Anatomical Locations, Planes, Axis of Rotation, and Muscle Actions Introduction

. A working knowledge of human anatomy requires an understanding of the body’s structures. . Knowledge of the important directional and regional terms associated with the structures of the body help in learning the names of anatomical structures.

Anatomical Position

. Anatomical position is the reference point for describing structures of the body in relation to each other. . The position with the body erect with the arms at the sides and the palms forward.

3 Anatomical, Directional, and Regional Terms Anatomical Terminology

. Knowing the meaning of common root words will help in understanding the structures and terminology.

Anatomical Position & Directional Terms

General direction terms are in reference to anatomical position.

If a person were lying on the floor, for example, superior would still indicate that something was closer to the head.

6 Additional CommonTerms . Prone - face down . Supine – face up “s(u)pine) . Bilateral – both sides (e.g. squat) . Unilateral - single-sided (e.g. single leg squat) . Ipsilateral-same side (e.g.right arm/right leg) . Contralateral –opposite side (e.g. right arm/left leg) . Open Chain – Extremity is free to move (e.g. leg extension machine) . Close Chain –Extremity is fixed (e.g. squat) Group Activity

. One member will demonstrate and activity. The rest of the group will identify which category the exercise falls into. Rotate to each member of the group. Try to hit all categories as a group. – Prone or Supine – Bilateral or Unilateral – Ipsilateral or Contralateral – Open chain or Close chain

Planes of Movement Longitudinal axis

AnatomicalPlanes are refer to planesanatomical of position. Anterior-posterior axis Coronal axis motion If a person were lying on the floor, for example, the sagittal plane would still divide the body into right and left portions.

9 Plane & Axis of Rotation of Movement Axis of Plane Rotation Action (movement terms) Flexion/Extension/ AnatomicalSagittal Coronal axis Hyperextension, Dorsiflexion/plantarflexion planes of motion Abduction/Adduction, Antero- Elevation/Depression, Frontal Inversion/Eversion, posterior Lateral pelvic tilt, axis Scapular retraction (adduction)/ protraction (abduction) Rotation right/ left, Longitudinal Internal/External Rotation, Transverse axis pronation/supination, horizontal adduction/ abduction

10 Group Activity 1

. Use the colored paper (planes) and pencils (axis of rotation) to identify and label the following: – Sagittal Plane/Coronal axis . Person 1-Demonstrate an exercise in this plane. . Person 2-Hold up large cardboard in appropriate plane . Person 3-Hold dowel or PVC Pipe in appropriate axis . Person 4-Name plane and axis five times to group. . Rotate and repeat Group Activity 2

. Use the colored paper (planes) and pencils (axis of rotation) to identify and label the following: – Frontal Plane/Anterio-posterior axis . Person 1-Demonstrate an exercise in this plane. . Person 2-Hold up large cardboard in appropriate plane . Person 3-Hold dowel or PVC Pipe in appropriate axis . Person 4-Name plane and axis five times to group. . Rotate and repeat Group Activity 3

. Use the colored paper (planes) and pencils (axis of rotation) to identify and label the following: – Transverse Plane/Longitudinal axis . Person 1-Demonstrate an exercise in this plane. . Person 2-Hold up large cardboard in appropriate plane . Person 3-Hold dowel or PVC Pipe in appropriate axis . Person 4-Name plane and axis five times to group. . Rotate and repeat Muscle Movements

. Sagittal Plane/Coronal axis . Demonstrate the following movements: . Flexion/Extension/ Hyperextension . Elbow . Shoulder . Trunk . Hip . Dorsiflexion/Plantarflexion (ankle)

Muscle Movements 2

. Frontal Plane/Anterio-posterior axis . Demonstrate the following movements: – Abduction/Adduction • Shoulder • Hip – Elevation/Depression • Scapula – Inversion/Eversion • Ankle – Lateral pelvic tilt-pelvis – Scapular retraction (adduction)/ protraction (abduction)

Muscle Movements 3

. Transverse Plane/Longitudinal axis . Demonstrate the following movements: – Rotation right/ left • Trunk/Neck – Internal/External Rotation • Shoulder • Hip – Pronation/Supination (wrist) – Horizontal adduction/ Horizontal abduction (shoulder)

Multiplanar Movement

. Circumduction and opposition are two specific actions that occur in multiple planes. – Circumduction: “cone” motion; combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction in sequence – Opposition: thumb movement specific to humans and primates . Diagonal and Scapular Planes are often identified as additional planes. – Diagonal-Example: chops – Scapular Plane-Example: Shoulder raises

Considerations

. When an exercise utilizes more than one plane, then most of the muscles from both movements are likely utilized in the movement. Example: push-ups . Planes and axis refer to the body itself, not matter whether you are standing, reclining, sitting or laying down in a prone or supine position. Muscle Actions

. Isotonic = same tension (load) – Eccentric – Concentric

. Isometric = same length

. Isokinetic = same speed