to MycoBank, the database activity. Most yeasts and bacterial while other strains that have for new fungal names. CBS strains, and about 60 % of the been authenticated by a will thus be able to provide non-yeast fungal strains are also specialist also serve as reference an unprecedented service to preserved in a freeze-dried state. material for the identifi cation of a researchers in need of rapid and CBS uses state-of-the-art freeze- fungal taxon. These strains are correct DNA-based identifi cations drying equipment, such as Christ- becoming increasingly important for their isolates. Starting in Epsilon 2-80. Some recalcitrant now that retiring taxonomists are 2006, postdoctoral candidates organisms fail to reliably remain alive after freeze-drying and cryopreservation; these strains still need to be maintained in actively growing condition on agar. However, over the past two years the number of fungal strains requiring maintenance on agar was further reduced to about 3000. CBS uses software developed in-house to manage storage, stock control, order-handling and Distribution of CBS clients.

9 conditions were accepted. • Recent concern about terrorism have strongly increased the interest of politicians in culture collections. Attention is being paid to the organisms we maintain and curate, and to the way the distribution of these organisms is managed, with special focus on the security measurements instituted to prevent undesired use. For these reasons CBS participates in the OECD Working Party on Biotechnology, dealing with issues related to biosecurity (bioterrorism) in the context of the development of a global Biological Resource Centre. • Together with G. Cardinali (DBVBAZ, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy), a collaborative project was initiated to evaluate the feasibility of using the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) as diagnostic tool for yeast identifi cation. • In 2005, V. Robert, M.Th. Smith (both from CBS) and H.- M. Daniel (MUCL, University Catholique de Louvain, Louvain- in the new DNA Barcoding and modifi cation of particular la-Neuve, Belgium) were invited team at CBS will barcode a metabolic and ontogenetic by the Life Sciences Department challenging diversity of fungal functions. For this project, novel of Springer-Verlag to edit a organisms. Emphasis will be software modules have been two-volume handbook entitled given to economically important developed that allow us to obtain “Yeast Taxonomy”. More than groups such as phytopathogens an improved understanding of one thousand species will be and medically and industrially gene expression in the organisms described and documented in important fi lamentous fungi studied. this publication that forms part of and yeasts. Many taxa will be • The Netherlands government “The Yeast Handbook” series of sequenced for the fi rst time, and (Ministry of Housing, Spatial the publisher. The two volumes the data obtained will further Planning and the Environment are expected to be published in phylogenetic and taxonomic [VROM]) has made CBS research on several important responsible for routine testing 2007. fungal groups. These studies will aimed at detecting any • The Netherlands Culture also contribute to further Tree of accidental release of microbial Collection of Bacteria (NCCB), Life projects. contamination in laboratories which is also housed at CBS, working with genetically modifi ed expanded with 39 wild-type, Additionally… organisms. several acetic acid and lactic acid • In the interlinked fi elds • The EU MOSAICS project, bacteria, and seven type strains of of functional genomics and which aimed at the implementation recently described new species. A bioinformatics, a project is in of the international Convention total of 22 bacterial patent strain progress in which complete on Biological Diversity was deposits were received according fungal genomes are being concluded. In a workshop to the Budapest Treaty, and fi ve compared in order to elucidate organized by the network safe deposits were accepted in phylogenetic and functional organization European Culture the restricted collection. More trends. The intention is to link Collections, the adoption of a than 300 bacterial strains were evolution with the development material transfer agreement and distributed externally. 10 Bioinformatics and for mycological nomenclatural [NHN], Amsterdam University databasing novelties. Authors are asked to Zoological Museum [ZMA] and Besides documenting its own deposit new names (new taxa and CBS) fi nanced by NWO started strains and supplying an on-line new combinations) in MycoBank, to digitize millions of herbarium catalogue, CBS is involved in together with descriptions and specimens, and also to produce several projects aiming at making illustrations. These names are species banks for ecologically the institute the web-based checked by a programme against important groups of organisms. mycological expertise centre of the nomenclatural databank The Database Managers the world. One of these is the to verify their uniqueness, and Committee controlling the process Index Fungorum partnership, are checked by specialists on is chaired by CBS. The data for the which makes CBS together nomenclatural correctness as 20 000 specimens present in the with CABI Bioscience (U.K.) per the International Code of CBS herbarium have now been and Landcare Research (New Botanical Nomenclature. Each digitized. A concept for a new Zealand) the custodians of the name is given a unique MycoBank service referred to as “species fungal nomenclatural database number that can be used in the banks” is being developed. As Index Fungorum. This database, publication, and also serves a pilot project, species banks which is freely available to as its LSID. Collaboration with are foreseen for three groups of the community, contains Index Fungorum prevents double fungi: (1) the important group of approximately 360 000 names. issuance of LSID identifi ers. plant parasitic fungi classifi ed in Each record is now assigned an Several important mycological the Mycosphaerella complex with LSID (Life Sciences Identifi er) journals have already agreed to its anamorphs, (2) the medically with the following structure: urn: make this procedure obligatory important fungi included in the lsid:indexfungorum.org:names: for their authors, while others are defi nitive CBS publication Atlas nnnnnn. Much effort is invested currently considering following of Clinical Fungi and (3) the in improving the quality of the suit. New software developments members of the - data. A list of verifi ed pre-1832 designed to enable mycologists complex. Species names has been added and the to deposit data and illustrations banks are planned to encompass “Sydow lists” (lists published by from diverse locations worldwide descriptions, illustrations, H. P. Sydow) representing all are currently underway. sequences, a morphological data taxonomic novelties published in set, software to allow polyphasic the years 1895–1918 have been “NWO-groot:” large-scale identifi cation and links to related digitized and supplemented. support from the National databases and websites (e.g. These lists contain about 35 000 Science Organisation (NWO), PubMed, GenBank etc.). names. the Netherlands As mentioned above, CBS in In 2005 the digitalisation Online publications 2005 launched a new initiative project of the four major Dutch CBS continues to bring its called MycoBank, designed to taxonomic institutes (Naturalis, publications online. Previously, be an on-line registration system National Herbarium Netherlands this was done in collaboration with the University of Utrecht and the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences information institute NIWI, but in 2005 the management of CBS information was moved in-house. New volumes of the journal Studies in Mycology are now published simultaneously on the Web and on paper, while over 20 previously published volumes have been placed on-line. The relevant data from these books have also been transferred into the CBS descriptions database.

Mycoheritage Bioheritage is a new initiative of SYNTHESIS to make important old works available through the Internet. CBS supports this 11 The CBS databases TAF members have agreed to are defi nitely highly store their samples in a central appreciated. A user DNA bank, NL-Bank, at CBS, analysis has indicated that which is the member institute the numbers of visitors who that has the best developed actually perform a search facilities and expertise related (thus not merely the number both to handling the databases of hits, which average involved, and to shipping 10 000 per day!) in the biological material, including Index Fungorum is about material derived from pathogenic 30.000 per month. The organisms, according to the very Aphyllophorales database stringent international regulations processes about 1000 that govern such procedures. The search requests per month. Royal Netherlands Academy of The yeast database, which Sciences has provided start-up provides both information funding, and additional funding is and also an interactive, currently being actively sought. polyphasic identifi cation tool NL-Bank will also provide a (via BioloMICS software), service for researchers who is regularly used by more prefer genomic DNA extracts than 7000 researchers from to biological specimens, living 96 countries (see fi gure cultures, or tissue samples. In initiative through its new site below). A new collaboration addition, NL-Bank will facilitate “Mycoheritage”, in which classic with a goal of creating several storage of DNA of extremely rare mycological works are displayed. databases related to fungal or endangered taxa. Therefore, human pathogens was initiated A priority has been given to in cases where living species or in 2005 with W. Meyer (University works containing illustrations genotypes become extinct, or in of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, that give insight into the historical cases where extremely rare or Sydney, Australia) and will be taxonomic concepts devised ancient specimens yield useable pursued until 2007. The goal by the great-grandfathers of DNA, ongoing research can be of this project (Australian grant Mycology - for example Persoon, performed based on use of the #352303; Title: “Phylogeny as a Fries and Saccardo. The online stored DNA. basis for molecular identifi cation publication of the fi rst volume of pathogenic fungi”) is to of Sowerby’s “Coloured Figures allow Internet users to perform of English Fungi” (1797) http:// online polyphasic identifi cations www.cbs.knaw.nl/mycoheritage/ that include morphological, highlights this new CBS concept. physiological, electrophoretic Additional books are currently and sequence data. being data-entered. “Het Nederlands soortenregister” DNA Bank (NL-Bank) - a list of species occurring in Members of the Taxonomic the Netherlands - is an initiative Facilities in the Netherlands (NL- of the Ministry of Agriculture, TAF) network are in need of a Nature Conservation and central DNA bank to store the Fishery (familiar Dutch acronym DNA extracted during current LNV), which requested that and future phylogenetic and DNA CBS, in collaboration with the barcoding research projects. Dutch Mycological Society, DNA extraction from specimens provide the names of the fungi and cultures is time-consuming and oomycetes known to occur and costly, while curation of in the Netherlands. For the the samples so obtained often microfungi such a list had to be has a very low priority in day- developed from scratch. An initial to-day practice of the molecular version was produced in 2005 in biological labs. However, when collaboration with the national extracts are properly and centrally Plant Quarantine Service (PD) in stored, much unnecessary Wageningen. repetition can be avoided. NL- 12 Evolutionairy Phytopathology

The importance of producing food suffi cient in quality and quantity remains paramount for sustaining quality of life. Inadvertent introductions of phytopathogenic fungi have had dire consequences to nature and to cultivated crops on various continents in the past. The economic impact of such introductions can be seen in yield loss and in increased input costs for cultivation and disease control, as well as in social impact. To combat these diseases on an international scale, it is important to clarify whether the same species and genotypes occur in various countries, since each different species and genotype can be expected to have different patterns of attack, as well as different responses to fungicides and to climatological conditions. With such pathogens, it is also important to know what their host ranges and mating strategies are, and how this relates to different disease control mechanisms. The global movement of agricultural and forestry produce is inextricably cross-linked, and will continue to be so in future. Knowing which pathogens occur where and on what crops facilitates trade in agricultural produce. In this programme, we address these economically vital matters by investigating the speciation and host adaptation of various important phytopathogenic fungi.

Host specifi city and the implementation of molecular morphologically indistinguishable speciation in Mycosphaerella phylogeny as the basis of modern synonyms, collectively referred Thousands of ascomycetous taxonomy, host relationships and to as the C. apii sensu lato (= fungal species are included in specifi city can now be tested. C. apii “in the broad sense”) the Mycosphaerella, which A major aim of our research species complex. A multi-gene has been linked to diseases is to determine how exclusive sequence comparison of close to on most genera of plants. Most the host-pathogen relationship 100 species in this complex has species have been described of Mycosphaerella species is. revealed, however, that C. apii on the assumption that they are Investigations based on genomic sensu lato consists of several highly host-specifi c, and that analysis are in progress on fungal functional species that are different plant hosts harbour species from a wide range of morphologically indistinguishable different fungal species. With plant hosts. Mycosphaerella has from one another. Cercospora been linked to numerous asexual beticola, an important pathogen reproductive states that may have of sugar beet in Europe, is one evolved into exclusively asexual such example, and is used as species. Such asexual forms model to study variation and were often diffi cult to trace to a speciation within Cercospora. sexual ancestor and were thus The genus Cercospora appears historically placed in separate to be largely asexual: very few genera. One such example is species have been reported to the genus Cercospora, which have Mycosphaerella states. To represents several thousand investigate this matter further, names, of which roughly a mating type probes were thousand can be recognised developed to screen populations based on morphology. A more of C. beticola, C. apii, C. zeae- diffi cult problem concerns the maydis (on maize), and two celery pathogen, Cercospora newly described species, C. Cercospora leaf spot of sugar beet. apii, which has close to 300 apiicola (on celery), and C. zeina 13 Mycosphaerella species in culture.

(on maize). The results of this To aid our understanding Genome Institute. A community- screening indicate that some of the pathology of the genus wide effort for annotation, species are undergoing cryptic Mycosphaerella, two model culminating in an annotation sex, and probably have functional species of Mycosphaerella, jamboree (during 2006) will be Mycosphaerella teleomorphs that M. graminicola and M. open to all interested participants. have yet to be found, while others fijiensis, were selected by the This project will be coordinated appear to be truly asexual. International Mycosphaerella with sequencing efforts planned A similar DNA phylogeny Genomics Consortium, in for other Mycosphaerella species approach has also been used to which CBS participates, for and relatives to greatly increase investigate the evolution and inter- complete genome sequencing. the power of future comparative relationships of Mycosphaerella These species were selected genomics analyses. species causing defoliation on the basis of their economic and deformation of various significance to the wheat and Botryosphaeria canker banana/plantain industries. A hosts. These include species pathogens joint project between the USDA- occurring on Pinus, Eucalyptus, Botryosphaeria is a species- ARS/Purdue University and Acacia (cultivated for timber, rich genus with a cosmopolitan Plant Research International paper and pulp industries), Olea distribution, commonly associa- B.V. was initiated to sequence (olives), Protea (cut-flowers), ted with dieback and cankers of both genomes, along with 40,000 and Musa (eating and cooking woody plants. As many as 18 ESTs from each of M. fijiensis anamorph genera have been bananas). Numerous species of and the related maize pathogen Mycosphaerella were found to associated with Botryosphaeria, Cercospora zeae-maydis. The most of which have been reduced be associated with the Sigatoka work was conducted through the disease complex of banana. to synonymy under Diplodia Community Sequencing Program (conidia mostly ovoid, pigmented, Several of these species appear sponsored by the U.S. DOE-Joint to be confined to certain regions, thick-walled), or Fusicoccum while others were more global Organisation of genes commonly used for phylogenetic analyses in distribution. The possibility Housekeeping genes such as translation elongation factor 1-alpha, beta-tubulin, actin, of interaction and hybridization calmodulin and histone H3 are commonly used as sources of nucleotide sequence data among these species is being for species comparisons using phylogenetic software. Other uses of these genes include investigated. Specific TaqMan bar coding and serving as templates for species-specific primers for identification purposes. Although universal primers are available for the (partial) amplification of these genes, probes have been developed in these primers are often designed for genera unrelated to your favorite genus, resulting in collaboration with Plant Research amplification failure. A second problem often encountered is that the part of a gene that is very polymorphic in one genus is not as informative in another genus (see figure below). International (Wageningen We are currently in the process of designing new primer sets that will allow us to amplify University), which will facilitate all parts of the genes listed above. Having the complete sequences of these genes for a number of representative species from different genera available to us will allow us to identify the early detection and monitoring which part(s) of the gene is more informative and therefore more useful for phylogeny, bar of the disease. Also, the mating coding and species-specific amplification. We will also be able to track the evolution of the type genes of M. fijiensis, M. organisation of these genes, e.g. the position, size and number of introns, through a higher order phylogeny of a given family. musicola and M. eumusae Organisation of have been cloned, and their H. weresubiae AY720805 partial calmodulin gene. D. tassiana AY752224 distribution within populations is The non-coding being determined. This is being C. beticola AY752229 50 bp regions (introns) are indicated in red and done to assess the occurrence the coding regions (exons) in blue. For this part of the gene, Davidiella tassiana only contains of sexual reproduction, a factor one intron whereas Harknessia weresubiae has three and Cercospora beticola has two introns. controlling genetic recombination Although the first intron is approximately the same size in all three species, the second one varies greatly in size (drawn to scale) and the third is only present in H. weresubiae. and genotypic diversity. 14 (conidia mostly fusoid, hyaline, thin-walled). However, there are numerous conidial anamorphs with morphological characteristics intermediate between Diplodia and Fusicoccum, and there are also several records of species outside the Botryosphaeriaceae that have anamorphs apparently Electropherogram of part of the internal transcribed spacer typical of Botryosphaeria sensu sequence of the ribosomal RNA gene repeat (ITS) of stricto. Recent molecular studies Phytophthora hybrid strains showing double bases at three positions (see arrows), where the sequences of P. hedraiandra have also linked Botryosphaeria to and P. cactorum differ. species with pigmented, septate ascospores and anamorphs Hybridisation in Phytophthora experiments with DNA from in Dothiorella, or to species and Pythium ex-type strains and other with hyaline ascospores and Pythium and Phytophthora representative strains. BLAST Fusicoccum anamorphs linked are two highly economically analyses against Pythium DNA to Dichomera synanamorphs. signifi cant genera of fungus- sequences available in GenBank By employing DNA sequence like Oomycetes responsible for were used to confi rm that data for various loci, different many types of crop disease and species-specifi c oligonucleotides lineages, representing 12 tree decline. The best known of were unique to all the available clades, could be resolved within the crop diseases is potato late strains of each species. In a the morphological concept of blight (Phytophthora infestans), blind test with 50 additional the Botryosphaeriaceae. Two of the cause of the Irish potato unidentifi ed Pythium isolates these lineages clustered outside famine and a major agent of crop from soil, the array hybridization the molecularly reconceived damage to this day. A study of patterns obtained were found to Botryosphaeriaceae sensu the organization of the 5S rRNA concur with isolate identifi cations stricto; both were groups gene family was performed obtained via morphological with Diplodia-like anamorphs for 87 species and varieties of study and ITS sequences. In occurring on maize. These Pythium. For the four different another blind test, total DNA of phylogenetically disparate patterns of 5S organization that soil samples was amplifi ed and lineages are best accommodated were found to occur within the hybridised on the array. Results in Stenocarpella () genus, studies were conducted were compared to the results of and in an unresolved clade inclu- to determine how they arose and isolation by soil dilution plating ding species of Camarosporium/ how evolutionarily stable they and root baiting. Thirteen species Microdiplodia. The ten were. A number of Phytophthora were detected by the DNA array. lineages retained within the strains were also included in the These species corresponded Botryosphaeriaceae sensu stricto study as a reference outgroup with those obtained by isolation, represented different anamorph- giving insight into the ancestral though isolation also revealed teleomorph combinations, many organisation of the 5S gene the presence of one species of which are new to science. family. The most parsimonious that was not represented on the Further studies are underway interpretation of the data would array. From these results it can to resolve the taxonomic status be that a contiguously linked be concluded that the DNA array of many of these generic and arrangement of 5S sequences is a reliable tool for identifi cation species complexes occurring on was the ancestral condition. and detection of the majority of different woody hosts. A DNA array was developed Pythium species in environmental as tool for the rapid identifi cation samples. Simultaneous detection and detection of Pythium species and identifi cation of multiple in pure culture, as well as in species of soil-borne pathogens environmentally mixed samples. such as Pythium will be a major Oligonucleotides complementary step forward for epidemiological to specifi c diagnostic regions of and ecological studies. ribosomal internal transcribed Investigations of a number of spacers (ITS) were designed for atypical Phytophthora isolates more than 100 Pythium species initially identifi ed as P. cactorum and varieties as well as for groups disclosed that these isolates were of related species. Specifi city actually inter-species hybrids. Ascus of Botryosphaeriaceae. was tested in hybridisation Isozyme analysis demonstrated 15 the presence of two alleles rather Phytophthora hedraiandra species of Phaeoacremonium than the usual single allele for the is a species that has probably have been associated with dimeric malic enzyme (MDHP) in only recently been imported into phaeohyphomycosis. These are these isolates. One allele of the the Netherlands via the use of Pm. parasiticum, Pm. infl atipes pair was typical for P. cactorum Mediterranean Viburnum shrubs and Pm. rubrigenum. Numerous while the other was typical for in gardening, while P. cactorum unknown isolates resembling P. hedraiandra. Sequencing of is a long-established native Phaeoacremonium spp. have in ribosomal ITS loci showed that phytopathogen. The recent recent years been isolated from this marker was heterogeneous proliferation of hybrids between human patients, as well as from in the atypical isolates, and that these species appears to fulfi l woody plants that appear to be the sequences of P. cactorum a long-standing prediction that the main environmental source and P. hedraiandra were both novel pathogenic Oomycetes of these fungi. New species were present. would arise as world trade in plant identifi ed based on their cultural Phytophthora is diploid, and products brought Oomycetes from and morphological characters, hybrids are expected to combine around the world into interaction and phylogenetic analyses of the genetic characters of both with one another. Several of the partial sequences of the actin, parents as is normally seen hosts infected by the hybrids β-tubulin and calmodulin genes. in plants and animals (but not are not known to be infected A multiple-entry electronic key most fungi). The mitochondrial by either parent species. This based on morphological, cultural genome, however, is inherited suggests that such hybridizations and β-tubulin sequence data was maternally and will be present arising from a breakdown in developed to facilitate routine in a single type derived from geographic barriers could cause species identifi cation. one of the parents. Indeed, the the emergence of novel and The genus Togninia was presumed hybrids were found unpredictable phytopathogen monographed along with its to possess only one type of the epidemiologies. Phaeoacremonium anamorphs. mitochondrial CoxI gene, either Ten species of Togninia and 22 that of the P. cactorum or that of Petri disease and species of Phaeoacremonium P. hedraiandra. phaeohyphomycosis were recognised. Species were Two isolates showed deviating caused by species of identifi ed based on their cultural combinations of the characters Phaeoacremonium and morphological characters, mentioned above, suggesting Species of Phaeoacremonium supported by DNA data derived that evolution by genome are involved in Petri disease from partial sequences of the actin rearrangement had already taken and esca of grapevines. and β-tubulin genes. Phylogenies place in some later-generation Additionally, several species of the SSU and LSU rRNA genes progeny of the hybrid lineages. of Phaeoacremonium also were used to determine whether The hybrid Phytophthora cause phaeohyphomycosis Togninia had more affi nity with isolates were found on a variety in humans. During this study, the Calosphaeriales or the of plant hosts in public parks all Togninia (Calosphaeriales) was Diaporthales. A rapid molecular over the Netherlands, making confi rmed as teleomorph of identifi cation method was it appear highly likely that they Phaeoacremonium by means of developed for the 22 species of have also become established in morphology, sexual compatibility, Phaeacremonium. It involved natural ecosystems. and DNA phylogeny. Three the use of 23 species-specifi c primers, including 20 primers targeting the β-tubulin gene and three targeting the actin gene. Furthermore, the multiple-entry electronic key was updated to include the new species of Phaeoacremonium. Separate dichotomous keys were provided for the identifi cation of the Togninia and Phaeoacremonium species, and their mating strategies elucidated. Keys for the identifi cation of Phaeoacremonium-like fungi and the genera related to Togninia Phaeoacremonium inoculations on grapevines. were also provided. 16 Origin of Pathogenicity in Clinical Fungi

Many fungi are able to cause severely mutilating and even fatal infections in humans with impaired immune systems. Remarkably, most of these “opportunistic” fungi are otherwise commonly found as harmless saprobes in the environment. How is it possible that such harmless moulds suddenly change into potential killers? And should there be a concern, parallel to our fears about bird infl uenza, that evolution will soon give rise to better adapted genotypes with even higher virulence? Answers to these questions may lie in the natural habitat of the fungi involved. By understanding the ecology of opportunistic fungi and the ability of these fungi to change under the pressure of changing conditions, we can begin to intelligently evaluate both the short- and the long-term risks involved.

