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Volume 14, Issue 2 (December 2017) Ghana Social Science Journal V GHANA SOCIAL SCIENCE olume 14, Number 2, December 2017 JOURNAL Volume 14, Number 2, December 2017 SPECIAL ISSUE ON FOSTERING INCLUSIVENESS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA School of Social Sciences, YAMENS PRESS LTD. University of Ghana, Legon 0302 223222 GHANA SOCIAL SCIENCE JOURNAL Volume 14, Number 2, December 2017 SPECIAL ISSUE ON FOSTERING INCLUSIVENESS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA School of Social Sciences University of Ghana, Legon Ghana Social Science Journal, Volume 14, Number 2, December 2017 Ghana Social Science Journal Volume 14, Number 2, December 2017 Guest Editor Joseph Atsu Ayee Editor James S. Dzisah Editorial Committee Charity Sylvia Akotia Chairperson Kwabena Asomanin Anaman Member Ama de-Graft Aikins Member Maxwell Asumeng Member Mavis Dako-Gyeke Member Akosua K. Darkwah Member Victoria Ellen Smith Member Alidu Seidu Member Edward Nketiah-Amponsah Member Martin Oteng-Ababio Member Supporting Staff Sandra Alima Fiamavle Editorial Assistant International Editorial Advisory Board Emmanuel Akyeampong, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States. Samuel Agyei-Mensah, Provost, College of Humanities, University of Ghana. Eugenia Amporfu, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. Timothy Insoll, University of Manchester, United Kingdom. Michael Lofchie, University of California, Los Angeles, United States. ii Ghana Social Science Journal, Volume 14, Number 2, December 2017 Lawrence Mundia, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam. James Obben, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. John Onu Odihi, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria. Mohammed Salih, Erasmus University of Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Wilson Kwame Yayoh, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana. © School of Social Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana, 2017. ISSN: 0855-4730 eISSN (2590-9673- ONLINE) All rights reserved; no part of this journal may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publishers. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this journal will be liable to prosecution and claims for damages. Published by the School of Social Sciences, College of Humanities, University of Ghana, Post Office Box LG72, Legon, Accra, Ghana Telephone Number: +233-302-500179 Electronic mail address: [email protected] Production editing of this issue was undertaken by Joseph Atsu Ayee and James Dzisah. Printed by Yamens Press Limited, Post Office Box AN6045, Accra, Ghana Telephone Number: +233-302-223222/235036. Electronic mail address: [email protected] iii Ghana Social Science Journal, Volume 14, Number 2, December 2017 The views expressed in the papers are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Editor or the Publishers or the University of Ghana. Ghana Social Science Journal is indexed and abstracted in the ProQuest Periodicals Acquisition Databases, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States. The Ghana Social Science Journal is visible on the Web of Science through the Thomson Reuters’ Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI). The Ghana Social Science Journal is also indexed in African Journals online (AJOL). iv Ghana Social Science Journal, Volume 14, Number 2, December 2017 CONTENTS ARTICLES Editorial: Inclusiveness: The Missing Link in Sustainable Development in Africa – Where are we now and what more needs to be done? Joseph Atsu Ayee Social Media and Youth Political Participation in Ghana Victor Nsoh Azure Promoting Sustainable Development in Communities: The Role of Female Traditional Leaders (Queen mothers) Alice Boateng Adopting and Sustaining Green Electricity Energy Technologies in Ghana: A Review of Policy Perspectives Benjamin B. Jabik and Simon Bawakyillenuo Household Preventive Practices and Diarrhoea Prevalence in Urban Slums, Southwestern Nigeria Nneka Lynda Umego and Kabiru K. Salami Juvenile Sentencing and Re-offending in Ghana: Implications for Law and Practice Prince Boamah Abrah Portfolio Optimization Using Minimum Variance Line Approach: A Case Study of the Social Security and National Insurance Trust N. Nkum, A. Lotsi, C. Chapman-Wardy and K. Doku-Amposah Reviewing the Extensive Appointment Powers of the President as Solution to Winner-Takes All Politics in Ghana Ransford E.V. Gyampo and Emmanuel Graham v Ghana Social Science Journal, Volume 14, Number 2, December 2017 The Rise of Executive Agencies and their Effects on the Civil Service in Ghana Frank L.K. Ohemeng and Augustina Adusah-Karikari BOOK REVIEW Kwamena Ahwoi, Decentralisation in Ghana: A Collection of Essays ( 2017). Reviewed by Joseph R.A. Ayee………………………… vi Ghana