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Lepidoptera V.45, N.12, P.2113-2120,(Insecta) Associated Dez, 2015 with Soybean in Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay

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Lepidoptera V.45, N.12, P.2113-2120,(Insecta) Associated Dez, 2015 with Soybean in Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay Ciência Rural, Santa Maria,Lepidoptera v.45, n.12, p.2113-2120,(Insecta) associated dez, 2015 with soybean in Argentina, Brazil, http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20141258 Chile and Uruguay. 2113 ISSN 0103-8478 CROP PROTECTION Lepidoptera (Insecta) associated with soybean in Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay Lepidópteros (Insecta) associados à cultura da soja na Argentina, Brasil, Chile e Uruguai Aline Carraro FormentiniI Daniel Ricardo Sosa-GómezII Silvana Vieira de Paula-MoraesIII Neiva Monteiro de BarrosI Alexandre SpechtI*, III ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION The present research updates the systematic position and nomenclature of Lepidoptera associated with soybean crops in Soybean is originated on the Asian coast, Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay. Scientific literature lists 69 expanding first to Europe and later to the Americas. species of Lepidoptera feeding on soybean plants. These species are In Brazilian soils, the first crop was harvested in São representatives of the Superfamilies Noctuoidea (31), Pyraloidea Paulo in 1892 and produced only a few pounds of seed (13), Hesperioidea (12), Tortricoidea (5), Geometroidea (5), and Bombycoidea (3). Diversity of Lepidoptera associated to (EMBRAPA, 2004). In the 2013/2014 crop season, the crop, injury in different parts of the plant, and changes in species largest production of soybean was in United States, composition are discussed considering the changes in plant with approximately 107 million tons (O’BRIEN 2014), disease management, introduction of plants expressing Bt proteins, Brazil with approximately 90 million tons (CONAB and the recent introduction of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) as a new crop pest. 2014), and Argentina with 56 million tons (INTA 2014). Although soybean is an exotic plant, the Key words: caterpillars, inventory, taxonomy, systematic, crop has been established in different locations and lepidopterous pests. increasing areas. Many arthropods species in the RESUMO American continent gradually adapted to the crop, sometimes causing injury or becoming pests. These O presente estudo atualiza a posição sistemática e included Lepidoptera, such as Anticarsia gemmatalis a nomenclatura dos lepidópteros associados com a cultura da Hübner, Chrysodeixis includens (Walker), Spodoptera soja na Argentina, Brasil, Chile e Uruguai. A literatura científica relaciona 69 espécies de Lepidoptera cujas larvas se alimentam cosmioides (Walker), and Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. de soja. As espécies incluem representantes das Superfamílias Smith) (MOSCARDI et al., 2012). Noctuoidea (31), Pyraloidea (13), Hesperioidea (12), Tortricoidea Several Lepidoptera associated with soybean (5), Geometroidea (5), and Bombycoidea (3). A diversidade dos crops have been reported in Brazil (e.g. SILVA et al., 1968; lepidópteros associados com a cultura, as injúrias em diferentes partes da planta e alterações na composição das espécies são LINK & TARRAGÓ,1974; BERTELS,1975; CORRÊA discutidas considerando mudanças no manejo de doenças da & SMITH,1976; LOURENÇÃO et al.,1980) and in cultura, a introdução de plantas expressando proteínas Bt e a other countries in South America, including Argentina recente introdução de Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) como uma (PASTRANA, 2004), Uruguay (BIEZANKO et al., nova praga da soja. 1974; BENTANCOURT & SCATONI, 2006) and Chile Palavras-chave: lagartas, inventário, taxonomia, sistemática, (ANGULO et al., 2008). The accurate identification of the lepidópteros-praga. species is extremely important for proper management and IPrograma de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade de Caxias do Sul (USC), CP 1352, 95070-560, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]. *Corresponding author. IIEmbrapa Soja, Londrina, PR, Brasil. IIIEmbrapa Cerrados, Planaltina, DF, Brasil. Received 08.25.14 Approved 04.01.15 Returned by the author 07.10.15 CR-2014-1258.R2 Ciência Rural, v.45, n.12, dez, 2015. 