DOCSLIB.ORG

Symmetries and Their Violation in Particle Physics 1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Symmetries and Their Violation in Particle Physics 1 Symmetry: Culture and Science Vol. 17, Nos. 1-4, 159-174, 2006 SYMMETRIES AND THEIR VIOLATION IN PARTICLE PHYSICS 1 Dezs˝oHorv´ath Physicist, (b. Budapest, Hungary, 1946) Address: KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, H-1121 Budapest, Konkoly-Thege 29-33, Hungary. E-mail: horvath “at” rmki.kfki.hu. Fields of interest: Experimental particle physics: high-energy physics, tests of symmetries, antimatter. Publications: See home page at http://cern.ch/Dezso.Horvath Abstract: The structure of matter is related to symmetries on every level of study. Some of those symmetries are fully honored in Nature, others are violated. We overview experiments testing the most basic symmetry of the microworld, CPT invariance and the hypothetical supersymmetry developed to overcome the theoretical difficulties of the Standard Model of particle physics. 1 Symmetries in particle physics Symmetries in particle physics are even more important than in chemistry or solid state physics. Just like in any theory of matter, the inner structure of the composite particles are described by symmetries, but in particle physics everything is deduced from the symmetries (or invariance properties) of the physical phenomena or from their violation: the conservation laws, the interactions and even the masses of the particles. The conservation laws are related to symmetries: the Noether theorem states that a continuous global symmetry leads to a conserving quantity. The conser- vation of momentum and energy are deduced from the translational invariance of space-time: the physical laws do not depend upon where we place the zero point of our coordinate system or time measurement; and the fact that we are free to rotate the coordinate axes at any angle is the origin of angular momentum conservation. The symmetry properties of particles with half–integer spin (fermions) differ from those with integer spin (bosons). The wave function describing a system of 1Invited paper presented at Symmetry Festival 2006, Budapest, Hungary 160 Dezso˝ Horvath´ fermions changes sign when two fermions switch quantum states whereas in the case of bosons there is no change; all other differences can be deduced from these properties. Being an angular momentum the spin is associated with the symmetry of the rotation group and it can be described by the SU(2) group of the Special (their determinant is 1) Unitary 2×2 matrices. When we increase the degrees of freedom, we get higher symmetry groups of similar properties. The next one, SU(3), which we shall use later, is the symmetry group of Special Unitary 3 × 3 matrices. It can be visualized the following way. A half–spin particle has two possible fundamental states (two eigenstates), spin up and spin down. In the case of the SU(3) symmetry group there are three eigenstates with an SU(2) symmetry between any two of them. We can also decrease the degrees of freedom and we get the U(1) group of unitary 1 × 1 matrices which are simply complex numbers of unit absolute value. This is the symmetry group of the gauge transformations of electromagnetism. This gauge symmetry means, e.g., in the case of electricity a free choice of potential zero: as shown by the sparrows sitting on electric wires the potential difference is the meaningful physical quantity, not the potential itself. The U(1) symmetry of Maxwell’s equations leads to the conservation of the electric charge, and, in the more general case, the U(1) symmetry of the Dirac equation, the general equation describing the movement of a fermion, causes the conservation of the number of fermions (Halzen and Martin, 1984). The important role of symmetries in particle physics is well expressed by the title of the popular scientific journal of SLAC and FERMILAB: symmetry — dimensions of particle physics. 