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Investigation Into the Contribution of the Breed

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Investigation Into the Contribution of the Breed JOG KiRCHNER INVESTIGATION INTO THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE BREED tESEi ITITUTE UTY OF THE-ORANI Disclaimer This report emanates from a project financed by the Water Research Commission (WRC) and is approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflects the views and policies of the WRC or the members of the projects steering committee. Vrywaring Hierdie verslag spruit voort uit 'n navorsingsprojek wat deur die Waternavorsingskommissie (WNK) gefinansier is en goedgekeur is vir publikasie. Goedkeuring beteken nie noodwendig dat die inhoud die siening en beleid van die WNK of die lede van die projek-loodskomitee weerspieel nie. JOG KIRCHNER INVESTIGATION INTO THE CONTRIBUTION OF GROUND WATER TO THE SALT LOAD OF THE BREEDE RIVER, USING NATURAL ISOTOPES AND CHEMICAL TRACERS Final Report to the WATER RESEARCH COMMISSION by the INSTITUTE FOR GROUNDWATER STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF THE ORANGE FREE STATE WRC Report No. 344/1/95 ISBN No. 1 86S45 142 9 Obtainable from: Water Research Commission P O Box 824 PRETORIA 0001 Investigation into the Contribution of Ground Water to the Salt Load of the Breede River, using Natural Isotopes and Chemical Tracers by JURGEN KIRCHNER April 1994 ABBREVIATIONS and ACRONYMS ANOVA Analysis of variance BRSRP Breede River Salination Research Program CCWR Computing Centre for Water Research CSIR Council for Scientific Research DD22 Example of abbreviation for Site Id No. ,,3319DD00022" DWA Department of Water Affairs and Forestry EC Electrical conductivity [mS/m] G-number Number of borehole selected by the Directorate of Geohydrology (DWA) or the Geological Survey, e.g. ,,G 33591" H5M004 Example of weir number of the DWA HRI Hydrological Research Institute IGS Institute for Ground-water Studies MBB Murray Biesenbach and Badenhorst Inc. NGDB National Ground-water Data Base SMOW Standard mean ocean water TMS Table Mountain Sandstone Tvl Transvaal WRC Water Research Commission BREEDE RIVER PROJECT CONTENTS List of Figures iii List of Tables v Acknowledgements vi Executive Summary viii 1. Introduction 1 1.1 The present project < 1 1.1.1 Background 2 1.1.2 Objectives of the present study 4 1.1.3 Approach 5 1.1.4 Method 6 1.1.5 Reportlayout 7 2. Study area 9 2.1 Geography 9 2.2 Geology 10 2.3 Geohydrology 12 2.3.1 Flowregime 12 2.3.2 Surveys 14 2.3.3 Quality 14 2.3.4 Yield 16 2.4 Irrigation in the Breede River 16 3. Salinity research in the Breede River 19 3.1 Review of earlier salinity investigations 19 3.1.1 Surface water 21 3.1.2 Unsaturated zone 23 3.1.3 Irrigation return flow 23 3.1.4 Ground water 26 3.2. The present investigations 31 3.2.1 Sampling network 31 3.2.2 Rainfall 41 3.2.3 Ground water 45 3.2.4 Chemical analyses 50 3.2.5 Isotopes 59 4. Pumping tests 73 4.1 Poesjesnels River 73 4.2 Breede and Vink River areas 74 4.3 Discussion 75 5. Synthesis 77 BREEDE RIVER PROJECT 6. Summary 87 6.1 Objectives 88 6.2 Conclusions 89 6.3 Recommendations 90 7. References 91 Appendix1 1. List of Sites, Site names and Site types 2. Exploration holes: Borehole logs 3. Exploration holes: Pumping test results 4. Exploration holes: EC- and water-level graphs 5. Chemical analyses : Macro elements 6. Chemical analyses : Micro elements 7. Hydrochemical graphs: Malmesbury Group 8. Hydrochemical graphs: Table Mountain Group 9. Hydrochemical graphs: Bokkeveld Group 10. Hydrochemical graphs: Witteberg Group 11. Hydrochemical graphs: Enon Formation 12. Hydrochemical graphs: Surface water 13. Isotopes analyses: 2H and l8O 14. One factor ANOVAs for 12 chemical parameters 15. One factor ANOVAs of 2H and 18O 16. Description of Piper-, Durov-, Schoeller-, SAR- and expanded Durov diagrams 1 Water-level and EC graphs of the gauging station and dam-release graphs are not included as they are available in the HRI reports. Water-level and EC graphs of the exploration boreholes are not included because the data contain systematic errors. BREEDE RIVER PROJECT ili LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Locality map showing the upper, middle and lower part of the Breede River catchment and the study area 9 Figure 2.2: Rainfall distribution over the Breede River Valley 10 Figure 2.3: Upper and Middle part of the Breede River catchment with Measuring Stations and canals (after Kienzle 1990) 11 Figure 2.4: Generalised cross-section through the Breede River Valley viewing downstream and showing the northerly dip of Table Mountain and Bokkeveld Groups (not to scale) 12 Figure 2.5: Geological map of the area around Robertson (after Jolly 1990) 13 Figure 2.6: Main irrigation canals in the middle Breede River catchment 17 Figure 3.1: Conductivity profile of the Breede River taken in March 1986 (after Howard) 22 Figure 3.2: Mean daily flow and conductivity measured