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Night Parrot) This Conservation Advice was approved by the Minister / Delegate of the Minister on: 3/7/2008 Approved Conservation Advice (s266B of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999) Approved Conservation Advice for Pezoporus occidentalis (Night Parrot) This Conservation Advice has been developed based on the best available information at the time this conservation advice was approved. Description Pezoporus occidentalis, Family Psittacidae, also known as the Night Parrot, is a medium-sized nocturnal, ground-feeding parrot growing 22–25 cm long. Adults are mostly bright-green with extensive black and yellow markings, including streaks, spots and bars and a yellow belly and vent (Higgins, 1999). The Night Parrot feeds on the seeds of grasses and herbs (Wilson, 1937). Conservation Status The Night Parrot is listed as endangered. This species is eligible for listing as endangered under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cwlth) (EPBC Act) as, prior to the commencement of the EPBC Act, it was listed as endangered under Schedule 1 of the Endangered Species Protection Act 1992 (Cwlth). The Night Parrot is also listed as a migratory species under the EPBC Act, critically endangered under the Territory Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 2000 (Northern Territory), endangered under the Nature Conservation Act 1992 (Queensland), endangered under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 (South Australia), rare or likely to become extinct under the Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 (Western Australia), presumed extinct under the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (NSW), and regionally extinct under the Advisory List of Threatened Vertebrate Fauna in Victoria 2003 (Victoria). The Night Parrot is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) 2006. Distribution and Habitat The distribution of the Night Parrot is very poorly known. There are accepted historical records from remote arid and semi-arid inland regions of Western Australia, Northern Territory, South Australia and Queensland (Higgins, 1999). It is possible that the Night Parrot may continue to occur throughout much of this range (Garnett et al., 1993; Blyth, 1996; Garnett & Crowley, 2000), but there have been only six accepted records of the species since 1935. These consist of one sighting in 1980 from the Pilbara region of Western Australia, one sighting in 1979 from central Western Australia, one sighting in 1979 from north-eastern South Australia, and one sighting in 1980 as well as two carcasses in 1990 and 2006 from western Queensland (Blakers et al., 1984; Garnett et al., 1993; Boles et al., 1994; Higgins, 1999; Stafford, 2006). A 2005 report of two or three individuals from the Pilbara region of Western Australia has been accepted by Birds Australia (Fortescue Metals Group, 2005; Birds Australia, 2007). The Night Parrot inhabits Spinifex (Triodia spp.) grasslands on stony or sandy terrain; Samphire (Sarcocornia spp.) and Chenopod shrublands on claypans, floodplains or the margins of saltlakes, and creeks or other water bodies (Wilson, 1937; Higgins, 1999). Based on the six records since 1935, the Night Parrot occurs within the Rangelands (Western Australia), South Australian Arid Lands (South Australia), and the Desert Channels (Queensland) Natural Resource Management Regions. Pezoporus occidentalis Conservation Advice - Page 1 of 3 This Conservation Advice was approved by the Minister / Delegate of the Minister on: 3/7/2008 A small portion of this species’ distribution overlaps with “the community of native species dependent on natural discharge of groundwater from the Great Artesian Basin” EPBC Act- listed threatened ecological community. Threats The main potential threats to the Night Parrot include predation by feral cats (Felis catus) and foxes (Vulpes vulpes); changes in fire regimes; competition for food and degradation of habitat by livestock and feral herbivores; reduced availability of water due to consumption by camels (Camelus dromedarius) and livestock; habitat degradation by rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and goats (Capra hircus); and reduced maintenance of waterholes by Indigenous communities (Blyth, 1996; Garnett & Crowley, 2000). Research Priorities The lack of a known population of this species severely constrains research options. A foundation research priority is to develop an appropriate search, survey and inventory procedure in order to locate recognisable populations. If found, research priorities that would inform future regional and local priority actions include: • Design and implement a monitoring program. • Identify key food plants and habitat requirements; • Determine the nesting requirements • Investigate the fire ecology of the species. Regional and Local Priority