2 Symmetries in the Standard Model According to the Standard Model of elementary particles the visible matter of our world consists of a few point-like elementary particles: fermions, quarks and leptons, and bosons (see Table 1). The hadrons, the mesons and the baryons, are composed of quarks, the mesons are quark-antiquark, the baryons three-quark states. The three basic interactions are deduced from local gauge symmetries. By re- quiring that the Dirac equation of a free fermion were invariant under local (i.e. space-time dependent) U(1) ⊗ SU(2) transformations one gets the Lagrange func- tion of the electroweak interaction with massless mediating gauge bosons (photon γ and weak bosons Z and W±). Adding local SU(3) results in the strong inter- action (quantum chromodynamics) with 8 massless gluons as mediating particles. And, finally, adding a two-component complex Higgs-field with its 4 degrees of freedom, which breaks the SU(2) symmetry will put everything in place: pro- duces masses for the weak bosons (and for the fermions as well) and creates the Higgs boson (Higgs, 2002), the scalar particle badly needed to make the theory renormalizable (to remove divergences). Symmetries in Particle Physics 161 fermion doublets (S = 1/2) charge Q isospin I νe ν ν 0 +1/2 leptons µ τ µ e ¶L µ µ ¶L µ τ ¶L −1 −1/2 u c t +2/3 +1/2 quarks ′ ′ ′ µ d ¶L µ s ¶L µ b ¶L −1/3 −1/2 Table 1: The elementary fermions of the Standard Model. L stands for left: it symbolizes that in the weak isospin doublets left-polarized particles and right-polarized antiparticles appear, their counterparts constitute iso-singlet states. The apostrophes of down-type quarks denote their mixed states for the weak interaction. The Standard Model is an incredible success: its predictions are not contra- dicted by experiment, any deviation encountered in the last 30 years disappeared with the increasing precision of theory and experiment. For a complete com- parison one should consult the tables and reviews of the Particle Data Group (Particle Data Group, 2006), Fig 1 presents a brief view. The only missing piece is the Higgs boson; however, it is a strong indirect evidence for its existence that the goodness-of-fit of the electroweak parameters shows a definite minimum at light Higgs masses (Fig. 2). The direct searches at LEP excluded the Standard Model Higgs boson up to masses of 114.4 GeV (with a confidence limit of 95%), whereas the fitting seems to limit it from above as well. Thus within the frame- work of the Standard Model the mass of the Higgs boson should be in the interval 114.4 <MH < 260 GeV (with a 95 % confidence). 3 Antiparticles and CPT invariance All fermions have antiparticles, anti-fermions which have identical properties but with opposite charges. The different abundance of particles and antiparticles in our Universe is one of the mysteries of astrophysics: apparently there is no anti- matter in the Universe in significant quantities, see, e.g., (Cohen, De Rujula and Glashow, 1998). If there were antimatter galaxies they would radiate an- tiparticles and we would see zones of strong radiation at their borders with matter galaxies, but the astronomers do not see such a phenomenon anywhere. An extremely interesting property of free antiparticles is that they can be treated mathematically as if they were particles of the same mass and of oppositely signed charge of the same absolute value going backward in space and time. This is the consequence of one of the most important symmetries of Nature: CPT invariance (Halzen and Martin, 1984; Particle Data Group, 2006). It states that the following operations: • charge conjugation (i.e. changing particles into antiparticles), 162 Dezso˝ Horvath´ Figure 1: The glory road of SM at LEP: the relative deviation of the measured quantities from the predictions of the Standard Model (The LEP Electroweak Working Group, 2007) (status of Winter 2007). The difference is kess than two standard deviations in all cases except for the forward-backward asymmetry at the decay of Z bosons to b hadrons. For the definitions see (Particle Data Group, 2006). Cψ(r, t) = ψ(r, t); • parity change (i.e. mirror reflection), P ψ(r, t) = ψ(−r, t), and • time reversal, T ψ(r, t) = ψ(r, −t) when done together do not change the measurable physical properties This means that, e.g., the annihilation of a positron with an electron can be described as if an electron came to the point of collision, irradiated two or three photons and then went out backwards in space-time. If we build a clock looking at its design in a mirror, it should work properly except that its hands will rotate the opposite way and the lettering will be inverted. The laws governing the