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Bill Crossland’S Group at Cambridge and Championed Both LCOS and Smectic a Technology in CAPE and at Dow Corning

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Bill Crossland’S Group at Cambridge and Championed Both LCOS and Smectic a Technology in CAPE and at Dow Corning What are Liquid Crystals? Liquid crystals are usually formed by rod- A liquid crystal layer viewed through a shaped molecules. polarised light microscope. They are true liquids BUT they have some order –they are part way between solid crystals and conventional isotropic liquids. Nematic liquid crystals are the simplest they only have orientational order. Nearly all commercial liquid crystal displays use Achievements nematic liquid crystals. STL developed nematic liquid crystal displays for manufacture at ITT components Group at Leeds STL developed possibly Smectic liquid crystals have some the first Liquid Crystal over positional order too and tend to form layers. Silicon (LCOS) displays using nematic liquid crystals STL developed the first Smectic A Displays for manufacture at ITT Courier, at Phoenix Smectic A liquid crystals have molecules STL pioneered the perpendicular to the layers. development and licensed Ferroelectric Smectic C Smectic C liquid crystals have molecules displays tilted in the layers. They can be ferrolectric. The ABC of the STL LCD team over the years in many discussions concerning liquid crystals. On leaving STL Terry became an employee of Dow Corning Ltd and was a co- founder of CAPE (Centre for Advanced Photonics and Electronics) at Cambridge. Terry worked closely with Bill Crossland’s group at Cambridge and championed both LCOS and Smectic A technology in CAPE and at Dow Corning. New materials for both Smectic A and LCOS devices were developed by Dow The STL Display Group circa 1982 Corning in the 1990’s. The lead engineer at Back row: Martin Birch, Ken Ellington, Chris Walker, summer student?, Matthew Dow Corning at Midland, Michigan in the USA Bone, Hillary McHugh, Pat Gunn, Jack Peters, Ken Batsford. Middle Row: Tony Davey, Adrian Sparks, Pat Crossland, Bill Crossland, Lisa Dyson, Avril Belcher. was Jon Hannington, who in the early 1980’s Front row: John Seaver, Peter Selway, Mike Swan, Peter Ayliffe (or late 1970’s?) was a materials scientist at STL in the old Van der Graaf building. Peter Ayliffe developed electronic drive schemes for both Smectic A and LCOS Dave Coates was the chemist of the group devices. and developed the Smectic A liquid crystal materials and dyes. He left to head the LCD Laurie Bidulph did some of the original work Development group at BDH Ltd, Poole, which on fabricating twisted nematic devices at was subsequently taken over by Merck. Later Harlow in preparation for transferring to he became Chief Engineer of Magink Ltd production at ITT Components Group in developing liquid crystal advertising signs. Leeds. Bill Crossland has one of the twisted nematic devices that we made at STL in 1978 Neil Collings brought skills in optics to the as prototype for the factory at Leeds still group and worked on optical correlators, neural works. networks and optical switching using LCOS. Neil left STL to join the Institute of Martin Birch was a key figure in Optics in Neuchatel, Switzerland. He returned development of LCOS VLSI backplanes. He to the UK to work for Bill Crossland. at transferred to Thorn EMI Labs and then to 4th Cambridge in developing holographic Dimension Displays. projection using LCOS. He now works for Two Trees Photonics on holographic projection for John Brocklehurst was Department head-up displays. Manager when the Smectic A device technology was being developed for transfer to Mike Coupland started the Liquid Crystal ITT Courier in the USA. John transferred to Displays (LCD) Group circa 1971. At the same Thorn EMI Labs and at a later stage worked time that RSRE at Malvern was starting a for Thomas Swan Ltd on an optical correlator major effort on LCDs because it was thought developed by Tim Wilkinson in Bill Crossland’s that they may one day replace the CRT. group at Cambridge in the 1990’s. Bill Crossland was the Technical Group Rab Chittick joined the STL group to Leader for most of its history (1971 to 1992) develop amorphous silicon photoconductors after which he joined Cambridge University as for optically addressed liquid crystal spatial Nortel Professor of Photonics in the Dept of light modulators. This interest continued at Engineering, where he co-founded CAPE Cambridge and Rab worked for a time with (Centre for Advanced Photonics and there. Electronics) along with Terry Clapp (ex STL) and Bill Milne (Head of Electrical Engineering). Terry Clapp worked in the Optical Aspects of the work continued at Cambridge. Transmission Group at STL, and participated The ABC of the STL LCD team over the years Ken Darton made significant contributions manufacturing plant in the Netherlands. At a to the circuit design of the silicon back plane of later date Barbara joined other STL expatriates the STL LCOS devices (Peter Ross, Martin Birch and John Seaver) at Thorn EMI Labs