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Social Vulnerability of Land Fires in Banjarbaru Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, Volume 525 Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Social Sciences Education (ICSSE 2020) Social Vulnerability of Land Fires in Banjarbaru Deasy Arisanty 1* Mohamad Zaenal Arifin Anis 2 Herry Porda Nugroho Putro 2 Karunia Puji Hastuti 1 Parida Angriani 1 1Geography Education Department, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarmasin, Indonesia 2History Education Department, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarmasin, Indonesia *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Land fires always occur every year in Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan. Land fires have been resolved but they continue to occur every dry season. The purpose of this study was to analyze the social vulnerability of land fires in Banjarbaru. This research method is to use the average population density weight (60%), the vulnerable group (40%) which consists of the sex ratio (10%), the poverty ratio (10%), the ratio of disabled people (10%) and the group age (10%). In addition, in-depth interviews were conducted with 11 respondents who were directly involved in the prevention and suppression of land fires. In general, the social vulnerability that is classified as high is Banjarbaru Selatan and Banjarbaru Utara Districts. High population density causes greater social vulnerability. However, public knowledge, including understanding of the causes and management of disasters, can cause this social vulnerability to decrease so that the risk is reduced. Keywords: Social vulnerability, land fires, disaster risk . 1. INTRODUCTION Peatland restoration needs to recognize the social dimension Indonesia has extensive peatlands and always experiences in the restoration process [17] . Mitigation efforts for future recurring fires [1]. Losses due to forest and land fires that fires are more focused on identifying areas using occurred during June to November 2015 according to the environmental data on rainfall, slope, peatlands, and World Bank reached Rp. 221 trillion [2] . Large-scale fires peatlands that were previously burned. Social data is also in Indonesia have caused widespread deforestation and needed related to population density data, access to roads, caused haze and pollution, thus reducing air quality [3] . The the area of small and medium-sized plantation land El Nino incident in 2015 turned out to have caused fires in ownership, and the tendency of communities to burn land Indonesia's territory to be concentrated on peat and mineral for agriculture [18] . soils [4] . Although peatland areas experienced fewer fires Vulnerability level assessment can assist policy makers in than mineral soils, fires on peatlands were the largest developing strategies and actions to manage fire risk [19] . contributor to emissions [5].. The smoke generated from Social vulnerability in forest and peat fires is a condition Indonesia's peatland fires causes thick haze and air that describes the level of community vulnerability to safety pollution, which has a negative impact on health [6] . if forest and peat fires occur in an area [20] . Policies for the Projections indicate that there is a trend of increasingly prevention and control of forest and land fires must include severe fires [7] . Peatland fires in Indonesia are caused by a social dimension [21] . Social vulnerability can be assessed exploitation of this land. Peatlands have an important role based on data on population density and vulnerable groups. in Indonesia's economic development [6] [8] . Peatlands The vulnerable group consists of the sex ratio, the ratio of have been exploited for timber and soil [9] . The main driver vulnerable age groups, the ratio of the poor and the ratio of of deforestation of tropical peatlands is agricultural the disabled [22] . Areas that are socially vulnerable to fire activities [10], [11] . The use of fire is the method most often will increase the risk of fire. used when clearing land [1] . The pressure on peatlands due Fires that occur in the South Kalimantan region often occur to increased illegal logging, plantation development and in the districts of Banjar, Hulu Sungai Utara, Hulu Sungai agriculture-based settlements increases peatland fires [12] . Selatan, Tapin, Tanah Laut, and Banjarbaru districts [23] . Global demand for agricultural commodities has led to Banjarbaru is one of the areas where fires often occur. There massive peat draining for monoculture farming on peatlands were 104 hotspots that appeared in Banjarbaru on 23 [13] . Tropical forested peatlands are rapidly being October 2019. Efforts were made by the fire department to converted into profitable agribusiness, such as oil palm wetting