work of the clock are invariant under space inversion, i.e. conserve parity. As we know, the weak interaction violates parity conservation, Symmetries in Particle Physics 163 m = 144 GeV 6 Limit Theory uncertainty ∆α(5) had = 5 0.02758±0.00035 0.02749±0.00012 4 incl. low Q2 data 2 3 ∆χ 2 1 Excluded Preliminary 0 30100 300 [ ] mH GeV Figure 2: Search for the Higgs boson of the Standard Model: Goodness of fit of the Standard Model parameters against the mass of a hypothetical Higgs boson (The LEP Electroweak Working Group, 2007). The minimum implies a light Higgs boson with a mass below 80 GeV/c2 whereas the LEP experiments excluded, at a confidence level of 95%, all possible Standard Model Higgs bosons with masses below 114.4 GeV/c2 (shaded area) (The LEP Collaborations, 2003). The various curves and the band around one illustrate the possible theoretical deviations. unlike the other interactions. The weak forces violate the conservation of CP as well. CPT invariance, however, is still assumed to be absolute.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Messenger
    THE MESSENGER No. 35-March 1984 Report on the First ESO-CERN Symposium on "Large Scale Structure of the Universe, Cosmology and Fundamental Physics" G. Setti, ESO The first ESO-CERN Symposium was held at CERN, deuterium, were produced when the age of the Universe was Geneva, from 21 st to 25th November 1983 and was attended only about 100 seconds, the temperature about one billion by approximately 200 participants. The discussions concen­ degrees and the density of the order of the density of water, in trated on the general field of Cosmology, where the progress a phase that lasted about 8 minutes. At that moment the made in the past twenty years, both in elementary particles Universe was essentially a gaseous mixture composed of and astronomy, has shown that these two fields of basic protons, neutrons, electrons, positrons, neutrinos and anti­ research are merging toward a new and fundamental under­ neutrinos (and perhaps some other exotic particles, such as standing of the laws that govern our Universe. A detailed photinos) immersed in a heat bath of photons. The equilibrium account is contained in the Proceedings of the Symposium between these components is maintained by the weak which will be available in a few months. interaction, one of the four fundamental forces wh ich are The meeting was started with an introductory lecture by believed to govern all natural phenomena.* The weak force D. W. Sciama (Oxford and Trieste) who highlighted the numer­ together with the "hot big-bang" model allows definite predic­ ous and fundamental problems the understanding of which tions about the abundances of primordial elements.
    [Show full text]
  • Extending Symmetries of the Standard Model Towards Grand Unification
    Master research Extending Symmetries of the Standard Model towards Grand Unification Anno Touwen Supervisor prof. dr. Dani¨el Boer August 3, 2018 Abstract In this master thesis the spacetime, global and gauge symmetries of the Standard Model are reviewed. These symmetries are used as a basis for finding possible extensions of this successful model, such as the two Higgs doublet model and Left-Right model. Methods of finding subgroups and the slitting up of representations are discussed based on Dynkin diagrams. These methods are applied to analyse the subgroups of the exceptional group E6 as candidates for Grand Unified 3 Theory groups. In this study SU(5), SO(10) and SU(3) and SU(4)×SU(2)×SU(2) are most important. A phenomenological comparison between these models is given focussed on the different types of leptoquarks that could be responsible for the not yet observed proton decay. Contents 1 Introduction 3 2 Symmetry groups and Gauge theories 5 2.1 Group theory . .5 2.2 Unitary and Special Unitary groups . .8 2.3 Orthogonal and Special Orthogonal groups . 10 2.4 Gauge theories and fields . 11 2.5 Spacetime symmetries . 13 2.6 C, P and T transformations . 14 3 The Standard Model 16 3.1 The Electroweak interaction . 16 3.2 The Strong interaction . 19 3.3 Fermion content . 19 3.4 Eigenstates and the CKM-matrix . 22 3.5 Global symmetries . 23 4 Beyond the Standard Model 28 4.1 Two Higgs doublet model . 28 4.2 Left-Right models . 34 5 A further study of Lie Groups and Algebras 37 5.1 Root systems .