Humans as a microbial from most currently held theories pathogenicity can develop: fungi supermarket? in medical mycology. becoming adapted to niches in We recently put forward new The most generally held idea the human-made environment, hypotheses concerning how fungi, – and from our point of view and, using these niches as after jumping from their natural the least probable one – is that evolutionary stepping stones, niches to the human-dominated these fungi simply have a broad developing properties that environment, eventually become tolerance of adverse conditions, fortuitously predispose them to potent opportunistic agents and thus are able to survive be able to cause human infection. of human disease. These when accidentally inoculated A striking example is the black hypotheses are quite different into humans. A popular catch- yeast Exophiala dermatitidis, phrase used to advocate this which is ubiquitous in the steam idea is reference to a severely baths and hot tubs of public immunocompromised patient, bathing facilities, including Asian- vulnerable to being infected by a type public baths. This species is wide variety of household fungi, also known from pulmonary and as a “living petri dish”, i.e., a cerebral infections in humans. supermarket for microbes. We found its natural habitat: We believe, however, that after a long search in a diversity opportunism is a very rare of environments, we found that phenomenon in the fungal the intestinal tracts of fruit-eating Kingdom, and thus must be birds and bats in the tropical based on highly specifi c abilities. rain forest were consistently Analyzing the list of fungi from positive. During the transition really extreme environments, we in which this fungus moved notice that extremotolerance and from its natural habitat, via the human infection are practically intermediary steam bath habitat mutually exclusive. to the causation of deep infection Our present research in humans, a remarkable positive particularly focuses on an selection of a single genotype A patient with an infection by Phialophora verru- alternative manner in which took place. cosa. 17 Isolation work in search for the natural reservoir of a black yeast. these microcolonial fungi, which are very diverse in terms of phylogenetic or evolutionary origin, is the development of clump-like “meristematic” growth. In this type of growth, as seen in extremotolerant fungi, individual cells possess thick cells walls that are heavy melanised, that is, heavily shielded from solar radiation by melanin pigments that are chemically and functionally similar to dark human skin pigments. Despite these striking adaptations to adverse conditions, microcolonial rock fungi concerned have never been encountered in human infections. Fungal pathogenicity Hydrocarbon pollution Life on Mars is thus more complicated than promotes fungal infection To critically assess the hypothesis simple survival of the adverse This suggests that anthropogenic that medically important fungi conditions that occur in living stepping stones can facilitate are in some way connected with mammalian tissue. evolution towards increased extremotolerance, we conducted virulence in opportunistic fungi. in-depth studies into a number of Moulds in our drinking water Candidates for similar remarkably extremotolerant fungi Another project concerns the evolutionary histories might be isolated from harsh environments. quality of municipal drinking found among the brain-infecting, These fungi, for the major part, water derived from groundwater, emerging opportunists Pseudalle- were unknown to science and which is known to contain several scheria and Cladophialophora. still have to be described as new black yeasts and the fi lamentous The natural niche of these genera and species. fungus Cadophora malorum in fungi is still unknown, but they As an example, we obtained abundance. C. malorum is a are found relatively frequently rock-colonizing fungi in Antarctic member of the order Leotiales, in environments polluted with ice-free deserts. Such fungi which generally appears to lack agricultural manure or with toxic grow at the outermost edge human-pathogenic potential. We aromatic compounds and other of the conditions potentially are beginning to understand the xenobiotics. There appears supporting life, surviving average natural life cycle of these fungi to be an association between temperatures of -40 °C, and by the discovery of identical hydrocarbon assimilation and growing almost without water and sequences of Cadophora the ability of fungi to cause nutrients while being subjected to and some known teleomorph opportunistic disease in high levels of UV radiation. Their species. Our hypothesis is that humans. growth rate is extremely slow, these fungi are endophytes in A practical consequence of and they grow only as very small living plants and sporulate with this fi nding is that biofi ltration and microcolonies. Such organisms sexual fruit bodies on the plant bioremediation techniques based could well be studied as models after its death. Asexual conidia on use of fungi to break down for extra-terrestrial life and are are dispersed through water toxic wastes should be carried therefore used in modelling currents. out in a way that minimizes risks the possible forms of life on The Exophiala species from to human health. In particular, other planets, such as Mars. cold waters, including drinking respiratory or cutaneous exposure Other microcolonial fungi are water, are known to infect cold- to specialized hydrocarbon- known to degrade sun-exposed blooded animals such as fi sh. degrading fungi or to biofi lters monuments and natural rock Their pathogenicity seems to be containing mixtures of such in the Mediterranean, growing determined by their preferred organisms is not recommended under extreme conditions of temperature of growth. Species drought and at temperatures that grow easily at temperatures up to +60 °C. One common above 36 °C are frequently factor that characterises all encountered in human infection; 18 if the optimum is around 30 °C the seems to lie in their mating type diagnosed as having “esca” or fungi found in shallow subtropical genes (roughly equivalent to our “black goo” disease. Also, one of marshes and cause infections in human X and Y chromosomes). the common rots of melons and crabs and similar animals, while Many species other vegetable crops related to those with optima around 22 °C infecting humans are suspected, cucumbers, “ solani MP are opportunists on ocean fi sh. on the basis of very laborious V” (“mating population 5”), is one classical genetic studies, to of the most common genotypes Fungi with no private lives: be either 100 % “male” (minus causing aggressive infections how to evolve when sex is mating type) or 100 % “female” in immunocompromised bone impossible (plus mating type). Even in marrow transplant patients. Biologists who study higher sexual dermatophyte species Conversely, a well-known fungal organisms explain the near- infecting animals, there appears skin disease occurring in arid ubiquitous occurrence of sexuality to be a strong “bias” towards climates, chromoblastomycosis, in terms of the advantages of one sex or the other in strains appears to be caused by a making new genetic combinations causing disease. Why would one fungus which has its natural (confusing parasites, bringing sex have different pathogenic niche in cactus spines. We are advantageous genes into properties or better evolutionary currently investigating the extent combination) and overcoming persistence than the other? To to which selected phytopathogen the genetic staleness that occurs approach this question, we are groups may yield competent when organisms reproduce using modern molecular genetics human pathogens. Detailed without sex (persistence of techniques to study the mating molecular genetic studies outmoded gene combinations, type genes of , are being used to be certain steady accumulation of and to rapidly determine using that any true phytopathogens harmful mutations). Lack of large sample sizes what the involved in human disease can sexuality is often thought to situations are where one fungal be distinguished from related predispose species to rapid sex has become much more saprobes, some of which are also extinction. However, no fungus successful than the other, and agents of human opportunistic that has adapted to cause perhaps even become the only disease. Such studies could human contagious disease or sex existing in the species. facilitate later genomic work commensalism (the ability to Genomic comparisons can contrasting what genes fungal live harmlessly on human body then be used to catalogue what isolates turn on when they are surfaces) has ever managed to differences exist between closely growing in animals, growing in hang on to the normal sexual related pathogens differing both plants, and growing on artifi cial cycle of its ancestral fungal group. in mating type and in the types of media. The problem is especially acute disease they cause. with our most common fungal pathogens, the dermatophytes “A peanut gave me this (ringworm and athlete’s foot earache:” can human fungal fungi, a group associated more diseases be caught from with giggles than fear, except plants? among medical economists When we think of human disease, who know about the billions of certain common sources come to euros/dollars per year spent on mind: coughing schoolchildren, diagnosis and treatment). These bad water, leftover food, tropical fungi cannot have sex at all: if mosquitoes and so on. Plants they did, they would form a little are not high on the list of items fruiting body resembling a ball to be feared. Yet in recent years, of fl uff on a woollen sweater, refi ned molecular genetic studies and this would immediately be have confi rmed that some plant scratched off by the human pathogens and endophytes involved. Paradoxically, though, (fungi that grow harmlessly in Brain lesion caused by Pseudallescheria boydii after near-drowning in polluted water. dermatophytes are among the healthy plants) are competent most successful and adaptable human opportunistic pathogens. human pathogens, evading For example, one of the most modern medicine and infecting common causes of fungal more than 70 % of humans at skin cyst, Phaeoacremonium some point in their lives. How parasiticum, is common in do they manage it? One clue grapevines, especially those 19 Yeast and Basidiomycete Research

Fungi are closely related to animals, making them excellent model organisms for basic cell biological and developmental studies that are directly relevant to human biology. They have therefore become one of the most intensively studied eukaryotic groups in the rapidly expanding fi eld of genomics, and the number of complete genome sequences available for fungal species is rapidly increasing. This unprecedented quantity of information will make an unparalleled contribution to our understanding of fungal phylogeny and evolution, as well as to our understanding of how fungal cells, and by extension all living cells, function. In this research programme we develop and explore fungal genomic data from a perspective of understanding biodiversity. This includes both comparisons between organisms and analyses of cellular functions within individual organisms. We strive to increase scientifi c understanding of fungal macro-evolution (evolution of large, distinct groups of organisms), speciation and inter-species hybridization events. We also assess virulence attributes, that is, properties conferring the ability to cause human disease on certain fungi.

Human pathogenic yeasts neoformans, can be recognised grubii and C. n. var. neoformans These research projects aim to by MultiLocus Sequence Typing demonstrates that mating occurs understand the biodiversity as (MLST) and Amplifi ed Fragment in nature. Recently, we have also well as the virulence properties of Length Polymorphism (AFLPTm) documented a number of unique selected clinically important yeast fi ngerprinting. In addition, diploid hybrids between C. neoformans species, namely Cryptococcus or aneuploid hybrids have been and C. gattii. The recognition of neoformans, Cryptococcus gattii, documented to have formed the isolates involved as hybrids and Malassezia, Trichosporon between these two varieties. with this unexpected genetic and Candida species. Within C. gattii presently no background was supported by infraspecifi c taxa are recognized. AFLP genotyping, sequence Cryptococcus neoformans: However, four distinct genotypic analysis of various genome Cryptococcus neoformans and groups can be distinguished by domains after cloning of PCR C. gattii, are yeasts that may MLST and AFLP. These lineages amplicons, fl ow cytometry cause meningoencephalitis. C. appear to be monophyletic, a to assess the DNA content, neoformans commonly causes fi nding that strongly calls question fl uorescence microscopy to severe disease in HIV-positive the current taxonomic handling investigate the number of nuclei, patients, whereas C. gattii of C. gattii into question. and analysis of the diversity in infects mainly immunocompetent Normally, C. neoformans and the InterGenic Spacer (IGS) by people. Within C. neoformans, C. gattii reproduce asexually, Luminex technology. All the data two main lineages, which but in some cases mating available suggested that these correspond to the current varieties can occur. The existence of hybrids, which were isolated from C. n. var. grubii and C. n. var. hybrids between C. n. var. Dutch patients, have originated from a mating between C. gattii AFLP genotype 4 and C. n. var. neoformans AFLP genotype 2. Interestingly, recently another hybrid type, a cross between C. n. var. grubii AFLP genotype 1 and C. gattii AFLP type 4, was obtained from Canada. The present data indicated that all these hybrids are diploid or aneuploid and may be unable to DNA microarray of Cryptococcus neoformans. undergo a regular meiosis. If this 20 hypothesis is true, the species on many native tree species, isolates from the Vancouver within the Cr. neoformans which collectively may represent Island outbreak that could not complex may be genetically the main environmental reservoir be distinguished otherwise. separated by postzygotic involved in the outbreak. Recently, Ongoing research will aim to reproduction barriers. Further a Danish tourist who traveled to understand the basis of these research aims at assessing the the part of Canada affected by the differences. Various molecular biological species concept, in outbreak developed cryptococcal and biochemical approaches will addition to the above-applied pneumonia. Detailed genotypic be used (in collaboration with U. phylogenetic species concept, analysis demonstrated that Himmelreich, Cologne, Germany; to determine the extent to which the isolate obtained from this G. Janbon, Paris, France, and F. these concepts correspond with patient was identical to those Coenjaerts, University Medical the biological realities seen within from Vancouver Island. Hence, Centre, Utrecht University). the complex. this investigation documented A functional genomics analy- A CBS-developed Agilent the first known tourist-mediated sis performed in collaboration microarray, based on the intercontinental transmission of with F. Coenjaerts concerned genome of C. neoformans isolate this disease and pathogen. a serotype D strain of C. n. var. JEC 21 (serotype D), has been To trace the origin of this neoformans that had a mutant used for comparative genome ongoing outbreak in an area form of the Skn7 gene (listed hybridisation experiments of northern temperate climate, by the Saccharomyces genome involving isolates belonging to we used comparative AFLP database as a nuclear response all the genotypes known within to search for novel, highly regulator and transcription factor the complex, as well as some of variable, molecular markers required for optimal induction of the known hybrids. The results useful in development of an heat-shock genes in response confirm that C. n. var. grubii MLST scheme. Six DNA regions to oxidative stress). Preliminary and C. n. var. neoformans are were selected to be sequenced data suggest that only few genes relatively closely related to each for ca. 120 genotype AFLP 6 were upregulated after exposure other, and are relatively distantly isolates, including many from the of the mutant to oxidative stress. related to the four genotypes Vancouver outbreak. Preliminary Further research will include a of C. gattii. Interestingly the data suggest that the Vancouver more detailed bioinformatics hybridisation patterns of the AD Island C. gattii outbreak may analysis, as well as additional hybrid differed widely from that of have been caused by extension genetics and microarray the BD hybrid, although in both of the South American C. gattii experiments. cases only the serotype D genetic population and that recombination background was elucidated possibly played a role in the Malassezia: Malassezia yeasts by the array. This may imply emergence of the hypervirulent are associated with several that considerable differences subgenotype AFLP 6A implicated dermatological disorders in both exist among the serotype D in the Vancouver Island outbreak. humans and animals. They are backgrounds found in the various The mechanism that brought C. the causative agents of tinea hybrids, thus supporting the gattii northward is still unknown. (pityriasis) versicolor, and have notion that the hybrids may be However, it has been suggested also been suggested to trigger the highly aneuploid. that global warming may have immunological reactions involved Importantly, isolates of a influenced the distribution of in seborrheic dermatitis, atopic genetic subgroup of C. gattii this tropical yeast in Northern dermatitis, common dandruff and referred to as AFLP genotype 6 America. a number of other dermatological (= PCR-fingerprint group VGII) The pathogenicity of C. gattii diseases. The precise role of the have been recognized as having genotype AFLP 6 was further yeasts in all these conditions caused a major cryptococcosis studied using both the nematode has not been fully elucidated. outbreak in Vancouver Island, worm Caenorhabditis elegans Until a few years ago, the genus Canada, which recently extended and a mouse model system (in Malassezia comprised only three to the Canadian mainland, thus collaboration with Dr. R. May, species, but subsequently the enlarging its area of distribution Birmingham, UK; I. Polacheck, number of species has risen to and gaining continental access. Jerusalem, Israel). The absence seven, and recently some more This outbreak mainly affects of an adaptive immune system species have been found. In this otherwise healthy people, in C. elegans allows this model research we aim to obtain a better but animals, including marine to be used to dissect out “basic” understanding of the genus and mammals can be affected. cryptococcal virulence factors. its role as a pathogen. Ecological sampling has indicated Interestingly, considerable diffe- The genetic diversity within that the same genotype occurs rences were observed among the lipid-dependent species 21 AFLP tree of some new Malassezia species. Fungal Phylogenomics

100 20 40 60 80 Phylogenomics is the merger of M.. restricta M.. globosa three disciplines: genomics, the M.. slooffiae .M. furfur study of how genes are utilised M.. obtusa M.. equi M.. sympodialis . to construct and maintain whole M.. caprae M.. dermatis organisms; bioinformatics, the M.. japonica M.. yamatoensis discipline handling complex M.. pachydermatis . M.. nana biological information databases; Malassezia furfur was investigated circumscription and needs novel and phylogeny, the study of how in collaboration with Roma species definitions. organisms have evolved. It is Batra (Milwaukee, U.S.A.). now possible to perform studies In AFLP analysis, we found Other yeasts: Clinically on fungal evolution using the several subclusters within the important yeasts from neonates data derived from whole-genome species. Additional techniques and HIV-infected persons were sequences of different species. have been used to analyse this studied from Jakarta (Indonesia) Such large-scale projects complex further, e.g., pulsed field in collaboration with Retno demand extensive collaboration, gel electrophoresis as well as Wahyuningsih. Interestingly, and we have developed such sequencing of the LSU and ITS the recently described species, collaborative studies with regions of the rDNA and part of Candida nivariensis, a close other research groups in the the chitin synthase gene. As part relative of Candida glabrata, Netherlands such as those of of the results, one of the M. furfur was found. This is species has B. Snel (Centre for Molecular subclusters was shown to have a otherwise only been reported and Biomolecular Informatics, mixture of markers suggestive of in connection with its original University of Nijmegen), L.Stougie a hybrid origin, even though no taxonomic description. Also (CWI, Center of Mathematics and sexual mechanisms are known Candida ethanolytica was Informatics, Amsterdam) and so far for any species clustering identified from clinical sources, C. Waalwijk and T. van der Lee within the Malassezia lineage. though it was not confirmed as (Plant Research International, In collaboration with Javier an etiologic agent. This research Wageningen). Cabañas (Barcelona, Spain) we was supported by a SPIN (KNAW) Phylogenetic studies are analyzed lipid-dependent strains mobility grant. generally based on comparing from different animal species A collection of Trichosporon DNA or protein sequences that, and found three distinct clusters isolates was identified using though found in a wide range closely related but not identical molecular tools in collaboration of organisms, all arose from to Malassezia sympodialis. Two with Dr Saad J. Taj-Aldeen the same ancestral genes that of these clusters are presently in (Doha, Qatar). Most isolates occurred millions of years ago in the process of being described as could be readily linked to known a hypothetical common ancestor novel species. The third cluster species, but one isolate seems to species. Such genes that occur represents M. nana, known from represent a novel species from a among many organisms, but that animals, but this species seems clinical source. all have a common ancestral root, to be heterogeneous in its present are referred to as “orthologous” A / B (= “directly related”). Orthologous Saccharomyces cerevisiae 73/*/*/* Ia groups of proteins (KOGs, Saccharomyces paradoxus Ib 73/*/84/* Ic */65/94/* Saccharomyces mikatae or “euKaryotic clusters of 1 Saccharomyces */*/*/* Id Saccharomyces kudriavzevii Orthologous Groups of proteins”) */*/99/* Saccharomyces bayanus 1 */*/98/* Naumovia Saccharomyces castellii from complete genomes of 19 1 Nakaseomyces Candida glabrata */*/*/* different fungal species were Eremothecium1 Ashbya gossypii Eremothecium Ie Hemiascomycetes Kluyveromyces1 Kluyveromyces lactis */*/*/* If analysed in order to resolve the 1 Lachancea Saccharomyces kluyveri I */*/73/* phylogenetic relationships of Candida albicans */*/*/* */*/*/* */59/52/* Debaromyces hansenii these species. Phylogenomic Yarrowia lipolytica */*/*/* analysis of unique fungal KOG’s Magnaporthe grisea */*/*/* Ig */*/*/* Neurospora crassa resulted in well resolved and */*/*/* Euascomycetes */*/*/* Fusarium graminearum congruent phylogenetic trees. It Aspergillus nidulans */*/*/* Schizosaccharomyces pombe Archiascomycetes appears that the Basidiomycetes Phanerochaete chrysosporium */*/*/* Hymenomycetes Cryptococcus neoformans occur as a sister group to the */*/*/* */*/*/* II Ustilago maydis Ustilaginomycetes Ascomycetes. Within the latter, Drosophila melanogaster */*/*/* three lineages occurred, namely */*/*/* Homo sapiens III Caenorhabditis elegans the basal Archaeascomycetes Arabidopsis thaliana IV 0.05 (represented by Schizosaccharo- Phylogenomic tree of fungi using full genome data. 22 myces pombe), with the the plant pathogen Rhizoctonia were labelled using the fi lamentous Euascomycetes and solani as a model organism, immunogold technique and then the yeast-like Hemiascomycetes because it has relatively well- used to perform immunodetection arising as derived sister groups. studied, large SPCs. studies. The labelled antibodies The data also strongly suggest Laser microdissection with a were found to be localized in the that the ancestor of these lineages P.A.L.M. microscope (P.A.L.M. dolipore swelling as well at the was dimorphic, allowing maximal Microlaser Technologies GmbH, SPC membrane and, to some lifestyle fl exibility for organisms Bernried, Germany) was used extent, in the cytoplasm close to coping with varying ecological successfully to isolate the the SPCs. conditions. In a separate study SPC-dolipore region. We could The idea that SPCs play a in which the individual KOG identify the septal regions using role in plugging septal pores trees were compared using lectin-gold labelling of antibodies in Basidiomycetes made it cluster analysis, distinct clusters specifi cally targeting the septa; interesting to study differential of KOGs were found. When this analysis was done with a gene expression in cells exposed concatenated, most of them scanning electron microscope. In to a stress situation that would support the phylogenetic patterns addition, we successfully enriched normally cause plugging of septal described above. One, however, SPCs from R. solani cell fractions pores to occur. The mycelium was found to yield a complete by isopycnic (= buoyant density was “stressed” in a blender divergent tree topology. These or equilibrium) centrifugation. and septal pores of the broken results stimulated questions In electron microscopic studies, hyphae became plugged, as was about how the fungi originated, we observed that plug material easily seen using a fl uorescence deep in their evolutionary past. at the orifi ce of the septal pore microscope. With the so- channel remained attached via called ”suppression subtractive A functional study of the septal fi lamentous material to the SPCs. hybridisation” method for testing pore caps in basidiomycetes This tight connection between differential gene expression, we The septal pore cap (SPC) or SPCs and pore-occluding obtained sequences of genes, parenthesome is a membranous material implicates a key role of including those putatively structure associated with SPCs in the process of plugging involved in the plugging event, endoplasmic reticulum. It septal pores in Basidiomycetes. that were upregulated as a is situated on both sides of Such plugging is often connected result of the short period of the dolipore septum and is to maintaining hyphal integrity in mechanical stress. Annotation of restricted to certain groups of situations where some cells are these sequences is in process Basidiomycetes. Although this damaged or otherwise strongly and will lead to new insights in structure was already described stressed. the mechanisms of the plugging in 1958 and well studied at an Protein electrophoresis showed process in Basidiomycetes. ultrastructural level, no functional that a 18 kDa glycoprotein The observed heterogeneity studies have been done so far. (SPC18) was present in the SPC- of SPC morphology in some Therefore, the composition and enriched fraction. This protein of the major lineages of the the precise function of the SPC was N-terminally sequenced and Basidiomycetes, notable the at the dolipore is still unclear. afterwards the complete gene Hymenochaete and Cantha- The aim of this study was to sequence was obtained. No rellus-Rhizoctonia clades, was isolate the SPC and to partly homologue could be identifi ed confi rmed by analysing the characterise the proteins present using the available sequences in SPC of Rickenella spp. and so that a start can be made in genome databases. Western blot Cantharellus sp. It appeared that understanding the function of this analysis, however, suggests that the observed heterogeneity in part of the fungal cell. We used the protein may be limited to the SPC morphology is characteristic R. solani lineage. However, the of basal basidiomycete lineages, SPC18 gene could be detected and extends only a short by PCR in a variety of other evolutionary distance into the basidiomycetes. Attempts are derived lineages. This implies ongoing to study the nucleotide that genes involved in both types diversity of the gene within the of SPC morphology may be Rhizoctonia lineage and to present in these basal lineages, compare it with standard D1/D2 and that the basal organisms may variable region sequences of the thus manifest a genetic condition 26S ribosomal DNA. that existed in the ancestors of Polyclonal antibodies raised other Basidiomycetes prior to the

Isolated septal pore cap of Rhizoctonia solani. against the 18 kDa glycoprotein occurrence of lineage sorting. 23 Applied and Industrial Mycology

Fungi play an important role in our daily life, both as agents of spoilage in food and feed and as agents of deterioration in building materials, artworks, museum objects, archives and a wide variety of other valuable items. Worldwide, the quantity of food products that is lost due to fungal spoilage is immense. This loss can be caused by post-harvest problems, in which fungi attack still-living fruits, vegetables and grains, but it can also arise in processed foods affected by spoilage fungi. The growth of fungi may result in off-fl avours, discoloration and altered texture, all of which contribute to the conspicuous phenomenon of rot. What is not so readily visible but is much more alarming is the formation in some contaminated foods of fungal toxins (mycotoxins) or pathogenic or allergenic fungal spores. In addition to concerns about mycotoxins in foods, there is also currently increasing concern over the fungal growth within buildings. Although fungi are always present around us and cannot be eradicated totally, some aspects of their excessive presence in buildings can be linked to serious adverse health problems. Fundamental to investigating these applied research topics is to have a stable taxonomic classifi cation, a reliable “who’s who,” of the organisms involved.