2114 Formentini et al. to avoid economic losses (SOSA-GOMEZ et al., 2014). Usually, species-level identification is still However, several aspects have affected the appropriate done based exclusively on the morphology of adults management of this group of pests: 1) changes in (e.g. POGUE, 2002). The adult identification requires systematic positions and nomenclature (LAFONTAINE to rearing immature insects, which requires extensive & SCHMIDT, 2010); 2) changes detected in specific resources, especially skilled labor. In addition, compositions of lepidopteran communities associated with natural enemies and entomopathogens may affect the soybean (GUEDES et al., 2010; SOSA-GÓMEZ et al., development and survival of immature insects making 2010; MOSCARDI et al., 2012); and 3) recent detection difficult to obtain adults. Alternatively, some studies of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), which has economy has focused in species-level identification based on impact in this crop (CZEPAK et al., 2013; EMBRAPA, morphology of eggs, larvae, and pupae (e.g. PASSOA, 2013; SPECHT et al., 2013). This research is a review 1991; POGUE, 2002; ANGULO et al., 2008; GOMEZ- of reports of lepidoptera whose larvae were collected ROLIM et al., 2013). Another tool is the use of feeding on the soybean crop in Argentina, Brazil, Chile molecular markers (GOMEZ-ROLIM et al., 2013). In and Uruguay and also updates the systematic position and all options, the literature describing morphological or nomenclature of this taxonomic group. It is also discussed molecular characterization of lepidopterons associated recent changes in species composition and abundance to soybean does not include all species. These of the primary Lepidoptera associated with the crop, the deficiencies are evident in all countries, especially in changes in the management of soybean diseases, and the South America, which has biological mega-diversity introduction of H. armigera (Hübner) as a new crop pest. (e.g. MARQUES & LAMAS, 2006). Over 80% of the species whose larvae DEVELOPMENT have been reported feeding on soybean were recorded by the end of the 1970 decade (Tables 1-3), based on Lepidoptera associated with soybean crop. field collections and species-level identification (e.g. The bibliographic records indicate the A.O. Angulo – Universidad de Concepción - Chile; occurrence of at least 69 species of Lepidoptera A.M. Bertels - Embrapa Clima Temperado; C.M. representatives of Tortricoidea, Pyraloidea (Table 1), Biezanko – Universidade Federal de Pelotas; D. Bombycoidea, Hesperioidea, Geometroidea (Table 2), Link – Universidade Federal de Santa Maria – Brasil and Noctuoidea (Table 3), whose larvae have been and Pastrana in Argentina). These researchers have found feeding on soybean. The most species (44.9%) maintained entomological collections in their institutions belong to Noctuoidea, followed by Pyraloidea which play an important role for several crops or for (18.8%), Hesperioidea (17.4%), Tortricoidea (7.3%), general entomology. Considering the great number of Geometroidea (7.3%), and Bombycoidea (4.3%). species reported in the early publications, the question Despite the relative diversity of species, remains if the diversity of Lepidoptera have decreased only a small number of studies have been devoted due to management, crop extensions, and insecticide to identifying insects, including Lepidoptera at a pressure (e.g. ALTIERI et al., 2005), or is a problem of species level (e.g. BIEZANKO et al., 1974; LINK lack of studies focused on species-level identification & TARRAGÓ, 1974; CORREIA & SMITH, 1976). (e.g. MARQUES & LAMAS, 2006). Generally, publications list A. gemmatalis, or the Anyway, the lack of taxonomists was representatives of complexes Plusiinae Spodoptera, directly related to the delay in the report of H. without species-level identification (e.g. MORAES et armigera in Brazil, which has affected high value al., 1991; CIVIDANES & YAMAMOTO, 2002). crops such as cotton and soybean (CZEPAK et al., Given the importance of identification 2013; EMBRAPA 2013; SPECHT et al., 2013). This for effective control of insects, many publications indicates the vulnerability of Brazil and other countries including identification manuals and other publications in South America concerning the change of the status on insects associated with soybean have been published of native arthropod species, due to climate change, the (SOSA-GÓMEZ et al., 2014; HOFFMANN-CAMPO invasion risk of quarantine pests, management, and the et al., 2012). The lack of information about the introduction of new crops or cultivars. diversity of insects indicates that association has not been made between diversity of insects and the Feeding behavior “stability of agroecosystems”. In addition, there is Traditionally, the insects associated with little information about the influences of regional major crops, such as soybean, are grouped according to physiography, temporal variations, and crop rotations their feeding behavior. This classification allows damage (e.g. ALTIERI et al., 2005). estimates, appropriate sampling methods, and even Ciência Rural, v.45, n.12, dez, 2015. Lepidoptera (Insecta) associated with soybean in Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay. 2115 Table 1 - Lepidoptera representatives of Tortricoidea and Pyraloidea associated with soybean and their respective feeding behavior. Higher taxa / species Habits References -----------------------------------------------------------TortricoideaA – Tortricidae: Tortricinae----------------------------------------------------------- 1. Argyrotaenia fletcheriella (Koehler, 1939) Polyphagous
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