to develop the FLCs Tony Davey was the resident expert on transferred from Harlow. In the 1990’s Barbara liquid crystals and transferred the Smectic A worked with Bill Crossland in Screen device assembly technology from Harlow to Technology Ltd., in Cambridge. ITT Courier in Phoenix. He transferred to Cambridge and worked between 1993 and Jack Peters was Department Manager 2010 on liquid crystal materials for all championing the Group for many years. applications, including Smectic A, LCOS, Everyone associated with the Group will holographic projection and optical switching. remember his encouragement and leadership. Pete Graves was a good friend and mentor, Hedley Rokos made significant and was responsible for organising the contributions to the circuit design of the silicon transfer of equipment and facilities to set up back plane of the STL LCOS devices Bill Crossland’s facility at Cambridge. Peter Ross worked on drive schemes for Pat Gunn helped develop FLCs. He developed the automatic equipment LCD assembly processes in that discovered the ‘Tor-V-min’ scheme for the early days. driving FLCs that was later developed further at RSRE, Thorn EMI and by Sharp in Japan. Pat Gunn working on the silicon Peter moved to Thorn EMI Laboratories at VLSI backplanes for the first Hayes, Middlesex along with most of the FLC LCOS devices. Circa 1980 and LCOS IP personnel. Sadie Hughes developed processes for John Seaver was a skilled assembler of assembling LCOS devices. She transferred LCDs and developed Smectic A assembly these processes to our collaborators at processes at Harlow with Tony Davey. He Colorado University in the USA, which transferred to Thorn EMI and then to 4th ultimately became the US FLC LCOS Dimension Displays where was responsible for company, Displaytech Ltd. LCOS device fabrication. Joe Morrissy was the original engineer Peter Selway guided the LCD Group appointed by Mike Coupland to start work on through its most difficult times and ensured liquid crystals 1971. Joe moved to USA in the that the technology and personnel continued to 1980’s when the STL Smectic A device was develop. put into manufacture at ITT Courier, Phoenix, Arizona. Later he joined an LCOS display start Adrian Sparks designed and built the FLC up in Phoenix called III/V Systems. Joe spatial light modulator modules that STL sold subsequently worked for a number of LCOS to research labs around the world. companies in the USA. Chris Walker worked with Tony Davey on Barbara Needham dopants for Smectic A devices. The Joined the group as a compounds that they developed are still used display engineer and was a today. co-inventor of the Smectic A device. She helped develop ferroelectric liquid crystals Barbara Needham working on dyed nematic displays With apologies to anyone who we’ve failed to (FLCs) and then left to join which were developed to Philips to set up an LCD replace twisted nematic mention. It’s been a while! displays at ITT Components The STL Display Group Principal Activities Developed (1974-79) an early manufacturing process for Twisted Nematic Displays at ITT Component Group, Leeds. This was still operating in the late 1990’s. Developed ‘bistable’ displays using smectic liquid crystals to avoid the use of switching transistors. Light scattering Smectic A displays (1978 to 1985) developed for ITT Courier. Since used by: Polydisplay (Scandinavia) for road signs; Halation (China for point of sale etc.) and is now being developed by Dow Corning for electronic Windows. The STL Smectic A display preceded TN TFT displays. It was the first liquid crystal A4 full page text display. It could change a page of text in about 1.5 seconds. In 1981 when it was exhibited in New York, a simpler and smaller TFT TN display was also exhibited by TP Brody. However, the TN-TFT display came to dominate flat panel display industry, in part because it could operate fast enough for television. Ferroelectric Smectic C displays (1981 to 1990) developed under UK JOERS Alvey Project. TV displays were licensed by Sanyo and Sharp (via CRL and RSRE). Published in Ferroelectrics 122, 63, 1991. They have not been commercially successful. Liquid Crystal over Silicon (LCOS) devices (1978 to 1990) with single crystal silicon VLSI backplanes. Currently the basic technology of high quality cinema projectors (e.g. Sony VPL, Compound Photonics Inc.) holographic projectors (Two Trees Photonics Ltd) and fibre-optic switching (ROADMS) systems > (Finisar Inc., Cambridge Photonics and ROADMAP Ltd.) LCOS devices have come into their own in the last 10 years in displays and in telecommunications. Research on LCOS and Smectic A liquid crystal devices continues at Cambridge University Engineering Dept. (Professor Daping Chou). Dow Corning develops new materials and applications for Smectic A scattering devices. The STL LCD Milestones 1971 Liquid Crystal Display Group initiated by Mike to Thorn EMI Central Research Laboratories (CRL). Coupland, encouraged by RSRE, Malvern, who Peter Ross, John Brocklehurst, John Seaver, Martin believed they might replace the CRT.
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