Polyphasic taxonomy of and human-made materials. the genera Penicillium and Since many of these materials Aspergillus are found in indoor environments, The taxonomy of the mycotoxin- these Penicillium species provide producing genera Penicillium a major component of the indoor and Aspergillus has been air spora. The taxonomy of this investigated for many decades group was long recognized as and constitutes one of the central being especially diffi cult, but the themes of the CBS, which has advent of molecular techniques been doing taxonomic research and refi ned study of metabolite on these genera since the profi les allowed a stable 1940’s. The taxonomic research taxonomy of these species to of today is based on a strong be proposed. It was based on interdisciplinary and integrated a polyphasic study of a large approach including study of number of isolates, and ultimately morphology, biochemistry, phy- accepted 58 species. Four new siology and molecular biology. species, P. cavernicola, P. freii, P. A major study comprising marinum and P. thymicola, were species in Penicillium subgenus described, and two new taxonomic Penicillium was completed. combinations were made yielding Many species belonging to this the names P. melanoconidium subgenus are very common, and P. neoechinulatum. The being associated with foods species were ordered in natural stored by humans and animals, sections and series. At the level and also growing on animal of series, the groups recognised dung, building materials, and were not just phylogenetically Aspergillus conidiophore. numerous other types of natural but also ecologically consistent. 24 Descriptions and colour steadily increasing scientifi c and occur. In connection with these illustrations of the colonies and medical interest in members of problems, research has been micromorphology of the 58 section Fumigati, evidenced, for initiated at CBS to evaluate accepted species were included example, by the production of possible new food preservatives in the Studies in Mycology a complete genome sequence and to determine their infl uence volume in which this work was for A. fumigatus, demonstrates on fungal cells. published. Keys to the taxa were the need for a stable taxonomy provided. For the additional help defi ning the distinct biological Heat-resistant ascospores of those doing identifi cations in groups within this evolutionary Research on heat-resistant this group, a detailed electronic lineage. ascospores is one of the lines of database including partial β- research at Applied and Industrial tubulin sequences reference was Food mycology Mycology. At CBS, the fungus set up at http: //www.cbs.knaw.nl/ Currently, there is a strong demand Talaromyces macrosporus is penicillium.htm. for fresh food products and a used as a model system to study In Aspergillus, several preference that these products the biology of heat resistant taxonomic sections of the contain no added preservative ascospores in detail. These genus were studied, including substances. This quest for spores allow the fungus to survive section Circumdati, Nigri, Flavi healthy foods paradoxically heat treatment of foods; indeed, and Fumigati. These sections has tended to stimulate a novel they often remain dormant until were selected for investigation upsurge in fungal spoilage high temperatures stimulate them because they include taxa incidents. In general, several to germinate. Various molecular playing a signifi cant role as strategies for food preparation and microscopic tools are used food contaminants, mycotoxin can make it diffi cult for fungi to to unravel the mechanisms that producers, and opportunistic cause contamination. Long- cause the extraordinary stress human and animal pathogens. standing techniques include resistance of the ascospores. Polyphasic analysis revealed a controlling water activity through This has resulted in a number clear-cut delimitation of species, drying or by adding salt or sugar, of papers on this subject, and including several new taxa. In using pasteurization, canning or the research will be continued Aspergillus section Fumigati, other types of heat treatment, in the near future. Current the taxonomic analysis isolates and using storage conditions projects include collaborations identifi ed as the commonly unfavourable to fungi, such as low with Molecular Microbiology at occurring compost inhabitant temperatures or acidic materials the University of Utrecht (Drs and opportunistic pathogen such as vinegar. Some fungi, Han Wösten and Luis Lugones) A. fumigatus yielded three however, are resistant to these and with Drs. Golovina and undescribed taxa highly traditional preservation methods. Hoekstra at Plant Physiology of morphologically similar to A. To fi ght these specialised food the Unversity of Wageningen. At fumigatus, which were described spoilage fungi, food preservatives present, research on the physical as A. lentulus, A. fumigatiaffi nis are added, but even with these properties of the cytoplasm of and A. novofumigatus. The materials, resistant fungi may Talaromyces ascospores is being conducted by means of electron spin-resonance studies. It has become clear that ascospores of T. macrosporus have a very high viscosity, much higher than that observed in airborne conidia of Penicillium species. During ascospore germination, sudden changes in viscosity occur; in conidia, by contrast, a more gradual change occurs. Conidia and ascospores clearly differ markedly in cytoplasmic structure and germination properties. Further research has dealt with the mechanisms of ascospore dormancy as well as those regulating heat activation. In collaboration with the University Ascopores of undescribed Neosartorya species. 25 on the effect of natamycin on different species of fungi including Penicillium discolor, which is an important spoilage organism of cheese surfaces. To prevent the growth of P. discolor and some other fungi, natamycin is regularly used in coatings for cheeses and sausages. DSM, the main Germinating conidia of Penicillium discolor. industrial producer of natamycin Penicillium contamination of cheese. in the world, is an important collaborator in the project. Various The project also focuses of Utrecht, we have identifi ed stakeholders, including DSM, felt on the infl uence of polyene a highly distinctive protein that that it was necessary to learn antibiotics on spore germination, is abundantly present inside more about the mode of action of Spores play an important role in ascospore cell walls; further natamycin, a matter about which the airborne distribution of the research is being directed at little is known. The compound is fungi involved in cheese surface elucidating its function. known to bind to ergosterol, a spoilage. major sterol component of the Inititiation of an STW-funded fungal membrane, but it may CBS plays an important role in project for CBS differ in mode of action from a large Senter-project An STW-funded project entitled related polyene compounds that An important Senter project was “Natamycin as a perturbator also bind to ergosterol. Nystatin, awarded to a consortium of Dutch of the fungal membrane” was for example, binds to ergosterol partners including PPO (Applied awarded in May 2004. The project to form pores that cause leakage Plant Research) and PRI (Plant is being led by Jan Dijksterhuis of cell constituents, resulting in Research International) as well and includes the cooperation of cell death. Ergosterol and related as industrial partners DSM, Drs Eef Jan Breukink and Ben sterols were long thought to be Holland Fyto and Innoventis. de Kruijff from the Institute for associated with an increase of the CBS plays an important role in Biomembranes of the University fl uidity of the membrane during the fungal aspects of this project. of Utrecht. In February 2005, low temperatures or periods of The project grew out of pilot Richard van Leeuwen started salt stress, but novel insights hint projects done in 2003–2004 with his Ph.D research on the that these compounds may have DSM and PRI. The research is on the plant pathogenic fungus mechanism of action of the additional important functions, Fusarium oxysporum, which can compound natamycin on the for example in the organising the infect and destroy tulip bulbs at fungal membrane. plasma membrane and in the different stages of processing. The project is a direct result of traffi cking of membrane vesicles The fungus enters the bulbs via previous work of Jos Houbraken, into the cells. Ellen Hoekstra and Rob Samson small wounds caused by handling

Fungal infections cause massive losses of fl owerbulbs.

26 or via openings naturally created laboratories. This variation often by the emerging roots during makes direct comparison of bulb development. The losses results impossible. From the caused by this fungus can be medical as well as the building enormous and only very strong construction standpoint, the chemical compounds are able need to establish international to counteract the infection. This standards for sampling protocols project arose from the desire to and results interpretation is develop a more environmentally strongly felt. friendly mode of disease control. The purpose of the international Fundamental knowledge about workshop organised by Rob the growth of the fungus, both Samson, Olaf Adan (TNO, Delft) under optimal conditions and in and Nicole Nolard (Brussels, the presence of various inhibitory Belgium) and held on March 15– compounds and compound 17, 2005, was to bring together mixtures will be acquired. It is experts in mycology, respiratory hoped that the results can quickly health, building material science be translated into amenable and building construction to disease control techniques. discuss the state of the art related to this topic. Thirty- Fungi in indoor environments six participants from Belgium, In investigations of fungi in indoor Denmark, Canada, Finland, situations, the principal objectives France, the Netherlands, U.K. of the investigators are to detect and the U.S.A. attended. Besides sources of excess moisture various microbiological aspects stimulating fungal growth, to of fungal growth and health measure the fungal load present implications, emphasis was given indoors, and to quantify the to the factors favouring growth of Aspergillus versicolor, a common indoor contami- nant. exposure of building occupants fungi in domestic environments. to fungi. Many fungi proliferating Opinions were presented about indoors have potentially toxic, how eco-friendly trends such as recommendations from this irritating, or allergenic metabolites increased energy conservation, workshop in the process of and cell wall components. leading to decreased indoor air publication. Recommendations Contrary to what occurs in other exchange and thus an indoor made by the international areas of mycological research, humidity buildup, could be platform will also appear at www. in this area methodologies reconciled with the prevention indoormold.org. and interpretations may vary of microbial proliferation on CBS researchers are considerably in different countries building materials. Presentations, continuing to develop a and even among different recorded discussions and profi ciency testing program designed to ensure good quality identifi cations in laboratories offering mycological expertise in relation to fungal problems in buildings. This project is a collaboration with German research groups in Stuttgart and Lübeck. Guidelines for detecting, identifying and handling indoor fungi have been published in cooperation with the Landesgesundheitsamt Baden- Württemberg (State Health Offi ce of Baden-Württemberg) in Germany.

Fusarium oxysporum f.s. tulipae.

27 Programmes, Themes and Projects (for detailed descriptions of the programmes, themes and projects, consult our website)

1. Yeast and Basidiomycete Project YBRP 1.01.01: Comparative Fungal genomics Research (T. Boekhout) 2003–2007: T. Boekhout, E. Kuramae (postdoc), B. Snel (Bio-informatics, Utrecht University, The Netherlands), L. Stougie, P. Vitanyi & R. Cilibrasi (CWI, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands), T. van der Lee, C. Waalwijk, G. kema, R. van der Ham, J. Leunissen, (PRI, Wageningen University, Theme: Evolutionary genomics of fungi Wageningen, The Netherlands), A. van der Burgt (aio PRI), Arnold Kuzniar (aio Wageningen University), M. Weiss, University Tübingen, Germany). Funding: KNAW Renewal fund, Genomics fund.

Project YBRP 1.01.02: Functional diversity of human pathogenic yeasts (including evolution, virulence and pathogenesis) 2003–2007: T. Boekhout, E. Kuramae (postdoc), V. Robert, B. Theelen, F. Hagen, M. Bovers (Ph. D. student), I. Hoepelman, F. Coenjaerts (Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, UMC, Utrecht University, The Netherlands), R. May (University of Birmingham, UK), H. Hoogveld (NIOO-KNAW, Nieuwersluis, The Netherlands), E.J. Kuijper Department of Medical Microbiology, (LUMC, University of Leiden, The Netherlands), L. Spanjaard, (Department of Medical Microbiology, AMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands), F. Hochstenbach (Department of Biochemistry, AMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands), M. Lazera (Fundaçao Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil), C. Paula (University of São Paulo, Brazil), I. Polacheck (Hadassah Medical Centre, Israel), J. Heitman (Duke University, USA), W. Meyer (University of Sydney, Australia), U. Himmelreich (MPI, Cologne, Germany), G. Janbon (Institut Pasteur, Paris, France), S. Oliver (University of Manchester, UK), J. Fell & M. Diaz, (RSMAS, University of Miami, USA), R. Wahyuningsih (Schools of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia and Universitas Kristen Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia), A. Botha (University of Stellenbosch, S. Africa), F.J. Cabañes, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain), T. Dawson (Procter & Gamble, USA), R. Batra (Milwauki, USA), E. Guého (Mauves sur Huisnes, France), L. Ball (LUMC, University Leiden, The Netherlands), H. Korporaal (Leids Cytologisch en Pathologisch Laboratorium, Leiden, The Netherlands), S. Taj-Aldeen (Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar), I. Okoli (Awka, Nigeria). Funding: Odo van Vloten, KNAW Renewal Fund, KNAW Indonesia-Netherlands SPIN mobility grant.

Project YBRP 1.01.03: Biodiversity of yeasts and selected basidiomycetes

Project YBRP 1.01.03.01: ‘The yeasts, a taxonomic study 5th edition’ 2005–2007: T. Boekhout, V. Robert, J.W. Fell, G. Scorzetti (RSMAS, Miami, USA), C.P. Kurtzman (USDA-NCAUR, Peoria, USA), T. Nakase (NITE, Tokyo, Japan), M. Hamamoto (Meiji University, Higashimita, Japan), A. Fonseca, J.P. Sampaio (New University of Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal), R.J. Bandoni (Vancouver, Canada), F.J. Bai (Systematic Mycology and Lichenology Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China).

Project YBRP 1.01.03.02: ‘Studies on the microbiological and biochemical properties of masau (Ziziphus mauritiana) fruits fermentation and prospects for the development of starter cultures to produce masau wine and/or beverage’ 2004-2008: T. Boekhout, L. Nyanga (Ph.D student Wageningen University), R. Nout, M. Zwietering (Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Wageningen University, The Netherlands). Funding: McGillavry fund, International Foundation of Science.

Project YBRP 1.01.03.03: The septal pore complex (SPC) in Basidiomycetes (Rhizoctonia solani) 2003–2007: T. Boekhout, E.E. Kuramae, K.G.A. van Driel (Ph.D. student), W.H. Müller & A. Verkleij (Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands), H. Wösten & A.F. van Peer (Department of Molecular Microbiology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands), A. Nakatani (PhD student, UNESP, São Paulo, Brazil), D. Rosa (M.Sc student, USP, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil). Funding: Odo van Vloten, Utrecht University

Project YBRP 1.01.03.04: The Rhizoctonia solani Tree of Life. 2005–2006: T. Boekhout, E.E. Kuramae, J.A. Stalpers, K.G.A. van Driel (Ph.D. student), A. Nakatani (PhD student, UNESP, São Paulo, Brazil), N. de Souza (UNESP, Botocatu, Brazil), Funding: CNPq (Brazil).

Project YBRP 1.01.04.05: Fungal biodiversity in regenerating tropical lowland forests, Colombia. 2002–2006: T. Boekhout, R. Summerbell, C. Lopez-Q. (Ph.D student) (CBS / Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia), A. M. Cleef, J. Duivenvoorden & J. Sevink (University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands), A.E. Franco Molano & A. Vasco-P. (University of Antioquia, Colombia), J. Frisvad (Technical University, Denmark). Funding: NWO-Wotro.

2. Applied and Industrial Project IFA 2.01.01: Biodiversity of Penicillium, Aspergillus and related genera 2003–2010: R. Samson, E. Hoekstra, J. Houbraken, J.C. Frisvad (Lyngby, Denmark), K.A. Seifert Mycology (R.A. Samson) (Ottawa, Canada).

Theme 1: Biodiversity and ecology of Project IFA 2.01.02: Biodiversity and strain selection of fungi in indoor environments for quality food and airborne fungi management 2003–2007: R.A. Samson, E.S. Hoekstra, T. Gabrio, (Landes Gesundheitsamt Baden-Wurttemberg, Theme 2: Biology of food spoilage fungi Stuttgart, Germany), K. Senkpiel, R. Keller (Medizinischer Universität zu Lübeck, Germany).

28 Project IFA 2.01.03: Taxonomy and phylogeny of food borne Zygomycetes 2003–2007: R. Samson, J. Dijksterhuis, A. Kuijpers, J. Houbraken, J. Jenneson, J. Schnurer (University of Agriculture, Uppsala, Sweden).

Project IFA 2.02.04: Image analysis macroconidia of Fusarium culmorum 2002–2005: J. Dijksterhuis, G. Chitarra, T. Abee, F. Rombouts (Food Microbiology, University of Wageningen, The Netherlands).

Project IFA 2.02.05: Volatile compounds as germination regulators in Penicillium paneum 2003–2005: J. Dijksterhuis, G. Chitarra, T. Abee, F. Rombouts (Food Microbiology, University of Wageningen, The Netherlands).

Project IFA 2.02.06: Germination of heat resistant ascospores of Talaromyces macrosporus 2003–2006: J. Dijksterhuis, F. Hoekstra, E. Golovina, J. Nijsse (Plant Physiology, University of Wageningen, The Netherlands).

Project IFA 2.02.07: The cell wall of ascospores of Talaromyces macrosporus before and after heat activation 2003–2006: J. Dijksterhuis, M. Hanssen, T.T. Wyatt, L. Lugones, H Wösten (Molecular Microbiology, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands), J.H. Sietsma (Molecular Biology of Plants, University of Groningen, The Netherlands).

Project IFA 2.02.08: Role of natamycin as a membrane pertubator in fungal conidia and hyphae 2005–2008: J. Dijksterhuis, R.A. Samson, E.J. Breukink, B. de Kruijf (Biomembranes, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands).

Project IFA 2.02.09: Sustainable control of fungal diseases of flower bulbs. 2005–2008: J. Dijksterhuis, J. Houbraken, T. van Doorn, W. van der Krieken (PRI, Wageningen), A. van der Lans, M. de Boer (PPO, Lisse), J. Stark, F. van Rijn (DSM, Delft), H. de Vries (Innoventis, Breezand), G. Top (Profyto, Emmeloord).

Project EPP 3.01.01: Hybridisation in Phytophthora 2001–2005: A.W.A.M. de Cock, W.A. Man in ‘t Veld (Plant Protection Service, Wageningen), C.A. 3. Evolutionary Phytopathology Lévesque (Agriculture and Agri-Food, Ottawa, Canada). (P.W. Crous)

Project EPP 3.01.02: Genetics of host specificity and speciation within Cercospora, with specific Theme 1: Evolutionary patterns and host reference to C. beticola adaptation 2003–2006: P.W. Crous, E.C.A. Abeln, M. Groenewald (Ph.D. student), P. de Witt (Phytopathology, University of Wageningen, The Netherlands), H. Sneider (IRS, The Netherlands). Theme 2: Mating strategies and speciation Project EPP 3.01.03: Genetic diversity of Mycosphaerella species associated with Sigatoka disease on bananas 2003–2007: E.C.A. Abeln, P.W. Crous, M. Arzanlou (Ph.D. student), G. Kema (Plant Research International, The Netherlands), J. Carlier (CIRAD, France).

Project EPP 3.02.04: Mycosphaerella spp. occurring on Eucalyptus 2003–2006: P.W. Crous, J.Z. Groenewald, G. Hunter (Ph.D. student), M.J. Wingfield, B.D. Wingfield, T. Coutinho (University of Pretoria, South Africa). Funding: NRF, TPCP, University of Pretoria, South Africa.

Project EPP 3.02.05: Speciation in Cercospora 2003–2007: P.W. Crous, J.Z. Groenewald, U. Braun (Martin-Luther University, Germany), H-D. Shin (Korea University, Seoul). Funding: Volkswagenstiftung.

Project EPP 3.02.06: Circumscription and detection of the Cylindrocarpon black foot rot complex of grapevines 2002–2005: P.W. Crous, H.-J. Schroers, F. Halleen (Ph.D. student), P.H. Fourie (University of Stellenbosch, South Africa). Funding: Winetech, ARC-Nietvoorbij, South Africa.

Project EPP 3.02.07: Developing microsatellite markers for Cylindrocladium 2003–2006: P.W. Crous, B. Buthelezi (M.Sc. student), L. Wright (Ph.D. student), M.J. Wingfield, B.D. Wingfield, T. Coutinho (University of Pretoria, South Africa). Funding: TPCP, NRF, South Africa.

Project EPP 3.02.08: Colletotrichum anthracnose of Proteaceae 2002–2004: P.W. Crous, J.Z. Groenewald, K. Lubbe (M.Sc. student), S. Denman (Forestry Commission, UK), S. Lamprechts (University of Stellenbosch, South Africa), P. Cannon (CABI, UK). Funding: SAPPEX, ARC-Elsenburg, South Africa.

Project EPP 3.02.09: Circumscription and detection of Phaeoacremonium and Phaeomoniella in grapevines 2003–2006: P.W. Crous, L. Mostert (Ph.D. student), E.C.A. Abeln, W. Gams, R.A. Summerbell & J.Z. Groenewald. Funding: Odo van Vloten.

Project EPP 3.02.10: Circumscription, detection and infection strategies of Botryosphaeria spp. in grapevines 2003–2006: P.W. Crous, J.Z. Groenewald, J. van Niekerk (M.Sc. student), P.H. Fourie (University of 29 Stellenbosch, South Africa), F. Halleen (ARC-Nietvoorbij, South Africa). Funding: Winetech, NRF, South Africa.

Project EPP 3.02.11: Phylogeny and population genetics of Alternaria and related Pleosporales 2002–2006: G.S. de Hoog, P.W. Crous, B.M. Pryor (Tucson, USA), T.L. Peever (University of Washington State, USA), E.G. Simmons (Amherst, USA), B. Anderson (Lyngby Technical University, Denmark).

Project EPP 3.02.12: Phylogeny in the genus Pythium and development of a molecular identification and detection system 1996–2006: A.W.A.M. de Cock, C.A. Lévesque (Agriculture and Agri-Food, Ottawa, Canada).

Project EPP 3.02.13: Species delimitation in Pythium 1996–2006: A.W.A.M. de Cock, G.R. Klassen, J.E.J.Bedard, A.M. Schurko (University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada).

Project EPP 3.02.14: Phylogeny in the genus Phytophthora and development of a molecular identification and detection system 2001–2007: A.W.A.M. de Cock, C.A. Lévesque (Agriculture and Agri-Food, Ottawa, Canada), R.C. Hamelin, G.Bilodeau (Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Québec, Canada).