areas prone to fires [24] . plantations [14],[15] . The fire in the Banjarbaru area is a problem because the area Sustainable land management is an effort to mitigate has Syamsudin Noor International Airport. Land fires can peatlands. Mitigation by choosing the right agricultural land cause flight delays. The haze on September 7, 2019, commodity will prevent land degradation. Rice farming can disrupted flight activities at Syamsuddin Noor Airport, be considered as the first alternative for the development of resulting in 14 flight delays [25] . Based on the background, degraded peatlands [16] . the purpose of this study is to analyze the level of social Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Atlantis Press SARL. This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license -http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. 262 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, Volume 525 vulnerability of peatland fires in the Banjarbaru area of disabilities ratio and age group ratio. The social South Kalimantan. vulnerability index is obtained from the average population density weight (60%), the vulnerable group (40%) which 2. RESEARCH METHODS consists of the sex ratio (10%), the poverty ratio (10%), the This research uses mix methods, namely quantitative and disabled person ratio (10%) and the age group (10%) [26]. qualitative. Assessment of social vulnerability through The data were obtained from secondary data from indicators of population density, sex ratios, poverty ratios, Banjarbaru in 2019 figures [27]. Table 1 Parameters of Social Vulnerability Parameters Weight Classification Score Score (%) Low Medium High Population Density 60 <500 people per 500-1000 people > 1000 people Class / Max sq. km per sq. km per sq. km score of class Sex Ratio (10%) 40 <20% 20–40% > 40% Poverty Ratio (10%) Disability Ratio (10%) Age Group Ratio (10%) 0.01 = 0.6 + 0.1 + 0.1 !"# 100 0.01 Source: [20], [26] + 0.1 $% + 0.1 & '# In addition, 3 people were interviewed for the management vulnerability is getting lower, so that the risk of land fire of the fire care community (MPA) in Guntung Payung disasters is lower. The analysis used is the triangulation Village, Banjarbaru, 2 people who served as the Barokah technique. Syamsudin Noor firefighting line (BPK), and land owners in the area. which often fire as many as 6 people to get data 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION about community knowledge and experience in dealing The social vulnerability of land fire disasters in Banjarbaru with land fires. Knowledge and experience of the is shown in Table 2. community regarding land fires is good, the social Table 2 Social Vulnerability in Banjarbaru Sex Poverty Disability Population Age Group Vulnerability No District Ratio Ratio Ratio Total density (Km 2) Ratio (%) Class (%) (%) (%) 1 Ulin Platform 712 106 4.90 0.133 36.49 0.627 Medium 2 Liang Anggang 525 106 4.90 0.133 36.49 0.627 Medium 3 Cempaka 244 108 4.62 0.133 36.49 0.427 Moderate 4 Banjarbaru Utara 2232 102 4.68 0.133 36.49 0.827 High 5 Banjarbaru Selatan 2475 102 4.19 0.133 36.49 0.827 High Source: Secondary Data Processing, 2020 In general, the sub-districts with the highest vulnerability large area in 2019. The largest area that has experienced fire were Banjarbaru Utara and Banjarbaru Selatan. High is in Cempaka District, which is approximately 211.521 population density causes higher vulnerability. The lowest hectares. In Landasan Ulin District covering an area of vulnerability is in Cempaka District because of the 204,159 hectares, Liang Anggang District covering an area population density which is the lowest. Low population of 107.31 hectares, Banjarbaru Selatan District covering an density results in lower social vulnerability. Other area of 31,263 hectares, and Banjarbaru Utara District conditions, such as the ratio of the male and female covering an area of 20,080 hectares [28]. population, the poor, the disabled and the age group, are When a fire occurs, densely populated people will have a relatively the same between sub-districts. bigger impact than sparsely populated populations. The Although Banjarbaru Utara and Banjarbaru Selatan impact of smoke from land fires increases the risk of high- Districts are in the high category of vulnerability, the area density populations. The health impacts of haze will be even burned in this sub-district is low. The large amount of built higher in densely populated areas. Fires in peatlands not land causes less open land, resulting in less land fires. only cause economic losses but have also caused residents Meanwhile, Cempaka District which has moderate to suffer respiratory health problems [29]. Land fires also vulnerability with the lowest population density, and pose a risk to residential
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