    [Show full text]
  • Anomaly and Cobordism Constraints Beyond the Standard Model
    Anomaly and Cobordism Constraints Beyond the Standard Model: Topological Force Juven Wang Center of Mathematical Sciences and Applications, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Abstract Standard lore uses perturbative local anomalies to check the kinematic consistency of gauge theories coupled to chiral fermions, such as the Standard Models (SM) of particle physics. In this work, based on a systematic cobordism classification, we examine the constraints from invertible quantum anomalies (including all perturbative local anomalies and all nonperturbative global anomalies) for SM and chiral gauge theories. We also clarify the different uses of these anomalies: including (1) anomaly cancellations of dynamical gauge fields, (2) ’t Hooft anomaly matching conditions of background fields of global symmetries. We apply several 4d anomaly constraints of Z16, Z4, and Z2 classes, beyond the familiar Feynman-graph perturbative Z class local anomalies. As an application, for SU(3)×SU(2)×U(1) Zq SM (with q = 1; 2; 3; 6) and SU(5) Grand Unification with 15n chiral Weyl fermions and with a discrete baryon minus lepton number X = 5(B L) 4Y preserved, we discover a new hidden gapped sector previously unknown to the SM and− Georgi-Glashow− model. The gapped sector at low energy contains either (1) 4d non-invertible topological quantum field theory (TQFT, above the energy gap with heavy fractionalized anyon excitations from 1d particle worldline and 2d string worldsheet, inaccessible directly from Dirac or Majorana mass gap of the 16th Weyl fermions [i.e., right-handed neutrinos], but accessible via a topological quantum phase transition), or (2) 5d invertible TQFT in extra dimensions.
    [Show full text]
  • Searching for New Physics with Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Rays
    Searching for New Physics with Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Rays Floyd W Steckert Astrophysics Science Division NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA Sean T Scully Dept. of Physics and Astronomy James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA Abstract. Ultrahigh energy cosmic rays that produce giant extensive showers of charged particles and photons when they interact in the Earth’s atmosphere provide a unique tool to search for new physics. Of particular interest is the possibility of detecting a very small violation of Lorentz invariance such as may be related to the structure of space-time near the Planck scale of — 10 -35m. We discuss here the possible signature of Lorentz invariance violation on the spectrum of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays as compared with present observations of giant air showers. We also discuss the possibilities of using more sensitive detection techniques to improve searches for Lorentz invariance violation in the future. Using the latest data from 23 , the Pierre Auger Observatory, we derive a best fit to the LIV parameter of 3 .0±3:0 x 10- corresponding to an upper limit of 4.5 x 10-23 at a proton Lorentz factor of — 2 x 10 11 . This result has fundamental implications for quantum gravity models. 1. Introduction 1.1. Why Test Fundamental Physics at Ultrahigh Energies? Owing to the uncertainty principle, it has long been realized that the higher the particle energy attained, the smaller the scale of physics that can be probed. Thus, optical, UV and X-ray observations led to the understanding of the structure of the atom, -y-ray observations led to an understanding of the structure of the atomic nucleus, and deep inelastic scattering experiments with high energy electrons led to an understanding of the structure of the proton.
    [Show full text]
  • Searches for Double Beta Decay the Allure of Ultra-Sensitive Experiments Carter Hall, Univ
    Searches for Double Beta Decay The Allure of Ultra-Sensitive Experiments Carter Hall, Univ. of Maryland - February 18, 2014! Outline • The Majorana/Dirac question • Is neutrino mass an example of beyond-standard-model physics? • Double beta decay as a Majorana/Dirac discriminant • Experimental techniques and challenges • Current status of experimental efforts Spin 1/2 mass spectrum 1st 2nd 3rd TeV Higgs! t b GeV c τ s 5 µ ~10 d MeV u e Fermion Mass Fermion keV ~105 eV at least one neutrino meV Charged fermions masses are due to interactions with the Higgs top quark: H H H H tL tL tL tL tL t t tR R R tR tR H H H H H mass term H electron - - e L - e R e R H Dirac mass term: conserves charge (e- →e-) Spin 1/2 mass spectrum 1st 2nd 3rd TeV t b GeV c τ s 5 µ ~10 d MeV u e Fermion Mass Fermion keV ~105 eV at least one neutrino meV Higgs? Types of Neutrino mass terms Dirac Neutrino Mass Standard model X ν Higgs creates only νR L Conserves Dirac masses! lepton number Majorana Mass 1 X ν νR L violates conservation of lepton number Majorana Mass 2 Neutrinos could, X νR νL in principle, have more than one mass term. What if neutrinos have two mass terms? Dirac Mass Dirac Mass (Higgs?) (Higgs?) X X νL ν νR R X νL Majorana Mass (New physics) Majorana ν νL Neutrino R Mass If neutrinos have more than one mass term, then they are Majorana particles.