Project EPP 3.02.15: Species delimitation in Phytophthora 2001–2007: A.W.A.M. de Cock, G.R. Klassen, J.E.J. Bedard, A.M. Schurko (University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada), Man in ‘t Veld, W.A. (Plant Protection Service, Wageningen, The Netherlands).

Project EPP 3.02.16: Taxonomy, phylogeny and biology of Cladosporium 2003–2007: P.W. Crous, H.J. Schroers, G.S. de Hoog, R.A. Samson, P. Zalar (PhD student), U. Braun (Martin-Luther University, Germany), J. David (CABI, UK), F. Dugan (Washington State University, USA).

Project EPP 3.02.17: Phytopathogenic Phoma complexes 2002–2005: P.W. Crous, M. Aveskamp (Ph.D. student), G. Verkley, R.A. Summerbell, J.Z. Groenewald, J. de Gruyter (Ph.D. student; PPS, Wageningen, The Netherlands), S.T. Koike, K. Subbarao (University of California, USA), T. O’Neill (ADAS, UK).

Project EPP 3.02.18: Taxonomy and phylogeny of Septoria 2000–2006: G. Verkley, M. Starink-Willemse, A. van Iperen, S. Vanev (Botanical Institute, Sofia).

Project EPP 3.02.19: Novel and putative ascomycetous plant endophytes 2003–2006: G. Verkley, I. van Kempen, A. Aptroot, R.C. Summerbell, J.D. Zijlstra, F. Berendse (University of Wageningen, The Netherlands).

Project EPP 3.02.20: Worldwide biodiversity of the genus Mycosphaerella 1998–2005: A. Aptroot, P.W. Crous, J. David (CABI, UK).

4. Origins of pathogenicity in Project OPC 4.01.01: Natural life cycle and selective sweeps of Exophiala dermatitidis clinical fungi (G.S. de Hoog) 2002–2006: G.S. de Hoog, A.H.G. Gerrits van den Ende, M. Sudhadham (Ph.D. student), T. Matos (Fac. Medicine, Slovenia), S. Sivichai (Chulalongkorn Univ., Thailand), G. Haase (RWTH-Aachen, Theme 1: Evolution and host adaptation Germany), G. Dorrestein (University of Utrecht, The Netherlands), A. van Belkum (Bacteriology, of black yeasts and allied fungi Erasmus Univ., Rotterdam), S.B.J. Menken (IBED, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Y. Gräser (Charité, Berlin, Germany), A. Mayr (Hautklinik, Univ. Innsbruck, Austria), D. Jonkers (Alterra, Wageningen, Theme 2: Extremophilic fungi The Netherlands). Funding: WOTRO.

Project OPC 4.01.02: Taxonomy and antimycotic susceptibility of herpotrichiellaceous black yeasts 2002–2008: G.S. de Hoog, R. Vitale (Radboud, Nijmegen), G. Haase (RWTH-Aachen, Germany), V. Vicente (Microbiol., Univ. of Curitiba, Brazil), R. Caligiorne (Musée d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France), S. Kantarcioglu (Fac. Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey), F. Zeppenfeldt, Univ. Nac. Experim., Coro, Venezuela).

Project OPC 4.01.03: Black oligotrophs in indoor water systems and their impact on human health 2002–2006: G.S. de Hoog, A.H.G. Gerrits van den Ende, J. Dijksterhuis, R.A. Samson, J. Harrak (PhD student), S.B.J. Menken (IBED, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands), A. van Belkum (Bacteriology, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands), E. Göttlich (LUFA Augustenberg, Karlsruhe, Germany), A. Velegraki (Fac. Medicine, Athens, Greece), N. Hageskal (Vet. Faculty, Oslo, Norway). Funding: CBS/IBED.

Project OPC 4.01.04: Development of environmental test systems using fungal indicators 2002–2004: G.S. de Hoog, W. Becker, K. Verstraten (IBED, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands), N.A. Yurlova (St. Petersburg, Russia), K. Groenestein (University of Wageningen, The Netherlands), J. Rainer (Botanik, Univ. Innsbruck, Austria), H. Nelis (Gent, Belgium), M. Richardson (Helsinki, Finland). Funding: EU.

Project OPC 4.01.05: Infection and resistance of therapy-refractory emerging fungal opportunists in humans 2002–2006: G.S. de Hoog, M. Sabelis (IBED, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands), S.B.J. Menken (IBED, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands), J. Rainer (Inst. Botanik, Univ. Innsbruck, Austria), Y. Gräser (Charité, Berlin, Germany), J.-P. Bouchara (Clin. Dermatol., Angers, France), and 30 a 25-lab network composing an ECMM working group. Partial funding: ECMM.

Project OPC 4.01.06: Agents of human mycetoma 2002–2004: G.S. de Hoog, K.F. Luijsterburg, A.O.A. Ahmed (Mycetoma Res. Center, Khartoum, Sudan), A. van Belkum (Bacteriology, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands). Partial Funding: ISHAM Working Group Mycetoma.

Project OPC 4.01.07: Atlas of Clinical Fungi 2002–2008: G.S. de Hoog, K.F. Luijsterburg, J. Guarro, J. Gené, M.J. Figueras (University Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain), J. Albert (Inst. Informatik, Würzburg, Germany), D. Harmsen (Med. Mikrobiol. University of Münster, Germany).

Project OPC 4.01.08: Phylogenetic position and taxonomy of Ochroconis and Scolecobasidium 2002–2004: G.S. de Hoog, R. Horré (Bundesanst. Arzneimittel, Bonn, Germany), H.-J. Choi (Mikrobiol. Univ. Bonn, Germany).

Project OPC 4.01.09: Evolution of virulence in black yeasts 2004–2007: G.S. de Hoog, A. Ram (University of Leiden, The Netherlands), S.B.J. Menken (IBED, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Jingsi Zeng, Shuwen Deng, Paride Abliz, Dongming Li, Ruoyu Li (Beijng / Xinjiang, P.R. China), Funding: KNAW and Chinese Academy.

Project OPC 4.01.10: Evolution of extremotolerant black yeasts. 2002–2004: G.S. de Hoog, A.H.G. Gerrits van den Ende, T. Ruibal, N.A. Yurlova (St. Petersburg, Russia), N. Gunde-Cimerman (Ljublana, Slovenia), M. Grube (Graz, Austria), L. Selbmann (Viterbo, Italy), F. Lutzoni (Duke, U.S.A.) Partial funding: AFTOL U.S.A.

Project OPC 4.01.11: Evolution of halophily in dothideaceous black yeasts 2002–2004: G.S. de Hoog, A.H.G. Gerrits van den Ende, P. Zalar (Ph.D. student; Inst. Biochemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia).

Project OPC 4.01.13: Assimilation of toxic degradation products from lignin and oils by black yeast-like fungi 2003–2006: G.S. de Hoog, F. Prenafeta, R.C. Summerbell, J. Dijksterhuis, M. Sudhadham, J. Harrak (PhD student), K. Verstraten, K. Nierop (IBED, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands), U. Hölker (Inst. Botanik Uni-Bonn, Germany), G. Haase (RWTH-Aachen, Germany), P. Letitre (MEP-TNO, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands), C. van den Hondel (CIVO-TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands).

Project OPC 4.01.14: Fungal-bacterial interactions in soil 2002–2006: R. Summerbell, F. Prenafeta, T. Boekhout, A. van Iperen, W. de Boer, G. Kowalchuk (NIOO-KNAW, The Netherlands). Funding: KNAW Vernieuwingsfonds.

Project OPC 4.02.17: Geotrichum, a fungal dinosaur 2002–2004: G.S. de Hoog, M.Th. Smith, A.W.A.M. de Cock, C.P. Kurtzman (USDA, Peoria, USA), K. Ueda-Nishimura (Inst. Fermentation, Osaka, Japan).

Project OPC 4.02.18: The biodiversity of para-Hypocrealean fungi in human and animal disease 2002–2004: R.C. Summerbell, H.-J. Schroers, M. Starink-Willemse, P.W. Crous, W. Gams, G.S. de Hoog, L. Mostert (Ph.D. student), L. Sigler (University of Alberta, Canada), A.A. Padhye, M. Brandt (CDC, USA), S. Moser (Univ. Alabama), P. Kammeyer (Loyola Univ. Med Ctr, Maywood IL, USA), D. Sutton, M.G. Rinaldi (Fungus Testing Center, San Antonio, USA), W. Merz (Johns Hopkins, Baltimore USA), M. Hayden (Rush Med. Ctr., Chicago, USA), A. Goldschmit-Reuveni, G. Rahav (Tel Hashomer Hospital, Tel-Aviv, Israel), S. Krajden (St. Joseph’s Hospital, , Canada).

Project OPC 4.02.19: Sequencing black yeast floras from human patients 2004–2006: G.S. de Hoog, Jingsi Zeng, D.A. Sutton (Fungus Testing Lab, San Antonio, U.S.A.) Funding: Pfizer U.S.A.

Project CPD 6.01.01: Optimalisation of freeze-drying protocols 5. Collection, Preservation and 2003–2005: C.S. Tan, C. van Ingen (RIVM, Utrecht, The Netherlands), C. van den Berg, R. Hoekstra Digitalisation (J. Stalpers) (University of Wageningen, The Netherlands). Theme 1: Preservation research Project CPD 6.01.02: Freezing of recalcitrant organisms 2003–2004: C.S. Tan, IJ. Vlug. Theme 2: Sequencing and characterisation of type strains Project CPD 6.02.01: Sequencing and characterisation of ex-type strains 2003–2010: J.A. Stalpers, C.S. Tan, G. Verkley, G.S. de Hoog, R.A. Samson, W. Haisma, IJ. Vlug, Theme 3: Online access to nomenclatural A. Kuijpers, P.W. Crous, R.S. Summerbell, T. Boekhout. and taxonomic databases Funding: EU-EBRCN project.

Project CPD 6.03.01: Digitalisation and accessibility of nomenclatural and taxonomical data 2003–2010: V. Robert, J.A. Stalpers, G. Stegehuis, P. Romano (ABC, Italy).

Project CPD 6.03.02: Index of Fungi 2003–2006: J.A. Stalpers, G. Stegehuis, P. Kirk (CABI Bioscience, UK), J. Adams (Landcare, New Zealand). 31 Project CPD 6.03.03: Input of CBS data in CBS database The databases will be linked with other, non-CBS databases, as PubMed and GenBank 2003–2005: J.A. Stalpers, G. Stegehuis, V. Robert, M. Vermaas, P. Romano (ABC, Italy).

Project CPD 6.03.04: CBS publications on the Web 2003–2005: J.A. Stalpers, G. Stegehuis, D. Stalpers.

Project CPD 6.03.05: European Biological Research Centres Network (EBRCN) 2001–2004: J.A. Stalpers, G. Stegehuis, D. Smith (CABI, UK), E. Stackebrand (DSMZ, Germany), C. Bizet (Institut Pasteur, France), P. Romano (ABC, Italy), D. Janssens (LMG, Belgium). Funding: EU.

Project CPD 6.03.06: MOSAICS, Implementation of Access and Benefit Sharing related to Microbiological Resources 2004–2005. J.A. Stalpers, G. Verkley, D. Smith (CABI, UK) E. Stackebrand (DSMZ, Germany), C. Bizet (Institut Pasteur, France), B. Parodi (ABC, Italy), Ph. Desmeth (BCCM, Belgium). Funding: EU

Project CPD 6.03.07: Eurocat, Species 2000 production c.q. improvement of the Catalogue of Life 2003–2006. J.A. Stalpers, G. Stegehuis, major European taxonomic institutes Funding: EU

Project CPD 6.03.08: Mycoheritage. Reproduction of important classical illustration books on the Web 2005–2010: J.A. Stalpers, G. Stegehuis, L. Reijers

Project CPD 6.03.05: Digitalisation of collection data and Species Banks 2005–2006. J.A. Stalpers, V. Robert, G. Stegehuis, P.W. Crous, R.A. Samson, G.S. de Hoog, L. Reijers, D. Stalpers, P. Meredith, S. Vanev, NHN, ZMA, Naturalis Funding: NWO

32 Scientifi c Output (2004–2005)

Scientifi c Publications fungi on soil bacterial niche development. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 29: 795–811. Boer W De, Leveau JHJ, Kowalchuk GA, Klein Alstrup V, Aptroot A (2005). Pyrenocarpous Gunnewiek WPJA, Abeln ECA, Figge MF, from Kenya and Tanzania. Cryptogamie Sjollema K, Janse JD, Veen JA van (2004). Mycologie 26: 265–271. Collimonas fungivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., Aptroot A (2004). Redisposition of some, mostly a chitinolytic soil bacterium with the ability to pyrenocarpous, species described grow on intact fungal hyphae. International by Zahlbruckner from Taiwan. Symbolae Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botanicae Upsalienses 34: 31–38. Microbiology 54: 857–864. Aptroot A (2004). Two new ascomycetes with Brandt ME, Kauffman CA, Pappas PG, Iqbal long gelatinous appendages collected from N, Arthington-Skaggs B, Lee-Yang W, monocots in the tropics. Studies in Mycology Smith MTh (2004). caused by 50: 307–311. Zygoascus hellenicus in an allogeneic stem Aptroot A, Berg MP (2004). Collembola cell transplant recipient. Journal of Clinical help lichens in competition with algae. Microbiology 42: 3363–3365 Lichenologist 36: 167–169. Braun U, Crous PW (2005). Additions and Aptroot A, Herk CM van (2004). Caloplaca corrections to names published in Cercospora britannica common in non-maritime and Passalora. Mycotaxon 92: 395–416. environments. Lichenologist 36: 261–263. Brodo IM, Aptroot A (2005). Corticolous species Aptroot A, Rodrigues AF (2005). New lichen of Protoparmelia (lichenized Ascomycotina) records for the Azores, with the report of some in North America. Canadian Journal of tropical species new to Europe. Cryptogamie 83: 1075–1081. Mycologie 26: 273–280. Bruyn U de, Aptroot A, Sparrius LB, Linders Aptroot A, Zielman R (2004). Lobaria amplissima W (2005). Ergebnisse eines Flechten- and other rare lichens and bryophytes on Kartierungstreffens in Ostfriesland (Nordwest- lava rock outcrop in the Eifel (Rheinland- Niedersachsen). Aktuelle Lichenologische Pfalz, Germany). Herzogia 17: 87–93. Mitteilungen NF 14: 18–29. Ávila A, Groenewald JZ, Trapero A, Crous PW Caron S, Avis TJ, Boekhout T, Hamelin RC, (2005). Characterisation and epitypifi cation Bélanger RR (2005). Fingerprinting of Pseudocercospora cladosporioides, the techniques as tools towards a molecular causal organism of Cercospora leaf spot of quality control of Pseudozyma fl occulosa. olives. Mycological Research 109: 881–888. Mycological Research 109: 335–341. Ayala-Escobar V, Yañez-Morales M de J, Braun Chitarra GS, Abee T, Rombouts FM, Dijksterhuis U, Groenewald JZ, Crous PW (2005). J (2005). 1-Octen-3-ol has mild effects on Cercospora agavicola – a new foliar pathogen membrane permeability, respiration and of Agave tequilana var. azul from Mexico. intracellular pH, but blocks germination and Mycotaxon 93: 115–121. changes the protein composition of Penicillium Ball LM, Bes MA, Theelen B, Boekhout T, Egeler paneum conidia. FEMS Microbiology Ecology RM, Kuijper EJ (2004). Signifi cance of 54: 67–75. amplifi ed fragment length polymorphism in Chitarra GS, Abee T, Rombouts FM, Posthumus the identifi cation and epidemiology of Candida MA, Dijksterhuis J (2004). Germination of species colonization in children undergoing Penicillium paneum conidia is regulated allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Journal by a volatile self-inhibitor. Applied and of Clinical Microbiology 42: 1673–1679. Environmental Microbiology 70: 2823–2829. Barnes I, Crous PW, Wingfi eld BD, Wingfi eld MJ Chitarra GS, Breeuwer P, Rombouts FM, Abee (2004). Multigene phylogenies reveal that T, Dijksterhuis J. (2005). Differentiation red band needle blight of Pinus is caused inside multicelled macroconidia of Fusarium by two distinct species of Dothistroma, D. culmorum during early germination. Fungal septosporum and D. pini. Studies in Mycology Genetics and Biology 42: 694–703. 50: 551–565. Ciampi MB, Kuramae EE, Fenille RC, Meyer MC, Barreto de Oliveira MT, Boekhout T, Theelen B, Souza NL, Ceresini PC (2005). Intraspecifi c Hagen F, Baroni FC, Lazera M, Lengeler evolution of Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA KB, Heitman J, Rivera ING, Paula CR associated with soybean and rice in Brazil (2004). Cryptococcus neoformans shows based on polymorphisms at the ITS-5.8S a remarkable genotypic diversity in Brazil. rDNA operon. European Journal of Plant Journal of Clinical Microbiolology 42: 1356– Pathology 113: 183–196. 1359. Cock AWAM De, Lévesque CA (2004). New Batra R, Boekhout T, Guého E, Cabañes FJ, species of Pythium and Phytophthora. Dawson TL Jr, Gupta AK (2005). Malassezia Studies in Mycology 50: 481–487. Baillon, emerging clinical yeasts. FEMS Coller GJ Van, Denman S, Groenewald Yeast Research 5: 1101–1113. JZ, Lamprecht SC, Crous PW (2005). Baumgardner DJ, Summerbell RC, Krajden Characterisation and pathogenicity of S, Alexopoulou I, Agrawal B, Bergeson Cylindrocladiella spp. associated with root M, Fuksa M, Bemis C, Baumgardner MA and cutting rot symptoms of grapevines in (2005). Attempted isolation of Blastomyces nurseries. Australasian Plant Pathology 34: dermatitidis from native shrews in northern 489–498. Wisconsin, U.S.A. Medical Mycology 43: Crous PW, Allegrucci N, Arambarri AM, Cazau 413–416. MC, Groenewald JZ, Wingfi eld MJ (2005). Beilharz VC, Pascoe IG, Wingfi eld MJ, Tjahjono Dematiocladium celtidis gen. sp. nov. B, Crous PW (2004). Passalora perplexa, (Nectriaceae, Hypocreales), a new genus an important pleoanamorphic leaf blight from Celtis leaf litter in Argentina. Mycological pathogen of Acacia crassicarpa in Australia Research 109: 833–840. and Indonesia. Studies in Mycology 50: 471– Crous PW, Gams W, Stalpers JA, Cannon PF, 479. Kirk PM, David JC, Triebel (2004). An online Boer W De, Folman L, Summerbell RC, Boddy database of names and descriptions as L (2005). Living in a fungal world: impact of an alternative to registration. Mycological 33 Research 108: 1236–1238. Fisher MC, Aanensen D, Hoog GS de, Crous PW, Gams W, Stalpers JA, Robert V, Vanittanakom N (2004). Multilocus Stegehuis G (2004). MycoBank: an online microsatellite typing system for Penicillium initiative to launch mycology into the 21st marneffei reveals spatially structured century. Studies in Mycology 50: 19–22. populations. Journal of Clinical Microbiology Crous PW, Groenewald JZ (2005). Hosts, 42: 5065–5069. species and genotypes: opinions versus data. Fisher MC, Hoog GS de, Johnson E, Smith M, Australasian Plant Pathology 34: 463–470. White NJ, Vanittanakom N (2005). Clonal Crous PW, Groenewald JZ, Mansilla JP, Hunter populations of Penicillium marneffei in GC, Wingfi eld MJ (2004). Phylogenetic Thailand reveal low effective dispersal. PLOS reassessment of Mycosphaerella spp. and Pathogens 1: 159–165. their anamorphs occurring on Eucalyptus. Fisher MC, Hoog GS de, Vanittanakom N Studies in Mycology 50: 195–214. (2004). A highly discriminatory Multilocus Crous PW, Groenewald JZ, Pongpanich K, Microsatellite Typing (MLMT) system for Himaman W, Arzanlou M, Wingfi eld MJ Penicillium marneffei reveals spatially (2004). Cryptic speciation and host specifi city structured populations. Molecular Ecology among Mycosphaerella spp. occurring on Notes 4: 515–518. Australian Acacia species grown as exotics Frisvad JC, Houbraken JAMP, Kuijpers AFA, in the tropics. Studies in Mycology 50: 457– Frank MJ, Samson RA (2004). New 469. ochratoxin producing species of Aspergillus Crous PW, Groenewald JZ, Risède J-M, Simoneau section Circumdati. Studies in Mycology 50: P, Hywel-Jones NL (2004). Calonectria 23–43. species and their Cylindrocladium anamorphs: Frisvad JC, Samson RA (2004). Emericella species with sphaeropedunculate vesicles. venezuelensis, a new marine species Studies in Mycology 50: 415–430. with stellate ascospores producing Denizi AA, Kazan D, Abeln ECA, Erarslan A sterigmatocystin and afl atoxin B1. Systematic (2004). Newly isolated Bacillus clausii GMBAE and Applied Microbiology 27: 672–680. 42: an alkaline protease producer capable to Frisvad JC, Samson RA (2004). Polyphasic grow under higly alkaline conditions. Journal taxonomy of Penicillium subgenus of Applied Microbiology 96: 320–327. Penicillium. A guide to identifi cation of the Denman S, Crous PW, Sadie A, Wingfi eld MJ food and air-borne terverticillate Penicillia (2004). Evaluation of fungicides for the control and their mycotoxins. Studies in Mycology of Botryosphaeria protearum on Protea 49: 1–173. magnifi ca in the Western Cape Province of Frisvad JC, Samson RA, Smedsgaard J (2004). South Africa. Australasian Plant Pathology Emericella astellata, a new producer of 33: 97–102. afl atoxin B1, B2 and sterigmatocystin. Letters Denýzcý A, Kazan D, Abeln ECA, Erarslan A of Applied Microbiology 38: 440–445. (2004). Newly isolated Bacillus clausii GMBAE Frisvad JC, Smedsgaard J, Larsen TO, Samson 42: An alkaline protease producer capable RA (2004). Mycotoxins, drugs and other to grow under highly alkaline conditions. extrolites produced by species in the Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 96: Penicillium subgenus Penicillium. Studies in 320–327. Mycology 49: 201–242. DeVries RP, Burgers K, van de Vondervoort PJI, Frisvad, JC, Skouboe P, Samson RA Frisvad JC, Samson RA, Visser J (2004). A (2004). A new effi cient producer of