Social Science Journal, Volume 14, Number 2, December 2017 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This Special Edition of the Ghana Social Science Journal (GSSJ) is based on some selected papers from the 3rd International School of Social Sciences Conference. My appreciation goes to the World Bank, UNICEF and Konrad Adenauer Stiftung who sponsored the conference. I must also acknowledge the support of the Office of Research, Innovation and Development (ORID) of the University of Ghana, Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research (ISSER) for the immerse support they provided during the organization of the conference. I also express my gratitude to our numerous reviewers who worked day and night to get the papers published. Finally, to our Guest Editor, we say thank you for all the effort you put in to ensure that this Special Edition comes out on time. Thank you. Professor Charity S. Akotia (Dean/Chairperson, Editorial Committee vii Ghana Social Science Journal, Volume 14, Number 2, December, 2017 ISSN 0855-4730 Attributions License 4.0. eISSN (online): 2590-9673 EDITORIAL INCLUSIVENESS: THE MISSING LINK IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA – WHERE ARE WE NOW AND WHAT MORE NEEDS TO BE DONE? Joseph Atsu Ayee (Guest Editor)1 Introduction Inclusiveness is an old concept or notion of the discipline of Political Science. The ―good society‖ at the heart of politics, which was envisaged by the Greek philosophers (Socrates, Plato and Aristotle - regarded as the father of Political Science as opposed to Plato who is sometimes classified as the first political philosopher) implies the ―incorporation of all citizens into the process of their own governance‖ (Chazan 2015: 1). Consequently, in exploring politics one gains a better understanding of ―what is – and what is not – in the public interest‖ (Magstadt 2013: 18). Inclusiveness has its roots in human rights, inequality, redistribution, rural development, entitlements and capabilities concepts (Sen 1999; Thorbecke 2006; Easterly 2007; Gupta and Baud 2015) and has been expressed in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) (Collier 2007). It has been a long-standing feature of human rights based approaches (HRBAs) to development as represented in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966), UN Declaration on the Right to Development (1986), UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2006) (Arts 2017). In addition, inclusiveness has gained prominence in general international development fora, most notably as a central element of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (specifically Goal 16) that are the heart of the global United 1 Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Ghana, Legon (Email: [email protected]/ [email protected]) 1 Ghana Social Science Journal, Volume 14, Number 2, December, 2017 ISSN 0855-4730 Attributions License 4.0. eISSN (online): 2590-9673 Nations (UN) development agenda for the period 2016–2030 (UN General Assembly 2015; Gupta et. al. 2016). Inclusiveness is sometimes used as an adjective to development. Consequently: Development can be inclusive – and reduce poverty – only if all groups of people contribute to creating opportunities, share the benefits of development and participate in decision-making. Inclusive development follows the United Nations Development Programme‘s human development approach and integrates the standards and principles of human rights: participation, non-discrimination and accountability (UNDP, n.d.). Okafor (2008) has pointed out that inclusiveness is a multi-level challenge. At the global level, it implies accounting for the least developed and developing countries and post-conflict societies, which can be done by encouraging meaningful participation in UN processes, adopting equity principles, capacity building, technology transfer, and financial support. At the regional level, it implies taking the issues of the more vulnerable countries into account and equitable sharing of transboundary resources. At the national level, it implies taking account of marginalized sectors, places, and communities. At the local level, it would imply accounting for specific individuals and groups (Gupta and Vegelin 2016). Gupta et. al. (2014) have identified five principles of inclusiveness. They are (a) adopting equity principles to share in development opportunities and benefits; (b) including the knowledge of the marginalized in defining development processes and goals; (c) ensuring a social minimum through a higher level of protection for the most marginalized; (d) targeted capacity building to help the poor benefit from opportunities since they may not be able to otherwise use such opportunities; and (e) engaging the marginalized in the
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