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond the Standard Model
    Beyond the Standard Model V. Hedberg Beyond the Standard Model 1 The Standard Model What is the standard model ? The standard model describes the electromagnetic, strong and weak interactions. It is based on the principle of gauge invariance. The model has lots of free parameters: lepton and quark masses, coupling constants, quark and neutrino mixing parameters, W, Z and H masses... H It uses a basic set of fermions and gauge bosons: W Z g V. Hedberg Beyond the Standard Model 2 The Standard Model The Standard Model agrees very well with all experimental data. The model has been tested down to 10-18 m. It has been tested to a precision better than 0.1% . Problems with the standard model: Does the Higgs exist ? If neutrinos have mass, are there right-handed neutrinos ? Why are there 3 generations ? What about gravity ? V. Hedberg Beyond the Standard Model 3 The Standard Model Why are the masses so different (the hierarchy problem) ? Can the strong and electroweak interaction be described by a unified theory ? What happened with the anti-matter in the Big Bang ? What is dark matter ? What is dark energy ? V. Hedberg Beyond the Standard Model 4 Grand Unified Theories (GUTs) The Georgi-Glashow model Weak and electromagnetic interactions are unified, why not to add the strong one ? g2 g 2 s ’ W W= =8 =8 W We know that coupling 4 4 g’2 g 2 constants are not truely ’ = =8 Z =8 Z 4 4 Z constant but that they g 2 = s depend on energy (or Q2) ’ s 4 W g 2 in the interaction.
    [Show full text]
  • Looking for the God Particle at the Large Hadron Collider Mary Beth De Repentigny
    Papers Looking for the God Particle at the Large Hadron Collider Mary Beth De Repentigny The Large Hadron Collider at CERN is scheduled to begin colliding protons in October of this year. Two of its main goals are to look for both the Standard Model’s Higgs particle and supersymmetry’s sparticles. An objective overview of these theories, along with string theory, reveals the precarious balancing act that high-energy physics is in because of theorists’ attempts to explain away fine-tuning which points to an intelligent designer. Ironically, their foundational theory is rooted in a faith in very large numbers that they hope will cancel out impossible odds. n the autumn of 1993, a vote came before the United 11,000 loops per second around the circle, reaching a speed IStates Congress to continue funding construction of the to within 10 km per hour of the speed of light, making Superconducting Super Collider near Waxahachie, Texas. 50 million collisions within a second. Powerful particle It was to be a machine that would produce 40 trillion detectors will register the direction and energy of the electron-volts (TeV) of energy, twenty times the total resultant particle debris and collect a full DVD’s worth of energy of the Tevatron near Chicago, which was, at the data every five seconds. According to current schedule, the time the highest-energy particle accelerator in the world. first beam of protons will circulate through the entire LHC Although two billion dollars had already been poured on September 10, 2008. The first collisions will occur after into the project, and 22 km of the total 87 km tunnel had its official unveiling on October 21, 2008.