new black Aspergillus species, A. vadense, afl atoxin B1, sterigmatocystin and 3-O- is a promising host for homologous and methylsterigmatocystin, Aspergillus rambellii heterologous protein production. Applied and sp. nov. Systematic and Applied Microbiology Environmental Microbiology 70: 3954–3959. 28: 442-453 DeVries RP, Frisvad JC, Vondervoort PJL van de, Gams W (2005). Report of the Committee for Burgers K, Kuijpers AFK, Samson RA, Visser Fungi: 12. Taxon 54: 520–522. J (2005). Aspergillus vadense, a new species Gams W (2005). Report of the Committee for of the group of black Aspergilli. Antonie van Fungi: 13. Taxon 54: 828–830. Leeuwenhoek 87: 195–203. Gams W, Hodge KT, Samson RA, Korf RP, Seifert Diaz MR, Boekhout T, Kiesling T, Fell JW (2005). KA (2005). (1684) Proposal to conserve Comparative analysis of the intergenic the name Isaria (anamorphic fungi) with a spacer regions and population structure conserved type. Taxon 54: 537. of the species complex of the pathogenic Gams W, Rossman AY (2005). What is Oospora fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. FEMS oryzetorum? Mycotaxon 92: 339–340. Yeast Research 5: 1129–1140. Gams W, Zare R, Summerbell RC (2005). (1654) Dijksterhuis J, Teunissen PGM (2004). Dormant Proposal to conserve the generic name ascospores of Talaromyces macrosporus Verticillium (anamorphic Ascomycetes) with are activated to germinate after treatment a conserved type. Taxon 54: 179. with ultra high pressure. Journal of Applied Gildemacher PR, Heijne B, Houbraken J, Microbiology 96: 162–169. Vromans T, Hoekstra ES, Boekhout T (2004). Dornbusch HJ, Buzina W, Summerbell RC, Can phyllosphere yeasts explain the effect Lass-Florl C, Lackner H, Schwinger W, of scab fungicides on russeting of elstar Sovinz P, Urban C (2005). Fusarium apples? European Journal of Plant Pathology verticillioides abscess of the nasal septum in 110: 929–937. an immunosuppressed child: case report and Groenewald M, Groenewald JZ, Crous PW identifi cation of the morphologically atypical (2005). Distinct species exist within the fungal strain. Journal of Clinical Microbiology Cercospora apii morphotype. Phytopathology 43: 1998–2001. 95: 951–959. Elshafi e AE, Aptroot A, Al-Bahry SN, Al-Kindi AY Gupta AK, Batra R, Bluhm R, Boekhout T, Dawson (2005). A new species of Navicella from Costa TL (2004). Skin diseases associated with Rica. Sydowia 57: 19–22. Malassezia species. Journal of the American Fenille RC, Ciampi MB, Souza NL, Nakatani AK, Academy of Dermatology 51: 785–798. Kuramae EE (2005). Binucleate Rhizoctonia Gupta AK, Boekhout T, Theelen B, Summerbell sp. AG G causing root rot in yacon R, Batra R (2004). Identifi cation and typing (Smallanthus sonchifolius) in Brazil. Plant of Malassezia species by amplifi ed fragment Pathology 54: 325–330.ckwell length polymorphism (AFLP) and sequence 34 analysis of the internal transcribed spacer ascomycetes from the Sundarbans Biosphere (ITS) and large subunit (LSU) regions Reserve, India. Mycotaxon 91: 455–459. of ribosomal DNA. Journal of Clinical Jennessen J, Nielsen K, Houbraken J, Lyhne Microbiology 42: 4253–4260. EK, Schnürer J, Frisvad JC, Samson RA Gupta AK, Ryder JE, Summerbell RC (2004). (2005). Secondary Metabolite and Mycotoxin : classifi cation and diagnosis. Production by the Rhizopus microsporus Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 3: 51–56. Group. Journal of Agricultural and Food Halleen F, Schroers HJ, Groenewald JZ, Crous Chemistry. 53: 1833–1840 PW (2004). Novel species of Cylindrocarpon Kalkanci A, Kustimur S, Sucak GT, Senol E, (Neonectria) and Campylocarpon gen. Sugita T, Adams GC, Verkley G, Summerbell nov. associated with black foot disease of RC (2005). Fulminating fungal sinusitis grapevines (Vitis spp.). Studies in Mycology caused by Valsa sordida, a plant pathogen, 50: 431–455. in a patient immunocompromised by Acute Hodge KT, Gams W, Samson RA, Korf RP, Seifert Myeloid Leukemia. Medical Mycology 43: KA (2005). Lectotypifi cation and status of DOI: 10.1080/13693780500340510 (E- Isaria Pers. : Fr. Taxon 54: 485–489. publication online). Hofmann H, Choi S-M, Wilsmann-Theis D, Kantarcioglu AS, Apaydin H, Yucel A, Hoog GS Horré R, Bieber Th, Hoog GS de (2005). de, Samson RA, Vural M, Ozekmekci S de:Phialophora verrucosa causing invasive (2005). Central nervous system infection due chromoblastomycosis and sinusitis in a child to Penicillium chrysogenum. Mycoses 47: from northern Africa. Mycoses 48: 456–461. 242–248. Hong SB, Go SJ, Shin HD, Frisvad JC, Samson Kantarcioglu AS, Hoog GS de (2004). Infections RA (2005). Polyphasic taxonomy of of the central nervous system by melanized Aspergillus fumigatus and related species. fungi: a review of cases presented between Mycologia 97: 1342–1355. 1999 and 2004. Mycoses 47: 5–13. Honraet K, Vos MM de, Summerbell RC, van Kaszubiak A, Klein S, Hoog GS de, Gräser Y Kempen I, De Saeger S, Vermeersch H, Van (2004). Population structure and evolutionary Peteghem C, Nelis HJ (2005). Recurrent origins of Microsporum canis, M. ferrugineum colonization of successively implanted and M. audouinii. Infection, Genetics and tracheoesophageal vocal prostheses by Evolution 4: 179–186. a member of the Fusarium solani species Kerrigan J, Smith MTh, Rogers JD, Poot GA complex. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 43: (2004). Botryozyma mucatilis sp. nov., an 770–777. anamorphic ascomycetous yeast associated Hoog GS de, Adelmann D, Ahmed AOA, Belkum with nematodes in poplar slime fl ux. FEMS A (2004). Phylogeny and typifi cation of Yeast Research 4: 849–856 Madurella mycetomatis, with a comparison Kidd S, Hagen F, Tscharke R, Huynh M, Bartlett of other agents of . Mycoses 47: K, Fyfe M, MacDougall L, Boekhout T, 121–130. Kwon-Chung KJ, Meyer W (2004). A rare Hoog GS de, Attili-Angelis D, Vicente VA, Queiroz- genotype of Cryptococcus gattii caused the Telles F (2004). Molecular ecology and Cryptococcosis outbreak on Vancouver Island pathogenic potential of Fonsecaea species. (British Columbia, Canada). Proceedings of Medical Mycology 42: 405–416. the National Academy of Sciences USA 101: Hoog GS de, Göttlich E, Platas G, Genilloud 17258–17263. O, Leotta G, Brummelen J van (2005). Kure CF, Skaar I, Holst-Jensen A, Abeln ECA Evolution, taxonomy and ecology of the (2004). The use of AFLP to relate cheese genus Thelebolus in Antarctica. Studies in contaminating Penicillium strains to specifi c Mycology 51: 33–76. points in the production plants International Hoog GS de, Matos T, Sudhadham M, Luijsterburg Journal of Food Microbiology 83: 195–204. KF, Haase G (2005). Intestinal prevalence Kurokawa SC, Lopes CR, Sugizaki MF, Kuramae of the neurotropic black yeast Exophiala EE, Franco MF, Peraçoli MTS (2005). dermatitidis in healthy and impaired Virulence profi le of ten Paracoccidioides individuals. Mycoses 48: 142–145. brasiliensis isolates. Association with Hoog GS de, Smith MTh (2004). Ribosomal morphologic and genetic patterns. Revista do gene phylogeny and species delimitation in Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo Geotrichum and its teleomorphs. Studies in 47: 257–262. Mycology 50: 489–516. Lagrou K, Keuleers S, Hagen F, Merckx R, Horré R, Schaal KP, Siekmeier R, Sterzik B, Hoog Verhaegen J, Peetermans WE, Eldere J van, GS de, Schnitzler N (2004). Isolation of fungi, Boekhout T (2005). Zoonotic transmission especially Exophiala dermatitidis, in patients of Cryptococcus neoformans from a magpie suffering from cystic fi brosis. Respiration 71: to an immunocompetent patient. Journal of 360–366. Internal Medicine 257: 385–388 Hunter GC, Crous PW, Roux J, Wingfi eld Lee S, Groenewald JZ, Crous PW (2004). BD, Wingfi eld MJ (2004). Identifi cation of Phylogenetic reassessment of the Mycosphaerella species associated with coelomycete genus Harknessia and its Eucalyptus nitens leaf defoliation in South teleomorph Wuestneia (Diaporthales), and Africa. Australasian Plant Pathology 33: the introduction of Apoharknessia gen. nov. 349–355. Studies in Mycology 50: 235–252. Hunter GC, Roux J, Wingfi eld BD, Crous PW, Lee S, Mel’nik V, Taylor JE, Crous PW (2004). Wingfi eld MJ (2004). Mycosphaerella Diversity of saprobic hyphomycetes on species causing leaf disease in South Proteaceae and Restionaceae from South African Eucalyptus plantations. Mycological Africa. Fungal Diversity 17: 91–114. Research 108: 672–681. Lee S, Roets F, Crous PW (2005). Biodiversity Järv H, Lehtmaa J, Summerbell RC, Hoekstra ES, of saprobic microfungi associated with the Samson RA, Naaber P (2004). Neosartorya infructescences of Protea species in South pseudofi scheri isolated from blood – fi rst hint Africa. Fungal Diversity 19: 69–78. of pulmonary aspergillosis. Journal of Clinical Lennox CL, Serdani M, Groenewald JZ, Crous, Microbiology 42: 925–928. PW (2004). Prosopidicola mexicana gen. Jagadeesh Ram TAM, Aptroot A, Sinha GP, Singh et. sp. nov., causing a new pod disease of KP (2005). New species and new records of Prosopis species. Studies in Mycology 50: lichenized and non-lichenized pyrenocarpous 187–194. 35 Lévesque CA, Cock AWAM de (2004). Molecular 171: 1–9. phylogeny and taxonomy of the species of Ntushelo K, Crous PW (2004). Fungicide the genus Pythium. Mycological Research sensitivity in Tapesia yallundae populations 108: 1363–1383. collected from 15 wheat fi elds in the Western Long Wang, Han-Bai Zhou, Frisvad JC, Samson Cape province of South Africa. South African RA (2004). Penicillium persicinum, a new Journal of Plant and Soil 21: 104–108. griseofulvin, chrysogine and roquefortine C Ohst T, Hoog GS de, Presber W, Stavrakieva producing species from Qinghai province, V, Gräser Y (2004). Origins of microsatellite China. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 86: 173– diversity in the Trichophyton rubrum - T. 179. violaceum clade (dermatophytes). Journal of Luangsa-Ard J, Hywel-Jones NL, Manoch L, Clinical Microbiology 42: 4444–4448. Samson RA (2005). On the relationships Pereiro M, Pereiro Ferreiros M, Hoog GS de, of Paecilomyces sect. Isarioidea species. Toribio J (2004). Cutaneous infection caused Mycological Research 109: 581–589. by Alternaria in patients receiving tacrolimus. 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Kukwa M, Lohmus P, Palice Z, Randlane T, Dijksterhuis J, Samson RA (2004). Hogedruk als Saag L, Sérusiaux E, Sipman HJM, Sparrius alternatieve pasteurisatie methode en stress- LB, Suija A, Thüs H (2005). New or interesting resistente Schimmelsporen. Voedingsmiddel lichens and lichenicolous fungi found during entechnologie 37: 14–16. the 5th IAL Symposium in Estonia. Folia Herk CM van, Sparrius LB, Aptroot A (2005). Cryptogamica Estonica 41: 13–22. Hotspots van de korstmossen op de Rode Aptroot A, Dekker DJ, Sparrius LB, Spier LJ, Lijst vragen om een betere bescherming. De Vervoort M (2005). Lichenologisch verslag Levende Natuur 106: 20–25. van het zomerkamp 2004 in Schotland. Hoog, G.S. de (2005). Scedosporium: een Buxbaumiella 71: 26–38. problematische groep schimmelinfecties. Aptroot A, Ferraro LI (2005). Nueva especie y Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Medische registros interesantes de Pyrenolíquenes Microbiologie 13: 38–40. para Argentina y Paraguay. Kurtziana 31: Horré R, Schröteler A, Marklein G, Breuer 59–67. G, Siekmeier R, Sterzik B, Hoog GS de, Aptroot A, Herk CM van (2005). Herstel van Schnitzler N, Schaal KP (2004). Vorkommen korstmossen op de heide. De Levende von Exophiala dermatitidis bei Patienten mit Natuur 106: 232–234. zystischer Fibrose in Bonn. Atemwegs- und Aptroot A, Sparrius LB, Spier LJ (2004). Lichens Lungenkrankheiten 29: 373–379. in the Noordoostpolder (Netherlands, Mayser P, Thoma W, Seibold M, Tintelnot Prov. Flevoland). Aktuelle Lichenologische K, Wiedemeyer K, Hoog GS de (2004). Mitteilungen NF 13: 12–16. Diagnostik, Klinik und Therapie der Boekhout T (2005). Gut feeling for yeasts. Nature kutanen Alternariose - 2 Fallberichte und 434: 449–450. Literaturübersicht. Hautarzt 55: 1137–1142. Boekhout T, Hagen F (2005). Cryptococcus Onofri S, Selbmann L, Zucconi L, Tosi S, Hoog neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. GS de (2004). The Mycota of continental Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Medische Antarctica. Terra Antarctica Reports 11: 37– Microbiologie 13: 35–37. 42. Boekhout T, Summerbell R (2004). Conference Robert V (Leslie M, ed.) (2004). Name That report. The 5th Conference on Cryptococcus Yeast. Science 303: 1741. and cryptococcosis, Adelaide, 2002. FEMS Selbmann L, Hoog GS de, Onofri S (2005). Yeast Research 3: III-IV. 15th Congress of the Ecologia, origine ed evoluzione di specie International Society for Human and Animal fungine endemiche delle Valli Secche di Mycology (ISHAM), May 25–29 2003, San McMurdo in Antartide. Informatore Botanico Antonio, TX, USA, 1st Trends in Medical Italiano 37: 870–871. Mycology, joint meeting of the 9th Congress Spier LJ, Aptroot A (2005). Correlatie tussen of the European Confederation of Medical chemie en morfologie in Nederlandse Mycology and the 7th Trends in Invasive Peltigera didactyla. Buxbaumiella 70: 28–30. Fungal Infections, September 28– October Spier LJ, Aptroot A (2005). What is the role of 1, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and 47th secondary substances in rock-inhabiting Annual meeting of the Japanese Society for crustose lichens? Bulletin of the British Medical Mycology, Oct. 16–17, Tokyo, Japan. Lichenological Society 96: 24–26. FEMS Yeast Research 4: 667. Spier LJ, Aptroot A (2004). Correlation between Broeck D van den, Aptroot A, Jordaens D, Sparrius chemistry and morphology in Peltigera LB, Poeck J (2005). Een lichenologische didactyla and related taxa. Aktuelle excursie naar Lille en omgeving (België, Lichenologische Mitteilungen NF 13: 17–19. Provincie Antwerpen). Buxbaumiella 70: Summerbell RC (2004). Review of: Burnett 19–22. J, Fungal populations and species. Ciampi MB, Kuramae EE, Souza NL, Fenille RC, Mycopathologia 157: 361–362. Meyer MC, Ceresini PC (2005). Evolução Summerbell RC (2005). Mycological subculture. intraespecífi ca de Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA Inoculum 56(1): 9. associada à soja e ao arroz no Brasil baseada Thell A, Herber B, Aptroot A, Adler MT, Feuerer em polimorfi smos no operon ITS-5.8S rDNA. T, Kärnefelt EI (2005). A preliminary phylogeographic study of Flavopunctelia and Summa Phytopathologica 31: 85–86. Punctelia inferred from rDNA ITS-sequences. Ciampi MB, Lemos EGM, Kuramae EE, Folia Cryptogamica Estonica : 115–122. Rosewich-Gale L, Ceresini PC (2005). 41 Detecção de SNPs em marcadores de DNA genômico de Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA. Summa Phytopathologica 31: 85. Papers and Posters Coller G van, Denman S, Lamprecht SC, Crous PW (2005). A new perspective on soilborne Ahmed AOA, Leeuwen W van, Fahal A, Sande W diseases of grapevines in nurseries. van de, Verbrugh H, Hoog GS de & Belkum Winelands 13: 102–105. A van (2005). Recent developments in the Crous PW (2004). Cryptic biodiversity among clinical, epidemiological, and diagnostic plant pathogens: implications for trade and management of Madurella mycetomatis disease management. Inaugural lecture, induced mycetoma. Pan African Society for Department of Phytopathology, University of Medical Mycology, January 25, Hartenbosch, 40 South Africa. of clinically important yeasts. Scientifi c Almeida-Lenero L, Ludlow-Wiechers B, Geel van Meeting of the Dutch Society for Medical B, Gonzalez MC, Aptroot A (2005). Records Mycology, November 29, Utrecht, The of mid-Holocene fungi from Lake Zempoala, Netherlands. Central Mexico. Hyphal bridges over the Boekhout T, Theelen B, Hagen F, Bovers M, Pacifi c: Advancing mycology. Hilo, Hawaii, Kuramae E (2004). Molecular characterization U.S.A. of clinically important yeasts. 3rd National Aptroot A (2005). Lichens and global warming: Symposium Indonesian Society for Human further evidence and the role of Trentepohlia. and Animal Mycology, October 1–3, British Lichen Society, London, U.K. Semarang, Indonesia. Aptroot A (2005). Subfossil fungi. First Symposium Boekhout T, Theelen B, Hagen F, Robert V, Bovers on Non-Pollen Palynomorphs, Greifswald, M, Kuramae E, Meyer W, Coenjaerts F, May Germany. R (2004). Functional diversity within the Arabatzis M, Hoog GS de, Kuijper EJ, Templeton human pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. K, Bruijnesteijn van Coppenraet LS, Velegraki 11th International Congress on Yeasts. August A, Lavrijsen S, Summerbell RC (2005). Rapid 15–20, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. detection and identifi cation of commonly Boekhout T, Theelen B, Hagen F, Robert V, Bovers encountered dermatophytes by real-time M, Kuramae E, Meyer W, Coenjaerts F, May PCR. November 29, Dutch Society for R (2004). Functional diversity within the Medical Mycology, Utrecht, The Netherlands. human pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. Barnes I, Crous PW, Wingfi eld BD, Wingfi eld 3rd National Symposium Indonesian Society MJ (2005). Multigene phylogenetic analysis for Human and Animal Mycology. October reveal that Dothistroma septospora and D. 1–3, Semarang, Indonesia. pini represent two distinct taxa and a serious Boekhout T. (2004). Comparative evolutionary threat to pine forestry. Annual meeting of the and functionally genomics of Cryptococcus Mycological Society of America, Hilo, Hawaii. neoformans. CBS Centenary symposium. Inoculum 56(4): 8. May 13–14, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Bilodeau G, Lévesque CA, Cock AWAM de, Boekhout, T (2004). AFLP analysis for strain Kristjansson G, Hamelin, RC (2004). SNP typing. Pre-ICY 2004 course. Phenotypic genotyping in the causal agent of sudden and genotypic fungal characterization and oak death, Phytophthora ramorum. Annual identifi cation techniques. August 11–14, meeting of the Phytophthora Molecular Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Genetics Network. May 21–23, New Orleans, Bovers B, Hagen F, Theelen B, Bayrakdar C, Louisiana, U.S.A. Kuramae E, Boekhout T (2004). Genomic Bilodeau GJ, Lévesque CA, Cock AWAM de, diversity of the Cryptococcus neoformans Brière S, McDonald J, Kristjansson G, species complex. Wetenschappelijke Hamelin RC (2004). Real-time polymerase Voorjaarsvergadering. 6–7 April, Arnhem, chain reaction detection and single nucleotide The Netherlands. polymorphisms genotyping of Phytophthora Bovers M (2005). Unique hybrids between fungal ramorum, the causal agent of sudden oak pathogens Cryptococcus neoformans and death. Presentation at the CPS annual Cryptococcus gattii. AIO Eijkman Graduate meeting, Ottawa, 2004. Canadian Journal of School November 17–18, Vierhouten, the Plant Pathology 26: 406. Netherlands. Bilodeau GJ, Lévesque CA, Cock AWAM de, Bovers M, Diaz M, Fell J, Boekhout T (2005). Duchaine C, Kristjansson G, Hamelin RC Luminex xMAP technology: a new reliable (2005). Molecular Detection of Phytophthora method to detect Cryptococcus neoformans ramorum by Real-Time PCR Using Taqman, and Cryptococcus gattii. Meeting of the SYBR®Green and Molecular Beacons with Dutch Society for Microbiology, April 11–13, three genes. Sudden oak death science Arnhem, The Netherlands. symposium, January 18–21, Monterrey, Bovers M, Hagen F, Coenjaerts F, May R, California, U.S.A. Boekhout T (2004). Using the model Boekhout T (2004). Food related yeasts. Pre- organism Caenorhabditis elegans to study the ICY 2004 course. Phenotypic and genotypic pathogenesis of Cryptococcus neoformans. fungal characterization and identifi cation Wetenschappelijke Voorjaarsvergadering. techniques. August 11–14, Fiocruz, Rio de April 6–7, Arnhem, The Netherlands. Janeiro, Brazil. Bovers M, Hagen F, Kuramae E, Diaz M, Boekhout T (2004). Fungal diversity and food. Spanjaard L, Dromer F, Hoogveld H, VLAG International Advanced Course Food Boekhout T (2005) Unique hybrids between fermentation, October 11, Wageningen, The fungal pathogens Cryptococcus neoformans Netherlands. and Cryptococcus gattii. Meeting of the Boekhout T (2004). Genetische polymorfi smen Dutch Society for Microbiology. November 4, in cryptokokken. Symposium Werkgroep Utrecht, The Netherlands. epidemiologische typering “DNA Bovers M, Hagen F, Theelen B, Kuramae EE, polymorfi smen and pathogeen/gastheer Boekhout T (2005). Multi-locus sequencing interacties”. RIVM. November 4, Bilthoven, raises new questions in the Cryptococcus The Netherlands. neoformans complex (2005) 6th International Boekhout T (2005). Evolution of fungi: genomics Conference on Cryptococcus and and biodiversity. ESF-EMBO Symposium. Cryptococcosis, 24–28 June, Boston, U.S.A. Comparative genomics of eukaryotic Bovers M, Hagen F, Theelen B, Bayrakdar C, microorganisms: eukaryote genome Kuramae E, Boekhout T (2004). Genomic evolution, approaches with yeasts and fungi. diversity of the Cryptococcus neoformans November 12–17, Sant Feliu de Guixols, species complex. Wetenschappelijke Spain. Voorjaarsvergadering. 6–7 April, Arnhem, Boekhout T, Bovers M, Fell J, Diaz M, Hagen The Netherlands. F, Theelen Bt, Kuramae EE (2005). How Bovers M, Hagen F, Theelen B, Kuramae E, many species? 6th International Conference Boekhout T (2005). Multi-locus sequencing on Cryptococcus and Cryptococcosis, June raises new questions in the Cryptococcus 24–28, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. neoformans species complex. Meeting of the Boekhout T, Bovers M, Hagen F, Kuramae EE, Dutch Society for Microbiology, April 11–13, Theelen B (2005). Molecular characterization Arnhem, The Netherlands. 41 Bovers M, Hagen F, Theelen B, May R, International Workshop on Grapevine Trunk Boekhout T (2004). Genomic Diversity of Diseases. 20–21 January, Stellenbosch, the Cryptococcus neoformans Complex. 7th South Africa. European Conference on Fungal Genetics. Crous PW, Gams W, Stalpers JA, Robert V, April 17–20, Copenhagen, Denmark. Stegehuis G, Kirk PM (2005). Expanding Cadez N, Raspor P, Smith MTh (2004). frontiers in mycology. Annual meeting of the Polyphasic approach to the taxonomy of the Southern African Society for Plant Pathology, genera Hanseniaspora and Kloeckera”. 11th 23–26 January, Western Cape, South Africa. International Congress on Yeasts. 15–20 Crous PW, Groenewald JZ (2005). August, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Mycosphaerella and its anamorphs – a global Carlos Alberto López-Q CA, Franco-Molano perspective. Abstracts of the Mycosphaerella AE, Vasco-P. AM, Boekhout T, Garzon NV Leaf Disease of Eucalypts Workshop, 25–26 (2005). Hongos de la Amazonia Colombiana. September, Geelong, Victoria, Australia. V Congreso Latino-americano de Micología. Crous PW, Groenewald JZ (2005). Novel species V Latin-american Mycological Congress, 1–5 of Mycosphaerella occurring on Eucalyptus. August, Brazil, Brasilia. Mycosphaerella Leaf Disease of Eucalypts Carstens E, Niekerk JM van, Laubscher W, Fourie Workshop, 25–26 September, Geelong, PH, Crous PW (2005). Resolving the status Victoria, Australia. of Monilinia spp. in South African stone fruit Crous PW, Groenewald JZ (2005). Host, orchards. Annual meeting of the Southern species and genotypes: opinions versus African Society for Plant Pathology, 23–26 data. Keynote delivered at 15th Biennial January, Western Cape, South Africa. Australasian Plant Pathology Meeting, 26–29 Cock AWAM de, Lévesque CA, Man in ‘t Veld September, Geelong, Victoria, Australia. WA, Klassen GR, Bedard JEJ, Schurko AM Crous PW, Groenewald JZ (2005). (2004). Molecular taxonomy and speciation Mycosphaerella: morphologically unifi ed but in Pythium and Phytophthora. The 2004 phylogenetically diverse. Keynote delivered KSPP annual meeting and International at annual meeting of the Southern African Symposium “New Horizons in Plant Society for Plant Pathology, 23–26 January, Pathology: Biotechnology for Plant Health”. Western Cape, South Africa. October 6–8, Phoenix Park, Pyungchang, Damm U, Crous PW, Fourie PH (2005). Stone Korea: 43–45. fruit trees as alternative hosts of grapevine Cock AWAM de, Lévesque CA, Schurko AM, trunk disease pathogens. 4th International Bedard JEJ, Klassen GR (2004). Pythium, Workshop on Grapevine Trunk Diseases. fylogenie en soortsafgrenzingen. Presentation 20–21 January, Stellenbosch, South Africa. at annual meeting of KNPV working group Damm U, Crous PW, Fourie PH (2005). Stone Phytophthora & Pythium, September 23, fruits as alternative hosts of grapevine trunk Merelbeke, Belgium. Gewasbescherming 36: disease pathogens. Annual meeting of the 24. Southern African Society for Plant Pathology, Cock AWAM de, Lévesque CA, Schurko Western Cape, South Africa. AM, Bedard JEJ, Klassen GR (2005). Delfi no D, Benecchi M, Fanti F, Galatioto Pythium, fylogenie en soortsafgrenzingen. S, Manti G, Hoog GS de, Cusumano V Presentation at annual meeting of KNPV (2005). Recurrent brain abscess caused by working group Phytophthora & Pythium. Cladophialophora bantiana in a drug abuser: Merelbeke, Belgium. Gewasbescherming 36: case report. Section Medical Mycology 24. of NVMM / NvMy, April 13, Arnhem, The Cortinas M-N, Crous PW, Wingfi eld BD, Netherlands. Wingfi eld MJ (2005). Molecular phylogenies Deng S, Bulmer GS, Yan H (2005). Identifi cation detect new links between Coniothyrium and of Dermatophytes isolated from tinea capitis Mycosphaerella. 15th Biennial Australasian in western China using ITS sequencing. Plant Pathology Meeting, 26–29 September, Section Medical Mycology of NVMM / NvMy, Geelong, Victoria, Australia. April 13, Arnhem, The Netherlands. Cortinas M-N, Crous PW, Wingfi eld MJ (2005). Dias ALT, Boekhout T, Barreto de Oliveira MT, Colletogloeopsis gauchense sp. nov. from Souza Carvalho Melhem M de, Martins de Uruguay. Mycosphaerella Leaf Disease of Siqueira A, Emi Matsumoto F, Gonçalves Eucalypts Workshop, 25–26 September, da Silva E, Ferreira Gandra R, Rodrigues Geelong, Victoria, Australia. Paula C (2005). Variação no perfi l do Crous PW (2004). Cryptic biodiversity among plant cariótipo, soritipo, mating type, genótipo afl p pathogens: Invited lecture at the department com destaque ao perfi l 1b e sensibilidade of plant physiology. 25 November, Aachen, antifúngica ao fl uconazol de iusolados Germany. ambientais de c. neoformans no Brasil. XXIII Crous PW (2004). Cryptic biodiversity among Congresso Brasileiro de microbiologia, plant pathogens: Implications for trade and November 22–25, Santos, Brazil. disease management. Inaugural lecture for Dijksterhuis J, Samson RA, Wösten HAB, chair in Evolutionary Phytopathology. 16 Golovina E, Nijsse J, Hoekstra F , Kets Sept., Wageningen, The Netherlands. EPW, Lugones L (2005). PLAY, an abundant Crous PW (2004). Hosts, species and ascospore cell wall protein in Talaromyces genotypes. WCS Dag, Koninklijke macrosporus. Annual Scientifi c Meeting of Nederlandse Botanische Vereniging, Sectie the British Mycological Society, Exploitation Phytopathologie, 22nd January, Utrecht, of fungi, September 5–8, Manchester, U.K. Netherlands. Gewasbescherming 35: 219. Dijksterhuis J, Samson RA (2004). Fungal Crous PW (2004). Impact of molecular Spoilage. Symposium Sectie Levensmiddele phylogenetics on the taxonomy and diagnosis nmicrobiologie van de NVvM. Microbiologisch of fungi. European and Mediterranean Plant onderzoek van levensmiddelen: eigen werk. Protection Organisation, Conference on June 22, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Quality of Diagnosis and new Diagnostic Dijksterhuis J, Samson RA (2004). Fungal Methods for Plant Pests, April 19–21, Spoilage. Symposium Sectie Levensmiddele Noordwijkerhout, Netherlands. nmicrobiologie van de NVvM. Microbiologisch Crous PW, Gams W, Mostert L (2005). onderzoek van levensmiddelen: eigen werk. Phaeoacremonium and Phaeoacremonium- 22 June, Wageningen, The Netherlands. like fungi in the Calosphaeriales. 4th Dijksterhuis J, Samson RA, Wösten HAB, 42 Lugones L (2005). PLAY, an abundant Symposium on the Environmental Physiology ascospore cell wall protein in Talaromyces of Ectotherms and Plants (ISEPEP), July 11– macrosporus. Meeting of the Dutch Society 16, Roskilde University, Denmark. for Microbiology, April 13, Papendal, Arnhem, Groenewald JZ, Crous PW (2005). What Nederland. constitutes a species in Mycosphaerella Dijksterhuis J. (2004). Fungal Spoilage. VLAG- based on sequence data? Mycosphaerella course, Genetics and Physiology of Food Leaf Disease of Eucalypts Workshop. 25–26 Associated Microorganisms. December 6–9, September, Geelong, Victoria, Australia. Wageningen, The Netherlands. Groenewald JZ, Groenewald M, Braun U, Crous Driel KGA van, Müller WH, Peer AF van, Verkleij PW (2005). Speciation in the Cercospora apii AJ, Wösten HAB, Boekhout T (2004). morphotype – is it really a complex issue? Enrichment of isolated septal pore caps of 15th Biennial Australasian Plant Pathology the plant pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. 7th Meeting, Geelong, Victoria. European Conference on Fungal Genetics Groenewald JZ, Groenewald M, Crous PW (ECFG-7). April 17–21, Copenhague, (2005). Different functional species exist in Denmark. the Cercospora apii species complex. Annual Driel KGA van, Müller WH, Peer AF van, Verkleij meeting of the Southern African Society for AJ, Wösten HAB, Boekhout T (2004). Plant Pathology. 23–26 January, Western Enrichment of isolated septal pore caps Cape, South Africa. of the plant pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. Groenewald M, Groenewald JZ, Crous PW Wetenschappelijke voorjaarsvergadering, (2005). Distinct species exist within the C. Nederlandse Vereniging voor Microbiologie apii morphotype. 15th Biennial Australasian (NVMM). April 16–17, Arnhem, The Plant Pathology Meeting, 26–29 September, Netherlands. Geelong, Victoria, Australia. Driel KGA van, Müller WH, Peer AF van, Verkleij, Groenewald M, Groenewald JZ, Crous PW (2005). AJ, Wösten HAB, Boekhout T (2004). Phenotypic and genotypic identifi cation and Enrichment of isolated septal pore caps of phylogenetic characterization of a Cercospora the plant pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. 13th species on Apium graveolens from Venezuela European Microscopy Congress (EMC 2004). and Korea. Annual meeting of the Southern August 22–27, Antwerp, Belgium. African Society for Plant Pathology, 23–26 Driel KGA van, Peer AF van, Wösten HAB, January, Western Cape, South Africa. Verkleij AJ, Müller WH, Boekhout T (2004). Hagen F, Gerits DJC, Kuramae EE, Meyer W Characterization of the Septal Pore Cap & Boekhout T (2005). A detailed AFLP and Structure in Basidiomycetous Fungi. IB IGS analysis on the Cryptococcus gattii Conference on Biomembranes, October 22, Vancouver Island outbreak isolates (2005) Utrecht, The Netherlands. 