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New Visions of the Past: Reinterpretations of History in the Novel and Cinema of Contemporary Venezuela A Dissertation Presented by Jose Antonio Rodriguez to The Graduate School in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Hispanic Languages and Literature Stony Brook University PREVIEWMay 2017 i ProQuest Number: 10279395 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ProQuest 10279395 Published by ProQuest LLC ( 2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. PREVIEW789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106 - 1346 Stony Brook University The Graduate School Jose Antonio Rodriguez We, the dissertation committee for the above candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy degree, hereby recommend acceptance of this dissertation. Paul Firbas, Ph.D., Advisor Associate Professor, Hispanic Languages and Literature, Stony Brook University Adrián Pérez-Melgosa, Ph.D., Chairperson of Defense Associate Professor, Hispanic Languages and Literature, Stony Brook University Kathleen M. Vernon, Ph.D., Third member Associate Professor, Hispanic Languages and Literature, Stony Brook University Javier Uriarte, Ph.D., Fourth member Assistant Professor, Hispanic Languages and Literature, Stony Brook University PREVIEW Constanza Burucúa, Ph.D., Outside member Associate Professor, Modern Languages and Literatures, University of Western Ontario, Canada This dissertation is accepted by the Graduate School Charles Taber Dean of the Graduate School ii Abstract of the Dissertation New Visions of the Past: Reinterpre tations of History in the Novel and Cinema of Contemporary Venezuela by Jose Antonio Rodriguez Doctor of Philosophy in Hispanic Languages and Literature Stony Brook University 2017 The contemporary history of Venezuela is characterized by a series of socio-political crises rooted in ill-defined notions of nation, state and national identity that can be traced all the way back to colonial times and the founding of the nation in the early nineteenth century. In a major cultural movement, many novels and films have appeared in the last three decades examining key periods of the Venezuelan past. This Ph.D. dissertation analyzes two novels (La Luna de Fausto by Francisco Herrera Luque and Lope de Aguirre, Príncipe de la Libertad by Miguel Otero Silva) and two films (Orinoko Nuevo Mundo by Diego Rísquez and Jericó by Luis Alberto Lamata) that give to a general public a new perspective on the discovery and conquest of Venezuela by Spain in the sixteenth century. An analysis of relevant texts (chronicles, history books, personal letters, poems, etc) from this time period, which provided the main background for the novels and films under study, indicates that a mixture of reality and fiction was used to create an official discoursePREVIEW that supported the process of colonization, privileging direct descendants of the European conquistadors and neglecting Native Americans. In their adventures through Venezuela, the European explorers created a colonial discourse that shows the bright and dark sides of the Renaissance man with a shift in the idea of America as a marvelous land to the literature of desengaño. The diverse texts and films analyzed in this study indicate that our vision of the past is constantly changing. It varies from person to person. It was highly subjective in the sixteenth century and it is highly subjective nowadays. Thus, the writers and film directors that created the novels and films under study dealt with the past in their own terms. Using multiple strategies, the two novels and two films examined show a complex colonization process that had a negative impact on the colonized and the colonizers. They attack the idea of a superior European culture, challenging an official history which justifies a dominant white male elite and sets women and non-white people in the periphery of society. iii Table of Contents Introduction ………………………………………………………….. 1 History, fiction and Venezuelan identity …………………………………… 2 The boundaries between history and fiction ………………………………… 7 History and the conquest and colonization of the New World ……………… 10 Questioning the official history: Subversive views of history in novel and film ……………………………………………………………………... 17 Organization of this study …………………………………………………… 20 Part I Myths of Discovery and Orinoko Nuevo ………………………………….. 21 Introduction: First contact and the exploration of Venezuela and the Orinoco River …………………………………………………..……….……. 22 European thought in the 16th century and the myths of discovery …………... 24 A. The myth of Tierra de Gracia: Searching for a marvelous land …….… 27 B. The Amazons and the New World …………………………………… 31 C. The legend of El Dorado ……………………………………………… 35 D. The notion of the superior European male …………………………….. 41 Challenging the myths of the discovery through fiction ……………………. 45 Orinoko Nuevo Mundo ……………….……………………………………… 47 Orinoko Nuevo Mundo: A novel way of looking at history ……………..…. 48 Structure of Orinoko Nuevo Mundo …………………………………. …….. 50 Life in Tierra de Gracia and the Orinoco: The Yanomami Indians ………… 54 The myths of the discovery ……………...…………………………………... 55 Orinoko Nuevo Mundo and the challenging of the official history ……. 66 PREVIEW Part II The Welser, the Sword and the Cross in the Conquest of Venezuela …. 69 The Welser in Venezuelan colonial history ………………………………… 70 Hunters in Paradise: Creation of a Colonial Discourse by the Welser .. 