    [Show full text]
  • Predictive Physics of Inflation and Grand Unification for and from the CMB Observations
    Contribution Prospectives IN2P3 2020 Predictive Physics of Inflation and Grand Unification for and from the CMB observations Principal Author: Name: Norma G. SANCHEZ Institution: CNRS LERMA OP-PSL SU Email: [email protected] Phone: 06 08 34 09 38 Abstract : Inflation is today part of the Standard Model of the Universe supported by the cosmic microwave background (CMB), large scale structure (LSS) and other precision cosmological data. It solves the horizon and flatness problems and naturally generates the density fluctuations that seed LSS, CMB anisotropies, and tensor perturbations (primordial gravitational waves of quantum origin: the primordial gravitons). Inflation is based on a scalar field ϕ (the inflaton) whose potential is fairly flat leading to a slow-roll evolution. This white paper to the IN2P3 prospective focuses on the following, realistic and timely situations of inflation in connection with the CMB, gravitational and particle physics, adding inter- disciplinarity and unification values within a strongly predictive physical approach. The formulation of inflation in the Ginsburg-Landau approach clarifies and places inflation in the setting of the effective field theories of particle physics. In addition, it sets up a clean way to directly confront the inflationary predictions with the available and forthcoming CMB data and select a definitive model. In the effective theory of inflation `a la Ginsburg-Landau the inflaton potential is a polynomial in the field ϕ, highlighting and capturing the relevant scales of the 4 problem with a universal form V (ϕ) = N M w(ϕ/[√N MPl]), where M ≪ MPl is the scale of inflation and N ∼ 60 is the number of Inflation efolds, (MPl is the Planck scale).The slow-roll expansion thus becomes a systematic 1/N expansion and the inflaton couplings become 2 naturally small as powers of the ratio (M/MPl) .
    [Show full text]
  • Freya Blekman
    Application Form Odysseus-programme Part A: Administrative Details and Project Summary Administrative Details of Applicant Family Name Blekman Birth Family Name First Name (s) Freya Male Gender Female x Date of Birth (16/11/1974) 1st Nationality Dutch 2nd Nationality Country of Residence Switzerland Country of Birth Netherlands Contact address Street Name and number Rue de Lausanne 87 PO Box Postal Code 1202 Cedex Town Genève Country Switzerland Phone 1 +41 765467148 Phone 2 Fax e-mail Freyaf [email protected] Qualifications University degree Date of award (DD/MM/YYYY) 09/02/2000 Doctorate Date of award (DD/MM/YYYY) 01/04/2005 Full-time postdoctoral experience Number of months In Oct 2008: 43 months Place of activity (previous 5 years) From 2000 To 2005 Country 60 % Netherlands, 40% United States From 2005 To 2007 Country United Kingdom From 2007 To Now Country United States and Switzerland Proposed start date of the Award (01/10/2009) Choose Odysseus Group I project Odysseus Group II project Administrative Details of Host Institution Name of host institution Name of research unit/department Local co-promotor Legal address Street Name and Number Postal Code Town Country Phone 1 Phone 2 Fax Web site Part A: Administrative Details and Project Summary Project Summary Project title (maximum 100 characters) New physics at the Energy Frontier: Supersymmetry search at the Compact Muon Solenoid Project summary (maximum 300 words) At the presently accessible energies, elementary particle interactions are well described by the Standard Model. The Standard Model however has some fundamental limitations, and is expected to be no longer valid at energies that are easily accessed by the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) when it starts operation in 2009 The LHC will collide protons at a centre-of-mass energy of 14 TeV, which is a factor 7 higher than Tevatron, the most powerful accelerator in operation Today.