6th International Conference on Cryptococcus Driel KGA van, Peer AF van, Wösten HAB, Verkleij and Cryptococcosis, 24–28 June, Boston, AJ, Müller WH, Boekhout T (2005). Isolation U.S.A. of septal pore caps from basidiomycetous Hagen F, Gerits DJC, Kuramae EE, Meyer W, fungi. 23rd Fungal Genetics Conference, Boekhout T (2005). A detailed AFLP analysis March 15–20, Asilomar, California, U.S.A. on the Cryptococcus gattii Vancouver Island Driel KGA van, Peer AF van, Wösten HAB, Verkleij outbreak isolates. Meeting of the Dutch AJ, Müller WH, Boekhout T (2005). Isolation of Society for Microbiology, April 11–13, Arnhem, septal pore caps from basidiomycetous fungi. The Netherlands. Meeting of the Dutch Society for Microbiology, Hagen F, Kuijpers EJ, Dankert J, Boekhout T April 11–13, Arnhem, The Netherlands. (2004). Diversity of genotypes and serotypes Frasca S, Nyaoke A, Hinckley L, Hoog GS de, in relation to fl uconazole resistance among Wickes B, Sutton DA, Scott Weber E & Keller Dutch Isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans. C (2005). An extreme example of common Wetenschappelijke Voorjaarsvergadering. seahorse diseases. Encounters with fungi April 6–7, Arnhem, The Netherlands. in sygnathid fi sh. Eastern Fish Health Halleen F, Fourie PH, Crous PW (2005). Proactive Conference, June, West Virginia, U.S.A. management of black foot disease in South Frasca S, Nyaoke A, Hinckley L, Kamens A, African grapevine nurseries. 4th International Draghi A, Barnett M, Gorton T, Stremme D, Workshop on Grapevine Trunk Diseases, Keller C, Weber ES, Hoog GS de, Grooters 20–21 January, Stellenbosch, South Africa. A, Wickes B & Sutton DA (2005). Encounters Halleen F, Fourie PH, Crous PW (2005). Black with fungi in sygnathid fi sh. Eastern Fish foot disease in South African vineyards Health Conference, June, West Virginia, and grapevine nurseries. 4th International U.S.A. Workshop on Grapevine Trunk Diseases, Gams W & Zare R (2005). Verticillium is still 20–21 January, Stellenbosch, South Africa. polyphyletic. Poster presented at International Halleen F, Mostert L, Crous PW (2005). Botanical Congress, July, Vienna, Austria. Pathogenicity testing of Phialophora, Gams W & Zare R (2005). Verticillium is still Phialophora-like, Phaeoacremonium and polyphyletic. Poster presented at Annual Acremonium species isolated from vascular meeting of Mycological Society of America, tissues of grapevines. 4th International August, Hilo, Hawaii. Workshop on Grapevine Trunk Diseases, Gams W, Zare R (2005). New advances in 20–21 January, Stellenbosch, South Africa. Verticillium taxonomy (Abstract). Inoculum Halleen F, Schoers H-J, Groenewald JZ, Crous 56(4): 20. PW (2005). Fungi associated with black Geel van B, Birks H, Aptroot A, Baittinger C, Mol foot disease in South African vineyards and D, Pals JP, Shoshani J, Reenen van G, Bull I, nurseries. 4th International Workshop on Evershed R, Nierop K, Tikhonov A, Tienderen Grapevine Trunk Diseases, 20–21 January, van P (2005). Environmental reconstruction Stellenbosch, South Africa. based on the Yukagir Mammoth’s last Harrak J (2005). Black fungi in our drinking meal. International Symposium on Yukagir water; clinical potential of the main agents. Mammoth. Aichi, Japan. Pan African Society for Medical Mycology, Golovina EA, Claessens SMC, Dijksterhuis January 25, Hartenbosch, South Africa. J, Vries YP de, Hoekstra FA (2005). ESR Hoog GS de (2005). Are dramatic host shifts likely study of cytoplasmic viscosity in hydrated, to trigger evolution? Fungal pathogenicity to dormant spores and seeds. First International plants and humans - variations on a theme? 43 Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, July fungal way of Life. 11th International Congress 8, Utrecht, The Netherlands. on Yeasts, ICY 2004. August 15–20, Rio de Hoog GS de (2005). Hypotheses on the natural Janeiro, Brazil. ecology of neurotropic black yeast. Trends Kuramae E, Robert V, Snel B, Boekhout T (2004). in Medical Mycology, October 23–26, Berlin, Fungal Phylogenomics. Linking evolution and Germany. function. First Western European Workshop Hoog GS de, Brummelen J van (2005). Endemic on Cryptococcus and Cryptococcosis. Fungi on the Antarctic - New Models for November 22, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Evolution and Phylogeny (keynote). July, Kuramae E, Robert V, Snel B, Boekhout T (2004). IUMS 2005, San Francisco, U.S.A. Fungal Phylogenomics. Linking evolution Hoog GS de, Caligiorne R, Smith MTh, Gerrits and function. Workshop Research Schools. van den Ende AHG, Choi H-J & Licinio P Phylogenomics of Fungi. May 10, Utrecht, (2005). Mavericks in the fungal Tree of Life The Netherlands. (keynote). July, IUMS 2005, San Francisco, Kuramae EE (2005). “Mini symposium on U.S.A. Fungal pathogenicity to plants and humans Hoog GS de, Choi S-M & Horré R (2005). Severe – variation on a theme?”, June 17, Utrecht, infections by black yeast-like fungi illustrated The Netherlands. by a case from Libiya. Pan African Society for Kuramae EE (2005). Genome-wide occurring Medical Mycology, January 25, Hartenbosch, proteins and the fungal tree of life. ESF South Africa. – EMBO symposium on Comparative Hoog GS de, Zalar P, Gerrits van den Ende AHG, Genomics of Eukaryotic Microorganisms Gunde-Cimerman N (2005). Relation of – Eukaryotic genome evolution, approaches halotolerance to human-pathogenicity in the with yeasts and fungi. Sant Feliu de Guixols, fungal Tree of Life: an overview of ecology November 12–17, Spain. and evolution under stress. Section Medical Kuramae EE, Boekhout T (2005). Comparative Mycology of NVMM / NvMy, April 13, Arnhem, and functional genomics of yeasts. Microarray The Netherlands. – based applications in Ecogenomics. Horré R, Kantarcioglu S, Guarro J, Nidermajer S, October 28, Free University, Amsterdam, The Schnitzler N, Hoog GS de (2005). Review of Netherlands. infections due to Pseudallescheria boydii. 8th Kuramae EE, Boekhout T (2005). Comparative Congres of Infections Disease and Tropical and functional genomics of yeasts. Microarray Medicine, 9–11 June, Hamburg, Germany. – based applications in Ecogenomics. Hunter GC, Carnegie AJ, Burgess T, Crous PW, October 28, University of Amsterdam, Wingfi eld MJ (2005). The Mycosphaerella Amsterdam, The Netherlands. nubilosa species complex. Mycosphaerella Kuramae EE, Hagen F, Theelen B, Bovers M & Leaf Disease of Eucalypts Workshop, 25–26 Boekhout T (2005). Comparative genomic September, Geelong, Victoria, Australia. analyses of different virulent strains of Hunter GC, Cortinas MN, Crous PW, Wingfi eld Cryptococcus neoformans serotype D. 6th BD, Wingfi eld MJ (2005). Development International Conference on Cryptococcus of polymorphic microsatellite markers for and Cryptococcosis, 24–28 June, Boston, Mycosphaerella nubilosa. 15th Biennial U.S.A. Australasian Plant Pathology Meeting, 26–29 Kuramae EE, Hagen F, Theelen B, Bovers M, September, Geelong, Victoria, Australia. Boekhout T (2005). Comparative genomic Hunter GC, Cortinas MN, Wingfi eld MJ, Wingfi eld analyses of different virulent strains of BD, Crous PW (2005). Multi-gene phylogeny serotype D Cryptococcus neoformans. 6th for species of Mycosphaerella occurring on International Conference on Cryptococcus Eucalyptus leaves. Annual meeting of the and Cryptococcosis, 24–28 June, Boston, Southern African Society for Plant Pathology. U.S.A. 23–26 January, Western Cape, South Africa. Kuramae EE, Robert V, Snel B, Weiss M, Jennessen J, Dijksterhuis J, Schürer J, Samson Boekhout T (2005). Analysis of shared RA (2004). Spore characteristics for proteins: a promising method to resolve the differentiation of Rhizopus oligosporus and Eukaryotic Tree of Life. Dutch Society for related species. Centennial CBS 13–14 May, Microbiology, April 11–13, Papendal, The Utrecht, The Netherlands. Netherlands. Jennessen J, Dijksterhuis J, Schürer J, Samson Lindberg J, Boekhout T, Hagen F, Jacobsen L, RA (2004). Spore characteristics for Stenderup J (2005). Cryptococcus gattii differentiation of Rhizopus oligosporus and in Denmark, replicon of the Vancouver related species. Centennial CBS. May 13– genotype – A case report 2nd Trends in 14, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Medical Mycology , 23–26 October, Berlin, Koenraad P, Rademaker MFJJ, Giffel MC te, Germany. Samson RA (2004). Rapid Methods And Lombard L, Wingfi eld MJ, Crous PW (2005). Fungi: A Challenging Couple. Symposium Cylindrocladium pauciramosum, dominant in Rapid Methods Europe. 25–26 March, South African Eucalyptus nurseries. Annual Noordwijk, The Netherlands. meeting of the Southern African Society for Kuramae E, Boekhout T (2004). Cryptococcus Plant Pathology, 23–26 January, Western neoformans and the tree of life. Cape, South Africa. Wetenschappelijke Voorjaarsvergadering. Luangsa-ard J, Ridkaw R, Hywel-Jones N, 6–7 April, Arnhem, The Netherlands. Samson RA (2004). A Molecular and Kuramae E, Robert V, Snel B, Boekhout T Morphological Perspective of Paecilomyces (2004). Fungal Phylogenomics: Linking tenuipes from Thailand: Is It More Than evolution and Function. Genomes 2004. One Species? Asian Mycological Congress. The Sanger Institute Hinxton, April 14–17, November, Changmai, Thailand. Cambridgeshire, U.K. Machouart M, Larché J, Burton K, Collomb J, Kuramae E, Robert V, Snel B, Boekhout T (2004). Maurer P, Cintrat A, Biava MF, Greciano S, Fungal Phylogenomics, understanding the Kuijpers AFA, Contet-Audonneau N, Hoog fungal way of Life. Academy Colloquium GS de, Gérard A, Fortier B (2005). Genetic Fungal Phylogenomics. May 11–12, CBS, identifi cation of the main opportunistic Utrecht, The Netherlands. Mucorales by an innovative tool. Nederlandse Kuramae E, Robert V, Snel B, Boekhout T (2004). Vereniging voor Medische Mycologie, Fungal Phylogenomics, understanding the November 29, Utrecht, The Netherlands. 44 Meyer W, Boekhout T, Castañeda E, Karaoglu property rights in sharing biological H, Ngamskulrungroj P, Kidd S, Escandón information. July 7–8, Brussels, Belgium. P, Hagen F, Marszewska K, Velegraki A, et Robert V (2005). BioloMICS software and al. (2005). Molecular characterization of associated databases for identifi cation of the Cryptococcus neoformans complex. 6th pathogenic fungi. 105th American Society for International Conference on Cryptococcus Microbiology General Meeting. June 5–9, and Cryptococcosis. June 24–28, Boston, Atlanta, U.S.A. Massachusetts, U.S.A. Robert V (2005). Fungal Diagnostics meeting. Meyer W, Kidd S, Marszewska K, Hagen F, Yeasts diagnostics. November 29, Utrecht, Boekhout T, Krockenberger M, Malik R, Fyfe The Netherlands. M, Castañeda E, Velegraki A, Campell L, Robert V, Symoens F, Garcia Hermoso D, Carter D, Tscharke R, Kwon-Chung J (2004). Dannaoui E, Hoog GS de, Horré R (2005). Cryptococcus gattii molecular type VGII The Pseudallescheria data base and culture – a new pathogen in temperate climates. 11th collection, preceded by an additional note International Congress on Yeasts. August on the emergent character of Scedosporium 15–20, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. infections. Trends in Medical Mycology. Moharram AM, Summerbell RC, Hoog GS de October 23–26, Berlin, Germany. (2005). Studies on pathogenic and non- Safodien S, Halleen F, Crous PW, Smit WA, pathogenic species of Sporothrix. Pan African Botha A (2005). Detection of Eutypa lata from Society for Medical Mycology, January 25, grapevines by reverse dot blot hybridization. Hartenbosch, South Africa. Abstracts of the annual meeting of the Mostert L, Gams W, Crous PW (2005). New Southern African Society for Plant Pathology, teleomorph fi ndings for species in the 23–26 January, Western Cape, South Africa. genus Phaeoacremonium. 4th International Safodien S, Halleen F, Crous PW, Smit WA, Workshop on Grapevine Trunk Diseases, Botha A (2005). Detection of Eutypa 20–21 January, Stellenbosch, South Africa. lata from grapevines by reverse dot blot Mostert L, Gams W, Crous PW (2005). hybridisation. 4th International Workshop on New species identifi ed in the genus of Grapevine Trunk Diseases, 20–21 January, Phaeoacremonium and new developments in Stellenbosch, South Africa. the order of Calosphaeriales. Annual meeting Safodien S, Halleen F, Crous PW, Smit WA, Botha of the Southern African Society for Plant A (2005). Molecular characterisation and Pathology, 23–26 January, Western Cape, identifi cation of Eutypa spp. from grapevines South Africa. in South Africa. 4th International Workshop on Mostert L, Gams W, Crous PW (2005). New Grapevine Trunk Diseases, 20–21 January, teleomorph fi ndings for species in the genus Stellenbosch, South Africa. of Phaeoacremonium. Annual meeting of the Samson RA (2004). Current taxonomic polyphasic Southern African Society for Plant Pathology, research on Aspergillus and Penicillium. 23–26 January, Western Cape, South Africa. Korean Agricultural Culture Collection, NIAB. Mostert L, Groenewald JZ, Gams W, Summerbell September 15, Suwon, Korea. RC Robert V, Crous PW (2005). Delimitation Samson RA (2004). Banquet speech 100 Years of new species in Phaeoacremonium and the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures. development of an identifi cation system. 4th ICCC10, October 13, Tsukuba, Japan. International Workshop on Grapevine Trunk Samson RA (2004). Byssochlamys and its Diseases, 20–21 January, Stellenbosch, Paecilomyces anamorphs: taxonomy. South Africa. Paecilomyces & Aspergillus workshop. Japan Niekerk JM van, Bester W, Damm U, Halleen F, Society of Mycology. October 18, Sugadaira, Crous PW, Fourie PH (2005). Enviro-spatial Japan. distribution of grapevines trunk pathogens in Samson RA (2004). Detection, isolation and South Africa. 4th International Workshop on identifi cation of food and airborne fungi JCM Grapevine Trunk Diseases, 20–21 January, Training Course - Isolation, cultivation and Stellenbosch, South Africa. identifi cation of micro organisms. October 15, Niekerk JM van, Crous PW, Groenewald JZ, Riken, Wako, Japan Fourie PH, Halleen F (2005). Characterisation Samson RA (2004). Mycotoxinogene and pathogenicity of Botryosphaeria species Schimmelpilze VIII Lübecker Fachtagung für occurring on grapevines. Annual meeting Umwelthygiene. September 9–10, Lübeck, of the Southern African Society for Plant Germany. Pathology, 23–26 January, Western Cape, Samson RA (2004). Protocollen voor detectie, South Africa. isolatie en identifi catie van schimmels. Niekerk JM van, Groenewald JZ, Farr DF, Fourie Symposium Kwaliteit: rode draad in de PH, Halleen F, Crous PW (2005). Phomopsis laboratoriumdiagnostiek. September 22, spp. on grapevines: characterisation and Nunspeet, The Netherlands. pathogenicity. 4th International Workshop on Samson RA (2004). Research on Fungi in Indoor Grapevine Trunk Diseases, 20–21 January, environments: developments in 2004. Zum Stellenbosch, South Africa. internationalen Forschungsstand toxischers Onofri S, Zucconi L, Selbmann L, Hoog GS de, Schimmelpilzarten VIII Lübecker Fachtagung Grube M, Barreca D, Ruisi S (2005). Life für Umwelthygiene. September 9–10, Lübeck, strategies and evolution of rock black fungi Germany. from Antarctic cold desert. Investigating Life Samson RA (2004). The genus Isaria and related in Extreme Environments, November 5–7, Hyphomycetes. Paecilomyces & Aspergillus Barcelona, Spain. workshop. Japan Society of Mycology. Prenafeta-Boldú FX, Hoog GS de, Summerbell October 19, Sugadaira, Japan. RC (2005). Biosystematics and ecology Samson RA (2004). The hyphomycete genus of hydrocarbon-degrading fungi from air Paecilomyces revisited. Paecilomyces & biofi lters. Congress on BioTechniques for Aspergillus workshop. Japan Society of Air Pollution Control, October 5–7, Coruña, Mycology. October 17, Sugadaira, Japan. Spain. Samson RA (2004). 100 years Centraalbureau Robert V (2005). Bio-informatics, a must in voor Schimmelcultures. Speech CBS biological science. 1st workshop on exploring Centenary, May 13 May, Utrecht, The and exploiting microbiological commons: Netherlands. contributions of bioinformatics and intellectual Samson RA (2004). Aspergillus in Innenraumen 45 Tagung Ringversuche. April 5, München, Hypha Meeting, March 11–13, Tucson, Germany. Arizona, U.S.A. Samson RA (2004). Automated identifi cation of Stalpers JA (2005). NWO–groot kick-off fi lamentous fungi with the Biolog system - 4e meeting. Harmonisatie en validatie Rencontres de Microbiologie A3P – Tours. van collectiegegevens. February 28, June 8–9, Tours, France. Tropenmuseum, Amsterdam, The Samson RA (2004). Foodborne Fungi And Netherlands. Food Safety - VLAG Course. March 15–19, Sudhadham M, Assawachuang K, Sihanonth P, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Sivichai S, Rattanawat R, Haase G, Hoog GS Samson RA (2004). Schimmelpilze in de (2005). Searching the natural life cycle of Innenraumen. Tagung Ringversuche. April 5, human pathogenic black yeasts in Thailand. München, Germany. Pan African Society for Medical Mycology, Samson RA (2004). Schimmelpilze in Innenräumen. January 25, Hartenbosch, South Africa. VBD Seminar Schimmelpilz(schäden) Sudhadham M, Hoog GS de, Gerrits van den beseitigen. March 6, Göttingen, Germany. Ende AHG, Haase G, Odds FC (2005). Samson RA (2004). Schimmelpilzeprobleme Genetic diversity of the neurotropic black International. VBD Seminar yeast Exophiala dermatitidis. October Schimmelpilz(schäden) beseitigen. March 6, 23–26, Trends in Medical Mycology, Berlin, Göttingen, Germany. Germany. Samson RA. (2004). Mycotoxinogene Sudhadham M, Hoog GS de, Gerrits van den Schimmelpilze Ökologie und Bedeutung. Ende AHG, Smith MTh, Haase G & Odds FC VBD Seminar Schimmelpilz(schäden) (2005). Genetic diversity of the neurotropic beseitigen. March 6, Göttingen, Germany. black yeast Exophiala dermatitidis. 12th PhD Samson RA (2004). Today’s signifi cance of Day Research School Biodiversity, December Fungi in Food and in Indoor environments. 1, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Argentinean Society of Microbiology. April 15, Summerbell RC (2004). This fungal house Buenos Aires, Argentina. contains many mansions: a look at the Samson RA (2005). Food-borne Fungi And Food genus, (or is it the Class?) Acremonium. CBS Safety - VLAG Course, April 18, Wageningen, Centenary: 100 years of fungal biodiversity The Netherlands. and ecology. May 13–14, Amsterdam, The Samson RA (2005). Fungi in Indoor environments; Netherlands. an overview of the current state of Summerbell RC (2005). Recurrent infections science. Developing policies to improve in humans by plant endophytes. Fungal indoor environmental quality: transatlantic pathogenicity to plants and humans - viewpoints. June 8–10, University of variations on a theme? Centraalbureau Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, U.S.A. voor Schimmelcultures, July 8, Utrecht, The Samson RA (2005). Molds in indoor environments; Netherlands. an overview of current concepts and Summerbell RC, Hoog GS de (2005). Method or strategies. Keynote delivered at IUMS madness: what is happening to dermatophyte International Congress of Mycology, July species these days? Dermatology, July 1–2, 23–28, San Francisco, U.S.A. Obidos, Portugal. Samson RA (2005). Polyphasic taxonomy of fungi Summerbell RC, Starink-Willemse M, Iperen A in relation to applied mycology - Keynote van (2005). What to do about complex and delivered at Trends in Mycology Meeting, simplifi ed morphologies in the Acremonium September 23, Universidade do Minho, coenosis? Mycological Society of America/ Braga, Portugal. Mycological Society of Japan joint meeting, Samson RA (2005). Research on fungi in indoor July 30 –August 5, Hilo, Hawaii, U.S.A. environments: developments in 2005. Sutton DA, Hoog GS de, Fothergill AW, Rinaldi Schimmelpilzforschung im internationalen MG, Thompson EH, Zeng JS (2005). In Ǜberblick. IX Lübecker Fachtagung für vitro susceptibility and a reevaluation of the Umwelthygiene, September 13–14, genus Exophiala based upon molecular Germany. characterization of 217 U.S. clinical isolates. Samson RA (2005).Current taxonomic concepts ICAAC, December 16–19, Washington, of species of Aspergillus and Penicillium U.S.A. producing important mycotoxins. 9th Velegraki A, Alexopoulos E, Hoog GS de (2005). National Congress of Indonesian Society for Comparison of broth microdilution, Etest Microbiology, August 24–27, Bali, Indonesia. and disk diffusion methods for susceptibility Samson RA, Dijksterhuis J (2004). Nachweis testing of Scedosporium against licensed hitzeresistenter Schimmelpilzen in antifungal agents and posaconazole. Trends Lebensmitteln Symposium. July 14–16, in Medical Mycology, October 23–26, Berlin, Lippe, Germany. Germany. Samson RA, Hoekstra ES, Dijksterhuis Vitale RG, Schwarz P, Dannaoui E, Deng S, J, Houbraken J, Kuijpers A, Robert V Machouart M, Kuijpers AFA, Hoog GS (2004). Living with Fungi - CBS Centenary de (2005). Antifungal susceptibility and Symposium. May 14, Amsterdam, The phylogeny of agents of zygomycosis. ICAAC, Netherlands. December 16–19 Washington, U.S.A. Selbmann L, Hoog GS de, Onofri S (2005). Wright LP, Wingfi eld BD, Crous PW, Brenneman Ecologia, origine ed evoluzione di specie T, Wingfi eld MJ (2005). Developing fungine endemiche delle Valli Secche di polymorphic microsatellites for studying McMurdo in Antartide. Società Botanica the population genetics of Cylindrocladium Italiana 100° Congresso, September 20–23, parasiticum. Annual meeting of the Southern Roma, Italy. African Society for Plant Pathology, 23–26 Seung-Beom Hong, Yang-Hee Cho, Samson RA January, Western Cape, South Africa. (2004). A new Aspergillus species with close Zeng JS, Hoog GS de (2005). Diagnostics affi nities with A. fumigatus. ICCC10. October, of black yeasts (Exophiala spp.) with the Tsukuba, Japan. report of a novel, common clinical species, Stalpers JA (2005). ECCO MTA meeting: BRC’s E. xenobiotica. November 29, Nederlandse the CBD and practice. Vereniging voor Medische Mycologie, Stalpers JA (2005). Modern classifi cation of Utrecht, The Netherlands. Basidiomycetes. Keynote delivered at Deep Zeng JS, Sutton DA, Hoog GS de (2005). 46 Identifi cation and pathogenicity of clinical Journal of Plant Pathology, Crous PW (member isolates of genus Exophiala from the U.S.A. of editorial board). Section Medical Mycology of NVMM / NvMy, KREM (Dutch working group for Scanning April 13, Arnhem, The Netherlands. Electron Microscopy), Dijksterhuis J (member of board). Masterclass in Fungal Phylogenomics, Utrecht, Other Scientifi c Activities May 10, 2004, Boekhout T (organiser). Masterclass Fungal Ecology, Curitiba, Brazil, Staff served on the following Nov. 16, 2005, de Hoog GS (organiser & lecturer). societies, foundations, committees, Medical Mycology – The African Perspective, etc. Hartenbosch, South Africa, Jan 25, 2005, de Hoog GS (organiser). MSc Committee, Van Coller GJ (2004) University Academy Colloquium in Fungal Phylogenomics, of Stellenbosch, Crous PW (co-supervisor). Amsterdam, May 11-12, 2004, Boekhout T MSc Committee, Lubbe C (2004) University of (organiser). Stellenbosch, Crous PW (co-supervisor). Africa Fund for Fungal Biodiversity and Mycotic MSc Committee, Pretorius MC (2004) University Infections, de Hoog GS (founder and member of Stellenbosch, Crous PW (co-supervisor). of board). Mycological Progress, de Hoog GS (member of Australasian Plant Pathology, Crous PW (member editorial board). of editorial board). Mycological Society of America, Crous PW CBS Biodiversity Series, Crous PW, Gams W, (member of culture collections committee). Samson RA, Summerbell RC (members of Mycoses, de Hoog GS (managing editorial editorial board). board). Centre of Excellence in Tree Health Biotechnology, Mycosphaerella leaf diseases of eucalypts, South Africa, Crous PW (member). Australia, Geelong Crous PW (co-organiser). Centro de recursos microbiologicos, Universidade National Research Foundation, South Africa, Nova de Lisboa, Boekhout T (member of Boekhout T & Crous PW (peer reviews). scientifi c advisory board) National Museum of Natural History Naturalis, Christine Buisman Stichting, Crous PW (member Crous PW (member of scientifi c advisory of board). board). Consortium of European Taxonomic Facilities, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Crous PW (member of board). Council, Canada, Boekhout T & Crous PW ECMM Working Group Pseudallescheria (project reviews). Scedosporium Infections, de Hoog GS (co- Netherlands Society for Medical Mycology, de ordinator). Hoog GS (scientifi c secretary). ECCO meeting, Portugal, Stalpers JA (co- Netherlands Society for Microbiology, Boekhout T organizer & chair). (chair of mycology section). European Culture Collection’s Organization Netherlands Society for Microbiology, Boekhout T (ECCO), Stalpers JA (member of board). (member of board). FEMS Yeast research, Boekhout T (adjunct editor NL-BIF, the Dutch National Organisation in chief). Participating in GBIF (Global Biodiversity First Western European Workshop on Information Facility), Stalpers JA (member of Cryptococcus and cryptococcosis, Utrecht, board). The Netherlands, November 22, 2004, T. NMV (Dutch Mycological Society), Stalpers JA Boekhout (organiser). (member of scientifi c committee). Fungal Diversity, Aptroot A, Crous PW (members NWO/ALW, Jury for Ecology, Biodiversity and of editorial board). Evolution Boekhout T (2003, member). GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Nomenclature: Committee for Fungi, Gams W Facility), Stalpers JA (member of technical (secretary until Aug. 2005). committee). Nova Hedwigia, Gams W (mycology editor). Gewasbeschermingsmiddelen stuurgroep, Crous Odo van Vloten Stichting, Crous PW (member of PW (member). board). International Commission on Food Mycology, OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation Samson RA (treasurer) & Development), Stalpers JA (Dutch International Commission on Indoor Fungi, representative on Biotechnology for Biological Samson RA (chairman). Research Centres). International Commission on Penicillium and Pan-African Medical Mycology Society (PAMMS), Aspergillus, Samson RA (chairman). de Hoog GS (founder and co-organiser). International Commission for the Taxonomy of PhD Committee Ernst Jan Scholte EJ (2004) Fungi, Crous PW (member and co-ordinator University of Wageningen. Samson RA of the Mycosphaerella subcommission), (member of committee). Samson RA (member). PhD Committee Ngo Thi Phuong Dung (2004) International Mycological Association, Crous PW University of Wageningen. Samson RA (member of executive committee). (member of committee). International Mycological Congress (IMC8), PhD Committee, Van der Gaag M (2005) Boekhout T (member of scientifi c committee) University of Wageningen, Crous PW International Society for Human and Animal (member of committee). Mycology (ISHAM), de Hoog GS (President- PhD Committee, Den Bakker HC (2005) elect). University of Leiden, Crous PW (member of International Union of Microbiological Societies. committee). Samson RA (Secretary General). PhD Committee, De Vos M (2005), University of International Workshop on Esca and grapevine Gent, de Hoog GS (member of committee). decline (ICGTD 4), South Africa, Crous PW PhD Committee, Hountondji FCC (2005), (co-organiser). University of Amsterdam, de Hoog GS IUMS – Mycology Division, Samson RA (chairman (member of committee). 2002-2005) PhD Committee, Schoustra S (2005) University Johanna Westerdijk Stichting, Crous PW of Wageningen, Crous PW (member of (member of board). committee). 47 PhD Committee, Schubert K (2005) Martin- Molecular phylogeny and the evolution of the 5S Luther University, Crous PW (member of rRNA gene organization in Pythium committee). PhD Committee, Smith A (2005) University February 9: Bart Theelen of Tasmania, Crous PW (member of Use of microarrays in comparative mycology committee). PhD Committee, Hall T (2004) University of February 16: Ewald Groenewald New England, Boekhout T (member of Phylogeny of Cercospora: a Molecular Approach committee). February 23: Jamal Harrak PhD Committee, Te Dorsthorst (2005), University Black oligotrophic fungi in drinking water of Nijmegen, de Hoog GS (member of committee). March 1: Marizeth Groenewald PhD Committee, Phuong Dung NT (2004), Molecular characterization of Cercospora University of Wageningen, Boekhout T beticola (member of committee). PhD Committee, Wood A (2004) University of March 8: Gerard Verkley Stellenbosch, Crous PW (promoter). Annual cycle of an ascomycete community PhD Committee, Halleen F (2005) University of associated with oak leaves Stellenbosch, Crous PW (promoter). PhD Committee, Thanh NV (2004) University March 15: Shu-hui Tan of Wageningen, Dijksterhuis J (member of Stability of freeze-dried fungi committee). PhD Committee, Rahardjo Y (2005) University March 22: Vincent Robert of Wageningen, Dijksterhuis J (member of Data integration and multi-factorial analysis, the committee). yeasts as a case study Proctor and Gamble, Cincinnatti, U.S.A., March 29: Richard Summerbell Boekhout T (consultant). How reliable is morphology in fungal identifi cation Research Center for Pathogenic Fungi and and classifi cation? The fusariologist’s Microbial Toxicoses, Chiba, Japan, de Hoog perspective GS (member of evaluation committee). Research School of Biodiversity, Crous PW April 5: Marjan Bovers (member of board). Using Caenorhabditis elegans to study Section Mycology of the Netherlands Society for pathogenesis of Cryptococcus neoformans Microbiology, Boekhout T (chairman). Studies in Mycology, Crous PW, Gams W, April 5: Ferry Hagen Samson RA, Summerbell RC (members of Epidemiology of Cryptococcus neoformans in editorial board). The Netherlands. 25 Years of Cryptococcosis Systematic and Applied Microbiology, Samson RA (member of the editorial board). April 19: André Aptroot University of Amsterdam, de Hoog GS Revision of the genus Amphisphaeria and its (extraordinary professor). implications for other groups University of Pretoria, Crous PW (extraordinary April 26: Jan Dijksterhuis professor). PLAY - An abundant ascospore cell wall protein University of Stellenbosch, Crous PW (extraordinary professor). May 3: Gerrit Stegehuis University of Wageningen, Crous PW CBS databases, current developments (extraordinary professor). University Katsetsart Bangkok, Thailand, Samson May 17: Francesc Prenafeta RA (adjunct professor). Population and community level approaches for Willie Commelin Scholten Stichting, Crous PW analysing interactions between fungi and bacteria (member of board). in natural terrestrial environments World Federation of Culture Collections (WFCC), Stalpers JA (member of board). May 24: Laura Selbmann, Sybren de Hoog and Silvano Onofri Fungi at the edge of life: crypto-endolithic black CBS Seminar Series 2004 fungi from Antarctic deserts