Actions The following priority recovery and threat abatement actions can be done to support the recovery of the Night Parrot. Habitat Loss, Disturbance and Modification • Where known populations can be identified, monitor these to identify key threats. • Monitor the progress of recovery, including the effectiveness of management actions and the need to adapt them if necessary. • Liaise with managers/owners of any properties found to support the Night Parrot to ensure management practices support the requirements of the species. • Investigate formal conservation arrangements such as the use of covenants, conservation agreements or inclusion in reserve tenure. Trampling, Browsing or Grazing • In key areas, ensure impacts of livestock and feral herbivores are minimised (EA, 1999a & 1999b). Animal Predation or Competition • Implement appropriate management recommendations outlined in the Threat Abatement Plans for Predation by Feral Cats (EA, 1999c) and the European Red Fox (EA, 1999d). • Develop and implement a management plan for the control and eradication of feral camels and other herbivores in the local region. Fire • Develop and implement a suitable fire management strategy for the Night Parrot. The strategy should aim to restrict burning to discrete patches, at least until studies can be completed on the fire ecology of the species and its key food plants. Enable Recovery of Additional Populations • Establish a captive breeding population for the species if a viable source population can be found. Pezoporus occidentalis Conservation Advice - Page 2 of 3 This Conservation Advice was approved by the Minister / Delegate of the Minister on: 3/7/2008 • Investigate options for linking, enhancing or establishing additional populations. This list does not necessarily encompass all actions that may be of benefit to the Night Parrot, but highlights those that are considered to be of highest priority at the time of preparing the conservation advice. Existing Plans/Management Prescriptions that are Relevant to the Species • Night Parrot Pezoporus occidentalis Interim Recovery Plan for Western Australia 1996 to 1998 (Blyth, 1996), • Pilbara Iron Ore Project: Night Parrot (Pezoporus occidentalis) Management Plan (Fortescue Metals Group, 2005), • Threat Abatement Plan for Competition and Land Degradation by Feral Goats (EA, 1999a), • Threat Abatement Plan for Competition and Land Degradation by Feral Rabbits (EA, 1999b), • Threat Abatement Plan for Predation by Feral Cats (EA, 1999c), and • Threat Abatement Plan for Predation by the European Red Fox (EA, 1999d). These prescriptions were current at the time of publishing; please refer to the relevant agency’s website for any updated versions. Information Sources: Birds Australia, 2007, ‘Rarities Committee; 15 July 2007’, viewed 24 April 2008, <http://users.bigpond.net.au/palliser/barc/SUMM506.htm>. Blyth, J 1996, Night Parrot Pezoporus occidentalis Interim Recovery Plan for Western Australia 1996 to 1998, Department of Conservation and Land Management, Perth. Environment Australia 1999a, Threat Abatement Plan for Competition and Land Degradation by Feral Goats, Biodiversity Group, Environment Australia, viewed 5 May 2008, <http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/tap/goats/index.html>. Environment Australia (EA) 1999b, Threat Abatement Plan for Competition and Land Degradation by Feral Rabbits, Biodiversity Group, Environment Australia, viewed 5 May 2008, <http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/tap/rabbits/index.html>. Environment Australia (EA) 1999c, Threat Abatement Plan for Predation by Feral Cats, Biodiversity Group Environment Australia, viewed 5 May 2008, <http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/tap/cats/index.html>. Environment Australia (EA) 1999d, Threat Abatement Plan for Predation by the European Red Fox, Biodiversity Group Environment Australia, viewed 5 May 2008, <http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/tap/foxes/index.html>. Fortescue Metals Group 2005, Pilbara Iron Ore Project: Night Parrot (Pezoporus occidentalis) Management Plan, Fortescue Metals Group, Perth. Garnett, S, Crowley, G, Duncan, R, Baker, N & Doherty, P 1993, ‘Notes on live Night Parrot sightings in north- western Queensland’, Emu, vol. 93, pp. 292-296. Garnett, ST, & Crowley, GM 2000, The Action Plan for Australian Birds 2000, Environment Australia, Canberra. Higgins, PJ (Ed.) 1999, Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Volume 4: Parrots to Dollarbird, Oxford University Press, Melbourne. Stafford, A 2006, ‘Night Parrot find suppressed’, Wingspan, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 12-13. Wilson, H 1937, ‘Notes on the Night Parrot, with references to recent occurrences’, Emu, vol. 37, pp. 79-87. Pezoporus occidentalis Conservation Advice - Page 3 of 3 .
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