Repräsentation, Grundrechte Und Chieftaincy in Ghanas Verfassungsgebung, 1988-1993

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Repräsentation, Grundrechte Und Chieftaincy in Ghanas Verfassungsgebung, 1988-1993 Developmental Constitutionalism - Repräsentation, Grundrechte und Chieftaincy in Ghanas Verfassungsgebung, 1988-1993 Dissertation zur Erlangung der Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie am Fachbereichs Politik- und Sozialwissenschaften der Freien Universität Berlin vorgelegt von Stefan Skupien Berlin 2013 Erstgutachterin: Prof. Dr. Tanja A. Börzel Zweitgutachter Prof. Dr. jur. Philipp Dann, LL.M. (Havard) Tag der Disputation: 23. Januar 2014 Inhaltsverzeichnis Zusammenfassung ..................................................................................................................... iii Summary .................................................................................................................................... v Chronologie .............................................................................................................................. vii Abkürzungsverzeichnis ........................................................................................................... viii Abbildungs- und Tabellenverzeichnis ....................................................................................... ix 1. Einleitung ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Entwicklungsnarrative, Verfassungen und lokale Aneignung ........................................ 1 1.2. Zwei Forschungsarenen .................................................................................................. 7 1.3. Fragestellung ................................................................................................................ 11 1.4. Aufbau der Studie ......................................................................................................... 13 2. Aneignung von Verfassungen ............................................................................................... 16 2.1. Der Begriff Aneignung ................................................................................................. 16 2.1.1. Sozialtheoretische Perspektiven auf Aneignung ................................................... 17 2.1.2. Aneignung als Begriff der Modernisierungskritik ................................................ 21 2.1.3. Aneignung und rechtsanthropologische Forschungen .......................................... 25 2.2. Verfassungen als Objekte der Aneignung ..................................................................... 31 2.2.1. Form und Funktion von Verfassungen .................................................................. 31 2.2.2. Verfassungen und Konstitutionalismus ................................................................. 38 2.3. Subjekte und Bürger als Akteure der Aneignung ......................................................... 42 2.3.1. Die pouvoir constituant ......................................................................................... 42 2.3.2. Zwischen Bevölkerung und Elite .......................................................................... 45 2.3.3. Binnendifferenzierung der nationalen Elite .......................................................... 48 2.3.4. Das Untersuchungsschema ................................................................................... 53 2.4. Wie lässt sich Aneignung in Verfassungsgebungen methodisch erfassen? .................. 55 2.4.1. Diskursanalytisches Grundverständnis ................................................................. 56 2.4.2. Die Materialbasis der Inhaltsanalyse .................................................................... 58 2.4.3. Die Analyse des Materials .................................................................................... 61 Erstes Zwischenfazit ............................................................................................................ 66 3. Die Verfassungsentwicklung Ghanas bis 1981 .................................................................... 69 3.1. Politische Ordnungen bis 1960 ..................................................................................... 70 3.2. Die republikanischen Verfassungen ab 1960 ................................................................ 79 Zweites Zwischenfazit ......................................................................................................... 91 4. Von der PNDC-Ära zur 4. Republik ..................................................................................... 93 4.1. Ghanas Verfassungsdiskurs von 1979-1984 ................................................................. 94 4.1.1. Die Legitimation von Militärinterventionen und Amnestieregeln ........................ 94 4.1.2. Die PNDC-Verfassung als sozial-populistisches Experiment .............................. 99 4.2. Die Nationale Kommission für Demokratie ............................................................... 107 4.2.1. District Assemblies als neue Legitimationsgrundlage ........................................ 107 4.2.3. Die politische Opposition 1988 bis 1992 ............................................................ 112 4.3. Die Expertenkommission ........................................................................................... 124 4.3.1. Zusammensetzung und Prinzipien der Expertenkommission ............................. 124 4.3.2. Der Präsident zwischen Entlastung und Kontrolle ............................................. 127 4.3.3. Die Vermittlung zwischen politischen, sozialen und ökonomischen Rechten .... 135 4.3.4. Tradition und Chieftaincy ................................................................................... 140 4.4. Die Consultative Assembly ........................................................................................ 145 4.4.1. Zeitraum, Zusammensetzung und Ressourcen ................................................... 146 4.4.2. Repräsentation und Innovationen ....................................................................... 158 4.4.3. Grundrechtsschutz und Staatsziele ..................................................................... 166 4.4.4. Parteilose Chiefs, Queenmothers und demokratische Prinzipien ....................... 173 5. Analytische Zusammenführung .......................................................................................... 179 5.1. Die inhärenten Spannungen einer Developmental Constitution ................................. 179 5.2. Partizipation, Gleichheit und Stabilität ....................................................................... 185 6. Schlussbemerkung .............................................................................................................. 190 6.1. Rückkopplung an die Constitution Review Commission von 2009 ........................... 190 6.2. Aneignungsperspektiven auf Verfassungen ................................................................ 191 6.4. Desiderate: lokale Normen und Fachdiskurse ............................................................ 197 7. Literaturverzeichnis ............................................................................................................ 199 7.1. Offizielle Quellen des Untersuchungskorpus ............................................................. 199 7.2. Bücher und Zeitschriften ............................................................................................ 199 7.3. Gesprächspartnerinnen und Gesprächspartner ........................................................... 215 Appendix: Kodierungsschemata für die Protokolle der Consultative Assembly ................... 216 Danksagung ............................................................................................................................ 227 Zusammenfassung Mit den jüngsten subsaharischen Verfassungsreformen seit 2005 wird die Suche nach adäquaten politischen und sozio-ökonomischen Modellen für post-koloniale Staaten fortgesetzt. Dieser Diskurs reicht zurück bis in die Dekolonisierungsphase, steht aber auch im Bezug zu den Transitionen nach 1989. Diese Studie widmet sich den anhaltenden Repräsentationskonflikten, die mit Verfassungsgebungen einhergehen und untersucht dabei besonders die Vertretung verschiedener Gruppen in staatlichen Organisationen, die Sicherung und den Umfang von Grundrechten sowie die Stellung semi-autonomer sozialer Akteure innerhalb von Verfassungen. Alle drei politischen Felder werden vor dem Hintergrund des seit den 1980ern anhaltenden Entwicklungsdiskurses analysiert, der sowohl externe als auch interne Forderungen an staatliche Institutionen rahmt. Als Fallstudie dient Ghanas Verfassungsgebung von 1988-1992. Auf jüngeren Forschungen der Sozialtheorie aufbauend, entwickle ich im ersten Teil ein Aneignungskonzept, das die Analyse von Verfassungen über ihre juridische Bedeutung als oberstes Gesetz hinaus erlaubt. Neben dieser Funktion umfassen sie die Staatsordnung in der Angabe der Gewaltenteilung, den Grundrechtsschutz und schließlich eine symbolisch-integrative Funktion über die Selbstbestimmung der Verfassungsgeber. Ich untersuche, wie internationale Normen in diesen Selbstbestimmungsprozess eingebettet sind und unterscheide dafür auf der Kommunikationsebene einer Verfassung zwei Adressaten: Zum einen die internationale Staatenwelt und zum anderen die interne Bevölkerung. Die inhaltsanalytisch umgesetzte Aneignungsperspektive ermöglicht es, verschiedene Verwendungsweisen internationaler Demokratienormen, Menschenrechte und Modelle der Gewaltenteilung auf nationaler Ebene nachzuvollziehen, die durch den Fokus auf die Interaktion von Regierungen
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