January 5: Jos Houbraken May 24: Sybren de Hoog & Joop van Byssochlamys and its Paecilomyces anamorphs: Brummelen taxonomy, food spoilage and mycotoxins Evolution, taxonomy and ecology of the genus Thelebolus in Antarctica January 12: Lizel Mostert Species delimitation in the genus June 7: Maudy Smith Phaeoacremonium Taxonomy of Debaryomyces Lodder & Kreger- van Rij January 19: Sybren de Hoog, Bert Gerrits van den Ende, Guilliermo Fernández-Zeppenfeldt June 21: Kenneth van Driel Possible pathogenicity of the Cladophialophora Characterization of the septal pore cap proteins carrionii clade as inferred from phylogenetic of Rhizoctonia solani comparisons August 23: Eiko Kuramae January 19: G. Fernández- Fungal Phylogenomics Zeppenfeldt Stenocereus cactus as the possible natural August 30: Joost Stalpers reservoir of Cladophialophora agents of New Zealand, mycological and otherwise chromoblastomycosis September 6: Edwin Abeln January 26: Teun Boekhout Setting up a cloning strategy for the mating Cryptococcus neoformans: clinically relevant type genes of Mycosphaerella musicola and biodiversity Mycosphaerella fi jiensis

February 2: Arthur de Cock September 20: Robin May 48 Cryptococcosis in C. elegans (or “When worms Vancouver Island Cryptococcus gattii outbreak go yeasty…”) February 28: Rob Samson September 27: Jos Houbraken Fungi in indoor environments Applied research: some industrial projects March 14: Jamal Harrak October 4: Lizel Mostert Ecology of the genus Cadophora: plant Pathogenicity testing of Phialophora richardsiae, endophytes? Phaeoacremonium-like and Acremonium species on grapevines March 21: Hans-Josef Schroers (Agricultural Institute of Slovenia) & Richard Summerbell October 11: Bart Theelen Taxonomy, phylogeny, phylogeography and Candida species with Real-Time PCR patterns of opportunistic human pathogenicity within the Fusarium dimerum species complex October 18: Mahdi Arzanlou Towards resolving the Mycosphaerella leaf spot April 4: André Aptroot complex of banana Subfossil fungi

October 25: Ewald Groenewald April 11: Eiko Kuramae Functional speciation in Mycosphaerella: Gene content of pathogenic and non Examples from the Cercospora apii complex pathogenic Saccharomyces cerevisae: clues to pathogenicity? November 1: Teun Boekhout The Vancouver Island outbreak of Cryptococcus April 18: Joost Stalpers gattii Deep Hypha, the Dictionary and the classifi cation of the November 8: Marizeth Groenewald Genetic structure of Cercospora beticola April 25: Richard Summerbell populations Is Simplicity a genus?