    [Show full text]
  • The Creation of the Universe and the Monopole String of Paul Dirac for the Magnetic Monopoles of T’Hooft-Polyakov
    The Creation of the Universe and the Monopole String of Paul Dirac for the Magnetic Monopoles of t’Hooft-Polyakov Tony Bermanseder Abstract The Dirac quantization condition and its relationship to the electromagnetic finestructure constant alpha is derived from the initial boundary conditions of the Quantum Big Bang Singularity (QBBS). The QBBS is shown to form a 2/11-dimensional mirror membrane as a 1- dimensional Dirac string relating timespace of a string-membrane epoch preceding the QBBS to the spacetime following the creation event. The Dirac monopole then transforms as a point particle into a space extended elementary particle known as the classical electron and is electro charge coupled as an electropole to the magneto charge of a magnetopole. The electron as a point particle of QFT and QED so becomes the monopolar form of the Dirac monopole as the Dirac electron, but coupled to the elementary quantum geometric templates of the scalar Higgs boson with a dark matter particle defined as a RMP or Restmass Photon. The space occupying classical electron is shown to oscillate on the fermi scale of the nuclear interactions of colour charge asymptotic gluon-quark confinement, with the ground state for the electron defining the wormhole singularity of the QBBS in spacetime as the fifth transformation of superstring classes (heterotic class 64) from the timespace era. The Dirac string so manifests as a membrane-mirror for a 4-dimensional spacetime embedded within a 5-dimensional spacetime and descriptive for a 3-dimensional surface embedded as volumar within a higher dimensional cosmology, described in the properties of a Möbian-Klein Bottle geometric connectivity for a one-sided manifold becoming two-sided in the original form of the Dirac string as a one-dimensional mathematical singularity mirroring itself in the monopolar string self-duality of a multidimensional holographic cosmology.
    [Show full text]
  • Anthropic Principle's Predicting Symmetric Distribution Matter Strata, Their Physics Laws, and Verifications
    Hindawi Advances in Astronomy Volume 2019, Article ID 2501417, 16 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2501417 Research Article Anthropic Principle’s Predicting Symmetric Distribution Matter Strata, Their Physics Laws, and Verifications Changyu Huang 1,2 and Yong-Chang Huang 3,4 1 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA 2Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern Avenue, W. Lafayette, IN 47907-2036, USA 3Institute of Teoretical Physics, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China 4Institute of Teoretical Physics, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China Correspondence should be addressed to Changyu Huang; [email protected] and Yong-Chang Huang; [email protected] Received 15 September 2018; Accepted 5 December 2018; Published 18 March 2019 Guest Editor: Pradyumn K. Sahoo Copyright © 2019 Changyu Huang and Yong-Chang Huang. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Tis paper shows anthropic principle’s predicting symmetric distribution matter strata, their physics laws, and verifcations, concretely deduces characteristic time, energy, and temperature expressions at diferent scales, discovers four interesting invariant quantities, shows homeomorphic theorem of space map, and naturally presents a supersymmetric scale energy. We further discover that any infnitesimal space has the same proportional structure space; namely, they have renormalization group invariance. �ℎ �ℎ �ℎ Consequently, this paper shows that the region of any n level Plank-scope is from the n level Planck scale to the (n+1) level �ℎ �ℎ Planck scale, where the diferent matters of the n level Planck scale build up the (n +1) level Planck scale matter.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Matter, Energy, Space and Time: the Case for the Linear Collider
    Understanding Matter, Energy, Space and Time: The Case for the Linear Collider A summary of the scientific case for the e+ e− Linear Collider, representing a broad consensus of the particle physics community. April 2003 1 Understanding Matter, Energy, Space and Time: + − The Case for the e+e− Linear Collider Over the past century, physicists have sought to explain the character of the matter and energy in our universe, to show how the basic forces of nature and the building blocks of matter come about, and to explore the fabric of space and time. In the past three decades, experiments at laboratories around the world have given us a descriptive framework called the standard model. These particle physics advances make a direct impact upon our understanding of the structure of the universe, both at its inception in the Big Bang, and in its evolution to the present and future. The final synthesis is not yet fully clear, but we know with confidence that major discoveries expanding the standard model paradigm will occur at the next generation of accelerators. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) being built at CERN will take us into the discovery realm. The proposed e+e− Linear Collider (LC) will extend the discoveries and provide a wealth of measurements that are essential for giving deeper understanding of their meaning, and pointing the way to further evolution of particle physics in the future. A world-wide consensus has formed for a baseline LC project in which positrons (e+) collide with electrons (e−) at energies up to 500 GeV, with luminosity (the measure of the collision rate) above 1034 cm-2s-1.
    [Show full text]