76 The books, documents and letters of the Welser explorers ………………… 77 Genesis and structure of Nicolas Federmann’s Historia Indiana …………. 78 Diary and Letters of Philipp von Hutten …………………………………... 84 First contact and the evolution of a violent “contact zone” in the process of discovery, conquest and colonization of Venezuela ……………………… 88 Historia Indiana and the representation of Venezuela as a “marvelous iv possession”: Material driving forces behind exploration …………………… 94 The Welser explorers in the history of the colonization process ……………. 97 Conclusions and summary …………………………………………………. 100 La Luna de Fausto ……………………………………………………………. 102 Genesis and structure of La Luna de Fausto …………………………………….. 103 Myth, magic and prophecy in La Luna de Fausto …………………………... 107 Venezuela as a “marvelous land” in La Luna de Fausto …………………….. 115 Los viajeros de Indias: The people in La Luna de Fausto ……………………. 120 Globalization, multiple contact zones and violence in La Luna de Fausto …… 124 Conclusion: La Historia Fabulada and the contemporary Latin American historical novel ………………………………………………………………… 129 The Extraordinary Experience of Francisco Martín ………………………… 131 An European in the forest: Living with the Other ………………………………. 132 The story of Francisco Martín: His statement to a judge of the King …….……… 133 The story of Francisco Martín: The version of Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo ….. 136 The story of Francisco Martín: The version of Fray Pedro de Aguado ………….. 138 Living with the Other: The narrative of Cabeza de Vaca …..…………………….. 142 European vision of the Other and the experience of Francisco Martín ………….. 146 The concept of the Contact Zone and the experience of Francisco Martín ……… 149 The experience of Francisco Martín in literature and film ………………... 151 Jericó ………………………………………………………………... 154 Jericó: A revision of history and the films of Luis Alberto Lamata …………….. 155 The structure and content of Jericó ………………………………………….……. 157 Bringing Christianity to the New World: America land of demons ……………… 159 Desengaño and survival in Jericó ………………………………………………… 161 In search for gold: Finding death and the Other …………………………… 162 Jericó: Lost in the wilderness …………………………………………………… 166 Jericó: Living with thePREVIEW Other …………………………………………………….. 168 Jericó and other movies that view of the European as a captive ……… 173 Jericó and the revision of the official history ……………………………………… 175 Part III Lope de Aguirre, Desengaño and Rebellion …………………………………. 176 Lope de Aguirre, a bloody conquistador or a precursor of American independence? …………………………………………………………………. 177 Historical facts on the life of Lope de Aguirre ………………………………… 178 The letter of Lope de Aguirre to Felipe II: Desengaño and rebellion …………… 183 v Francisco Vázquez: Crónica de la expedición de Pedro de Ursúa y el alzamiento de Lope de Aguirre ……………………………………………… 187 Lope de Aguirre in history texts, novels and films ……………………………. 193 Lope de Aguirre, Príncipe de la Libertad ...……………………………………. 200 Lope de Aguirre in the vision of Miguel Otero Silva …………………………... 201 Structure of Lope de Aguirre, Príncipe de la Libertad …………………………….. 202 Challenging the veracity of the chronicles and old history texts ………………. 204 America as a marvelous land, desengaño, and a classic tragedy in a corrupt colonial system ………………………………………………………... 208 The letters of Lope de Aguirre ………………………………………………… 211 Mandrágora the spirit and horror in the island of Margarita …………………. 213 The female characters in the novel: Inés de Atienza and Elvira ………………. 215 Where is the Other? ……………………………………………………............. 218 Lope de Aguirre, Príncipe de la Libertad and the historical novel in Latin America
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    Electoral Irregularities A Typology Based on Venezuela under Chavismo Draft February 6, 2018 Javier Corrales1 Department of Political Science Amherst College [email protected] This is a draft document. Please help improve this document by reporting any errors and omissions to [email protected]. 1 I am grateful to Alejandro Sucre, Federico Sucre, and Franz von Bergen for their research assistance. 1 Electoral Irregularities: A Typology based on Venezuela under Chavismo Venezuela’s Chavista period (1999-present) has often been praised for its frequent electoral activity. But it has also been characterized by two, less praiseworthy features: irregularities and biased electoral reforms. These features have worsened over time. To date, the total number of irregularities is 117. From the very beginning, almost every electoral process has featured at least one major irregularity or system biases in favor of the incumbent party. These irregularities consist of practices, rules, and even laws that depart from either the spirit or the letter of the Constitution or from international standards for conducting “free and fair” elections. This paper provides a typology of electoral irregularities in Venezuela in the Chavista era, 1999-present. The full list appears in the Appendix. Irregularities are classified according to three characteristics: timing, type, and effect. Regarding timing, the evidence shows that electoral irregularities occurred since the start of the Chavista era (referendum on whether to conduct a constituent assembly, 1999) and expanded over overtime during the entire Hugo Chávez administration (1999-2013). They have become ubiquitous now under Nicolás Maduro (2013- present). Regarding type, each irregularity is classified according to the following categories: 1.