November 15: Sybren de Hoog, Bert Gerrits May 23: Lizel Mostert van den Ende, Gé Poot & Maudy Smith A polyphasic approach to Phaeoacremonium Geotrichum: a fungal dynosaur? species identifi cation

November 22: Gerard Verkley, Ewald May 30: Edwin Abeln Groenewald, Uwe Braun, Andre Aptroot and Cloning the mating type genes of Mycosphaerella Pedro Crous fi jiensis and Mycosphaerella musicola Delimiting species in Septoria and in the Ramularia-clade of Mycosphaerella June 6: Mahdi Arzanlou How complex is Ramichloridium? November 29: Shu-hui Tan The CBS Collection June 13: Teun Boekhout Functional diversity in Cryptococcus neoformans December 6: Vincent Robert How many genes do we need to sequence and June 20: Ewald Groenewald which ones ? Pitfalls of molecular phylogeny

December 13: Victor Ursic June 27: Marizeth Groenewald Some fungi like it cold. Aureobasidium sp. in Distinct species exist within the C. apii Arctic glacial ice morphotype

December 20: Arthur de Cock September 5: Nina Zellerhoff (RVTH - Univ. of Molecular detection of Phytophthora and Aachen, Germany) Pythium Host interactions with Magnoporthe grisea

CBS Seminar Series 2005 September 12: Gerard Verkley Phenotypic characterization of Septoria spp. January 10: Francesc Prenafeta Fungi in bioremediation: Can the remedy be September 19: Richard van Leeuwen worse than the problem? Natamycin as a perturbator of the fungal membrane January 17: Marjan Bovers Luminex xMAPTM TECHNOLOGY: a high- September 26: Mark van Passel (Academic throughput detection and identifi cation method Medical Center, University of Amsterdam) Compositional comparisons of chromosomes January 24: Jan Dijksterhuis based on the genome signature PLAY, a crucial factor in dormancy and heat- resistance of ascospores of Talaromyces October 3: Jan Dijksterhuis macrosporus? Differentiation inside multicelled macroconidia of Fusarium culmorumduring early germination January 31: Gerrit Stegehuis Integrating data: Index Fungorum, MycoBank, October 10: Gerrit Stegehuis Biolomics, NWO Species banks

February 7: Carlos Lopez October 17: Kenneth van Driel Fungal diversity and litter decomposition in the Enrichment of Septal Pore Caps in Rhizoctonia National park Amacayacu, Dept. de Amazonas, solani: Identifi cation of SPC18, a putative SPC Colombia protein

February 14: Kenneth van Driel October 24: Rob Samson The Septal Pore Cap Structure: Enrichment and Studies in Aspergillus Characterization October 31: Marjan Bovers February 21: Ferry Hagen Unique hybrids between fungal pathogens 49 Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii

November 7: Montarop Sudhadham Genetic diversity of the neurotropic black yeast Exophiala dermatitidis and its association with wild animals

November 21: Javier Cabañes (Veterinary Mycology Group, Autonomous University of Barcelona) Notes on Malassezia spp. from domestic animals

November 28: Jingsi Zeng Diagnostics of black yeasts (Exophiala spp.) with the report of a common novel species, E. xenobiotica

December 5: Bart Theelen Cryptococcus MicroArray Research: Current stage

December 12: Wouter Los (University of Amsterdam) Towards the European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy (EDIT) DNA barcoding, and the role of the CBS

December 19: Tino Ruibal (Merck, Madrid, Spain) The emergence of a highly successful extremotolerant clade of melanized fungi

CBS Special seminars 2005

June 8: Constantino Ruibal (Merck, Madrid, Spain) Isolation and characterization of melanized, slow-growing fungi from semiarid rock surfaces of central Spain and Mallorca

September 15: Wolfgang Albrecht (Bruker Daltonics, GMBH, Bremen) Rapid identifi cation of Micro-Organisms using MALDI- TOF

50 Contract Research and Services

Food and Feed Mycology the sender lay mainly in the possible mould cheeses (brie, camembert presence of mycotoxigenic fungi. etc.). Since this species essentially Heat-treated products: Samples The data obtained were used for never grows outside the white of pectin (47 samples), canned the improvement of the business’s mould production environment, strawberries (12 samples) and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control contamination of these packaged pasteurised fruit yoghurt were Point (HACCP) plan. Botrytis and cheeses had clearly occurred inside received for analyses aimed at yeasts were commonly isolated from the production plant, specifi cally, in detecting heat-resistant fungi. the berry samples, while Fusarium its refrigerators. In many cases no heat-resistant avenaceum and Cladosporium Small green spots of P. roqueforti fungi could be detected in pectin; herbarum were present in the pear were detected on vacuum-packaged occasionally, Talaromyces trachy- samples. cheese. These spots had already spermus was isolated. This fungus, formed before packaging took together with T. assiutensis, was the Bakery products: Various bakery place. Since P. roqueforti is capable most prominent spoilage organism products, including rye bread, donuts, of surviving at low oxygen levels, associated with the canned bagels, tortillas, cookies (containing the colonies seen were not dead strawberries. Research is currently almond paste) were investigated but rather dormant, ready to form being conducted on the effect of for the presence of fungi, as were distinct colonies on the vacuum- heat treatments on the survival rate a diversity of ingredients for bakery packed cheese when suffi cient of T. trachyspermus. products. As anticipated, members oxygen again became available. of the osmotolerant genus Eurotium were often detected; interestingly, the chalk fungus, Endomyces fi buliger, was also frequently encountered. Almond paste, which is used in some type of cookies, is not heat treated (baked) during the production process, and is therefore a potential source of contamination. The initial contamination level of various almond paste ingredients, e.g., milled rice, almonds and soybeans, was determined. High counts of Eurotium were detected in Eurotium spoilage of bread. the milled rice.

Dairy products: Many different Feed: Occasionally feed samples dairy products, like yoghurt, butter, were received. Silage samples were mozzarella cheese, chocolate milk, investigated for the presence of smoothies and dried milk powder were actinomycetes and fungi, and grass investigated. Related environmental samples were screened for the Air sampling in bakery. samples were also frequently presence of Pithomyces chartarum analysed. Strikingly, Penicillium conidia. Microscopic examination Vegetables and fruits: In a few camemberti was frequently present of the grass samples showed cases, the CBS was consulted for on portion-packaged cheese. P. high numbers of Pithomyces analysis of spoiled fruits. Samples of camemberti is the domesticated form conidia present. The cattle eating different types of berries and pears of P. commune and is generally only this grass showed symptoms of were investigated. The interest of found in the production area of white pithomycotoxicosis. 51 explain some of the symptoms opinions on experiments done by experienced by people in heavily other companies, legal business Stachybotrys-contaminated dwell- cases and audits of production ings. In some dwellings high plants (e.g., for improving HACCP numbers of fungal particles could be plans). detected in air samples. Sensitized individuals, particularly asthmatic Applied research individuals, might experience strong Experiments were preformed on allergic reactions in contact with the survival of Zygosaccharomyces these high fungal allergen levels. baillii in samples containing alcohol. The effect of the alcohol percentage Several bakeries producing rye and the contact time with the alcohol bread, cakes or modifi ed-air- was tested. Many experiments were packaged baguettes (French bread preformed to establish the effect of loaves packed in a low-oxygen preservatives on tulip bulbs. Tulip gas mixture) were surveyed. In bulb rot is often caused by Fusarium case of the modifi ed-air-packaged oxysporum, Penicillium hirsutum, baguettes, at the end of the shelf P. tulipae or Aspergillus niger. Both life, green and brown spots could laboratory and fi eld tests were Collecting samples in a food factory. be observed on the surface. The conducted. green spots were mostly formed Fungi in indoor environments: by Penicillium commune, while the Genetically engineered bacteria Numerous samples of building brown spots were formed by bacteria The Netherlands Ministry of materials such as wallpaper and in the genus Bacillus. Thermal death Housing, Spatial Planning and plaster were examined, as well as curves were made for these Bacillus the Environment has made CBS wall scrapings. In addition, swab species and the data from these responsible for routine testing samples and cellotape impression experiments were compared to of genetically engineered micro- samples from indoor surfaces those for the heat levels attained in organisms (GMO’s). A total of 68 were received. Samples came the production process. The results GMO’s were analysed. Most of these from museums, archives, private confi rmed that the baking process GMO’s belonged to Escherichia coli dwellings and schools. About 20 was not suffi ciently hot to eliminate but also samples from other bacterial wood samples were analysed for the the initial Bacillus contamination. species like Campylobacter jejuni, presence of wood rot fungi. Species In different bakeries producing Lactococcus lactis, Leuconostoc belonging to the genera Antrodia, rye bread, extended surveys were mesenteroides, Salmonella Gloeophyllum, Oxyporus, Trametes, carried out. Besides air sampling, typhimurium and yeasts such as Meripilus and Phellinus were swabs were done and material Schizosaccharomyces pombe detected; however, the extremely samples were also collected. and Saccharomyces cerevisiae damaging dry rot fungus Serpula Penicillium roqueforti and P. paneum, were analysed. As part of these lacrymans was not detected. both preservative-resistant species, tests phenotypic characterisation, were frequently encountered in partial16SrDNA, partial26rDNA and Surveys, audits and inspection these factories. In some cases, they plasmid DNA restriction analysis reports were also encountered after the were performed. baking process. Surveys: In 2004 and 2005 Mycotoxin analyses several on-site investigations were Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani Fungal strains used for the industrial performed in indoor environments, were frequently detected in heat- production of enzymes or acids including nine archives and eight treated drinks. Surveys in the should not produce mycotoxins. private dwelling. Besides air and production and container fi lling In this context, fungal production surface sampling, materials and plants were conducted. They strains (mainly Aspergillus niger objects from these environments showed that the fungi often occurred and A. oryzae) were screened for were investigated. In the archives, in high numbers in and around the toxin production. Also fermentation Aspergillus penicillioides was often fi lling machines. Further research broths and concentrates made using the prevalent organism. Private was done to establish the route by these strains were investigated. dwellings were inspected, often which contamination with these fungi This research was performed in with the goal of detecting possible became established at those sites. collaboration with Biocentrum, allergenic fungi growing in these Danish Technical University, Lyngby, indoor environments. In three of Audits and expert reports: Denmark. the nine dwellings investigated, Expert reports and audits were Stachybotrys chartarum was made for various companies. We Miscellaneous detected. This species is known to were consulted in connection with The CBS was also consulted for form highly cytotoxic macrocyclic tempeh production (an Indonesian mould problems in many other types trichothecenes and to interact with fungal fermentation process for of samples, e.g. medicines, potting pulmonary cellular immune system soy), as well as with questions soil, leather, plants and tattoo components in a way that might about Beauveria bassiana, second paint. A survey was conducted in a 52 leather production plant, specifi cally to detect the fungus Hormoconis resinae. This fungus was the main causal agent of brown spoting that made leather supplies useless for shoe manufacture. Research showed that the fungus was highly resistant to the fungicides used during the production. In the years 2004 and 2005 the CBS, in collaboration with the Dutch Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, investigated samples of tattoo paint for bacteria and moulds. High numbers of moulds were detected, predominantly consisting of Fusarium solani, Aspergillus sydowii and Scopulariopsis brevicaulis.

Bacterial identifi cation service Penicillium colonies on different media for phenotypical identifcation. A total of 137 samples were identifi ed for external customers by means of of a fi lamentous fungal isolate still identifi cations were far below the partial 16S rDNA analysis, as well starts with a morphological study actual costs. The prices have now as phenotypic characterisation in on the appropriate media under the been raised to a more realistic level, commercial systems such as API or appropriate conditions. If a reliable starting from January 1, 2006. Biolog. Samples like chocolate milk, morphological identifi cation is not soja souce, bread, fl our, onions, possible because structures seen Fungal courses biological pesticide and coolant are nondiagnostic or isolates are • Fungal Biodiversity Course: an were received for isolation and sterile, physiological and molecular introduction. This course was held in identifi cation of bacteria. Additional methods will be applied to obtain 2004, but not in 2005. Participants services included the freeze-drying the best possible identifi cation. in recent years have come from of strains (345 ampoules in total) CBS has a signifi cant unpublished countries such as Sweden, Germany, and characterisation of Escherichia database of DNA sequences, based the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, coli mutants. on and ex-type and other well- Italy, Thailand, Turkey, Indonesia, characterised CBS strains and this the USA, Iran, Estonia, Finland and Fungal identifi cation service information can be used by CBS Poland. This course is currently CBS offers a service for the experts to arrive ultimately at a under revision for 2006. identifi cation of fungal and reliable identifi cation. This approach • Medical Mycology course (2004 oomycetous isolates. It employs has resulted in identifi cation to and 2005). This course was attended experts for all major groups of the species level in almost every by more than 75 participants from all fungi. The knowledge of these staff case. In the few cases where the over the world. isolates remained sterile, or where members guarantees a state-of- • Introduction to Food-and Airborne the-art identifi cation of cultures. no molecular database is available, Fungi Course (2004 and 2005). This A correct identifi cation is of the the phylogenetic relationships of course was attended by participants utmost importance both in scientifi c the isolates could be determined. from China, Germany, Italy, studies, phytopathology, industrial A secondary effect of the revised Hungary, Sweden, Belgium, and the contamination etc. procedures is that the identifi cation Netherlands. The course was also service is able to inform a signifi cant Fungal identifications 2004-2005 given in 2004 and 2005 in Ottawa minority of clients that the isolate they have sent in represents a new in collaboration with Agriculture species. It is now far easier to fully Canada, and in Bangkok in 2005 confi rm species as undescribed in partnership with the National that it was in the past, when only Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC). scientific commercial medical morphological characters were available. In many cases, approval of A three-day course intended As a consequence of developments the customers was obtained to add for industrial hygienists and others in the fi eld of taxonomy, a the undescribed species and many working in indoor environments reorganization of the identifi cation other interesting isolates to the CBS (hospitals, building industries, service was initiated in 2005. collection. The identifi cation service analytical labs, etc.) was given in Application of molecular methods in yielded 89 highly interesting isolates Stuttgart in collaboration with the particular is now often required for a for the collection in 2004, and 100 Landesgesundheitsamt. Other one- proper identifi cation. Yeasts are now isolates in 2005. day practical mycology courses identifi ed mainly by means of DNA An analysis in 2005 showed were given in Lübeck, Germany in sequencing. A typical identifi cation that prices charged by CBS for 2004 and 2005. 53 Finances and Staff

income 2005 Income The Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, KNAW KNAW material Fungal Biodiversity Centre (CBS-KNAW) has strategic funding, funding, 3% a total income of 4.1 million Euros (Fig. 1). 19% Approximately 69 % of this amount is KNAW funding. A further subsidy recently obtained from KNAW the KNAW strategic-fund is destined to be used personnel funding, for initiating innovative research projects. CBS external 47% has chosen to establish a DNA bank (NL-Bank), income, 31% and to strengthen its DNA Barcoding projects by appointing a third post-doc to barcode the type strains of the CBS collection. external income

The external income (Fig. 2) of 1.3 million euros publications, others, 15% 8% courses, is profit earned mainly from research projects 11% and regular activities, such as the sale of books, identification , 8% courses and the training of scientists and students, identification/sales of fungi and bacteria. The cultures, 13% “Odo van Vloten” Foundation currently finances projects, deposition, 43% four Ph.D. research projects. 2%

Expenditures CBS staff divided by gender 0-24 men The total costs of the CBS-KNAW consist mainly 10 women of salaries (70 %). Non-personnel costs are 8 costs of materials and depreciation of durable 6 4 55+ 25-34 equipment. 2

Three-quarters of the expenditures (Fig. 3) 0 can be indicated as direct research costs. Indirect costs are for management and for the collective supporting division of the CBS-KNAW and its neighbouring institute, the Hubrecht Laboratory 45-54 35-44 (HL).

Staff The CBS had 53 employees on January 1 2006, with an equivalent of 46,1 full-time staff (fte). The staff consists of 23 researchers and 30 expenditures 2005 analitical/technical support staff. A considerable indirect costs, proportion of the support staff is involved in the 25% applied research division, fungal preservation, and digitalisation of data pertaining to the collection. Approximately 20 additional persons, guest researchers, researchers with an official research costs, appointment other than the CBS and students 75% have been working at the CBS. Within CBS 53 % of the employees are female, and 47 % male (Fig. 4). The collective support division CBS/HL employs 27 people with a full-time equivalent of 24,1 fte, with approximately 7,8 fte effectively working for the CBS.

54 CBS staff (2004–2005)

Directorate Dr A. Aptroot Scientist Library Prof. dr P.W. Crous Scientific Dr G.J.M. Verkleij Scientist M.T. Vermaas Librarian Director Dr M. Smith Scientist J. Koelman Deputy Director Dr F.X. Prenafeta- Post-doc Support services Management Boldu E.C.A. Freund M.J. van den Hoeven- Management C. Lopez Quintero PhD student J.C.M. de Bruin Verweij Assistant M. Silvestri PhD student B.H.H. de Deugd I.M. van Kempen Technician A.S.M.M. Maas The Collection A.L. van Iperen Technician J. Norbruis Dr J.A.J.M. Stalpers Curator G.A. Poot Technician S.K. Raghoebir C.S. Tan Deputy curator M. Starink-Willemse Technician D.A.J. van Velzen Dr V.A.R.G. Robert Deputy curator Prof. Dr. K.W. Gams Guest Dr E.C.A. Abeln Deputy curator researcher I. Versluis G.J. Stegehuis Technician Dr H.A. van der Aa Guest R. Davids researcher B.P.M. Merkx Technician J.L. Deel W.W.M. Epping Technician M.E. van Domselaar Indoor Air, Food and Applied R. van Voorst W. Haisma Technician Mycology J.H. Beeker J. Holtman Technician Prof. dr R.A. Samson Programme C.W. Jong-de Vogel Technician Leader H.R. Reitsma E. Mul Technician Dr J. Dijksterhuis Scientist J.A. Seco Rodriguez A.B.E. de Nooijer Technician E.H. Hoekstra Scientist R.S. Verboekend M. Setropawiro Technician J.A.M.P. Houbraken Technician W.N.M. Geers J. Snippe Technician A.F.A. Kuijpers Technician J. Heinen C.C. van den Tweel- Technician F.B. Snippe-Claus Technician Vermeulen H.L. Krielen C.J. Verwoerd-Kuyt Technician M.J. Pouw Technician G. van de Lagemaat IJ.A. Vlug Technician E. Dekker Technician R.H.T. van Pinxteren D. Vos-Kleyn Technician C.J. van den Berg- Secretary P.J.M. van Arum- M.J. Figge Technician Visser Swanink J.H.C. Woudenberg Technician Y. Stoop Student A.L. van den Breul A.T. Lugtenburg Technician R.C. Vermeulen L.A.M. Reijers Administrative Evolutionary Phytopathology R. van der Waals Assistant Prof. dr P.W. Crous Programme T.M.A. Stalpers-den Administrative Leader Brinker Assistant Dr A.W.A.M. de Cock Scientist Dr. D. Yarrow Guest Dr J.Z. Groenewald Post-doc researcher Dr H.J. Schroers Post-doc M. Groenewald PhD student Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics L. Mostert PhD student Dr T. Boekhout Programme M.M. Aveskamp Leader M. Arzanlou PhD student Dr E.E. Kuramae Post-doc K.G.A. van Driel PhD student Origins of Pathogenicity in M. Bovers PhD student Clinical Fungi F. Hagen Technician Prof. dr G.S. de Hoog Programme Leader B.J.F. Theelen Technician M. Sudhadham PhD student G. Dingemans Technician M.J. Harrak PhD student A.H.G. Gerrits v.d. Technician Biodiversity & ecology Ende Dr R.C. Summerbell Programme K.F. Luijsterburg Technician Leader 55 CBS Publications 2004–2005

Studies in Mycology: Studies in Mycology 53 Studies in Mycology 51 The Missing Lineages Fungi of the Antarctic: Phylogeny and ecology of endophytic and other enigmatic root- Evulution under Extreme Conditions associated fungi Edited by Studies in Mycology is an international journal that publishes Richard C. Summerbell, Randolph S. Currah and Lynne Sigler G.S. de Hoog systematic monographs of fi lamentous fungi and yeasts, and on occasion the proceedings of special meetings related to all fi elds of mycology, biotechnology, ecol- ogy, molecular biology, pathology and systematics. Since 2004, it has been an open-access journal that is freely available on the internet, though the hard copy version is still Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, The Netherlands Utrecht, The Netherlands available reasonably priced. The journal now has a full An institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences An institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences colour format, and is directly linked to MycoBank, with all papers linked to strains in the CBS collection that are available to the international scientifi c community. (http://www.cbs.knaw.nl/simonline/). Studies in Mycology 52

Phylogenetic relationships and morphology of Cytospora species and related teleomorphs (Ascomycota, SIM 53: The Missing Lineages: Phylogeny and ecology Diaporthales, Valsaceae) from Eucalyptus of endophytic and other enigmatic root-associated fungi - Gerard C. Adams, Michael J. Wingfield, Ralph Common and Jolanda Roux Richard C. Summerbell, Randolph S. Currah & Lynne Sigler (editors): 254 pp., 2005.

SIM 52: Phylogenetic relationships and morphology of Cy- tospora species and related teleomorphs (Ascomycota, Diaporthales, Valsaceae) from Eucalyptus - Gerard C. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, The Netherlands Adams, Michael J. Wingfi eld, Ralph Common and Jolanda An institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Roux 146 pp., 2005.

SIM 51: Fungi of the Antarctic: Evolution under Extreme Studies in Mycology 49

Conditions - G. Sybren de Hoog (editor): 82 pp., 2005. Penicillium subgenus Penicillium: new taxonomic schemes, mycotoxins and other extrolites Robert A. Samson and Jens C. Frisvad SIM 50: CBS Centenary: 100 Years of Fungal Biodiver- sity and Ecology(Two parts) - Pedro W. Crous, Robert A. Samson, Walter Gams, Richard C. Summerbell, Teun Boekhout, G. Sybren de Hoog and Joost A. Stalpers: 580 pp.

SIM 49: Penicillium subgenus Penicillium: new taxonom- Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, The Netherlands ic schemes, mycotoxins and other extrolites - Robert A. An institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Samson and Jens C. Frisvad: 2004.

CBS Biodiversity Series:

The CBS Biodiversity Series is an international publication on fi lamentous fungi and yeasts and publishes systema- tic monographs related to all fi elds of mycology including biotechnology, ecology, molecular biology, pathology and systematics.

CBS Biodiversity Series 3: An illustrated guide to the coprophilous Ascomycetes of Australia - Ann Bell: 173 pp, 115 plates (A 4 format), paperback with spiral binding, 2005

CBS Biodiversity Series 2: Cultivation and Diseases of Proteaceae: Leucadendron, Leucospermum and Protea - Pedro W. Crous, Sandra Denman, Joanne E. Taylor, Lizeth Swart and Mary E. Palm: 571 pp.

Books and CD roms:

Introduction to Food - and Airborne Fungi (Robert A. Samson et al.), seventh edition. 389 pp., 2004.

Atlas of Clinical Fungi CD-ROM (G Sybren de Hoog et al.), 2005. 56 Popular Scientifi c Activities

The CBS website has attracted much attention. In 2004-2005 the site has been visited over 8.500.000 times with an average of 24.000 per day. Many visitors consult the CBS collection and other databases, while the PDF’s of the Studies in Mycology are often downloaded.

In 2004 CBS celebrated its centenary with a symposium and several festivities. This anniver- sary received much attention in the Dutch newspapers, television and radio programmes.

57 Children learn about fungi CBS contributed to the programme “Nieuws uit de Natuur” on Dutch national television in November. The programme is part of an educatio- nal series on biology designed for children in elementary school. Pro- gramme presenter Mylene learned more about culturing fungi in the CBS labs, and about in the fi eld under the guidance of CBS’s Gerard Verkley, whom she “unexpectedly” bumped into on her foray in a nearby forest. Here Gerard is explaining the principle of gravitropism in basidiocarps of Piptoporus betulinus.

58