at H4M017 between May 1990and April 1991 35 Figure 3.3: Mean daily flow and conductivity measured at H4M018 between May 1990andApril 1991 36 Figure 3.4: Mean daily flow and conductivity measured at H4M019 between May 1990andApril 1991 37 Figure 3.5: Mean daily flow and conductivity measured at H4H011 between May 1990 and April 1991 38 Figure 3.6: Mean daily flow and conductivity measured at H3H011 between May 1990andApril 1991 39 Figure 3.7: Mean daily flow and conductivity measured at H5M004 between May 1990andApril 1991 40 Figure 3.8: Monthly rainfall for three rainfall stations for the period May 1990 to April 1991 41 Figure 3.9: Rainfall recorded at the Robertson Rainfall Station for the period May 1990to April 1991 42 Figure 3.10: Rainfall recorded at the McGregor Rainfall Station for the period May 1990toApril 1991 43 Figure 3.11: Rainfall recorded at the Worcester Rainfall Station for the period May 1990 to April 1991 44 Figure 3.12: Mean water level of all monitored G-numbered holes in the Vink- and Robertson area (moving average; a third order polynomial is fitted to the data) 45 Figure 3.13: Sample of wrongly calibrated data. Mean conductivity determined in all monitored G-numbered holes in the Vink- and Robertson area (moving average) 48 iv BREEDE RIVER PROJECT Figure 3.14: Electrical conductivity measurements in standard solutions A, B, C, D and Dx during the period 3 May 1990 to 22 April 1991 49 Figure 3.15: Mean fluoride and barium concentrations of the different sources 56 Figure 3.16: Variations of 618O and 6^H between October 1988 and March 1991 for the two weirs in the Breede River at the upper and lower end of the area of investigation and for the two major tributaries, the Vink- and Kogmanskloof Rivers 66 Figure 3.17: Correlation between mean isotope ratios and the mean conductivity of the Breede River and its tributaries 67 Figure 3.18: Strontium isotope ratios for four river samples, eight irrigation-related samples and seven ground-water samples 70 BREEDE RIVER PROJECT LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: TDS values for the geological formations found between H4M017 and H5M004 (after Jolly 1990) 15 Table 3.1: Irrigation return flow data from the report by Lautner (1989) 24 Table 3.2: Output of the IRRISS model (after Murray, Biesenbach & Badenhorst, 1989) 25 Table 3.3: Output of the DISA model for the period June 1985 to April 1986 26 Table 3.4: Water-level and electrical conductivity statistics of exploration boreholes 47 Table 3.5: Statistical evaluation of EC control measurements 49 Table 3.6: Mean temperature and logarithmic mean, number of analyses and standard deviation of chemical variables of all analyses from the different sources 54 Table 3.7: Mean temperature and logarithmic mean values of chemical variables of all analyses from the different sources 55 Table 3.8: ANOVA results displaying the number of variables out of a maximum of 13 for which the F-tests between the different sources were significant at the 95% confidence level 58 Table 3.9: Distribution of 618O and 62H values and mean electrical conductivities [mS/m] for 12 Malmesbury Group sites 62 Table 3.10: Distribution of 618O and 62H values and mean electrical conductivities [mS/m] for 17 Table Mountain Sandstone sites 62 Table 3.11: Distribution of 618O and S2H values and mean electrical conductivities [mS/m] for 15 Bokkeveld sites 63 Table 3.12; Distribution of 618O and 62H values and mean electrical conductivities [mS/m] for four Witteberg sites 64 Table 3.13: 618O ratios at different sites along the Breede River and its tributaries (lowest values for the respective sampling periods within the project area are printed in italics) 65 Table 3.14: 62H ratios at different sites along the Breede River and its tributaries (lowest values for the respective sampling periods within the project area are printed in italics) 68 Table 3.15: Strontium concentration and ratios in surface-, irrigation-, return flow- and ground water 70 Table 4.1: Poesjesnels River Valley: Pumping test results (the first values given for the transmissivity [m2/d] of this report refer to the pumping test and the second to the recovery test; mean storativities do not include the value for the pumped hole) 73 Table 5.1: Estimated certainty of values for various water-balance factors 80 Table 5.2: Flow-, concentration- and Sr-ratio data for 5/6 December 1990 82 Table 5.3: Mean concentrations of ground-water components for five aquifers as a function of their mean strontium concentrations 84 BREEPE RIVER PROJECT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The research described in this report resulted from a project funded by the Water Research Commission entitled "An Investigation into the Contribution of Ground water to the Salt Load of the Breede Rivei, using Natural Isotopes and other Traceis." The Steering Committee responsible for this project consisted of the following persons: Mr.
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