XV. an Account of the Earthquakes Which Occurred in Sicily in March 1823
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Philosophical Magazine Series 1 ISSN: 1941-5796 (Print) 1941-580x (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tphm12 XV. An Account of the earthquakes which occurred in Sicily in March 1823 Sig. Abate Ferrera To cite this article: Sig. Abate Ferrera (1825) XV. An Account of the earthquakes which occurred in Sicily in March 1823, Philosophical Magazine Series 1, 65:322, 92-100, DOI: 10.1080/14786442508628398 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786442508628398 Published online: 27 Jul 2009. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 2 View related articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tphm12 Download by: [Wilfrid Laurier University] Date: 23 June 2016, At: 04:03 [92] XV. An Account of the Earthquakes which occurred in 8icily in March 1823. By Sig. Abate FERa,tRA, Professor of Natural PhilosoThy in the University of Catania, $yc. 8yc.* N Wednesday the 5th of March 1823, at 26 minutes after O 5 P. M., Sicily suffered a violent shock of an earthquake. I was standing in the large plain before the palace, in a situa- tion where I was enabled to preserve that tranquillity of mind necessary for observation. The first shock was indistinct, but tendin~ from below upwards ; the second was undulatory, but more vigorous, as though a new impulse had been added to the first, doubling its force ; the third was less strong, but of the same nature; a new exertion of the force rendered the fourth equal on the whole to the second; the fifth, like the first, had an evident tendency upwards. Their duration was between sixteen and seventeen seconds; the time was pre- cisely marked by the seconds hand of a watch which I had with me. The direction was from north-east to south-west. Many persons who ran towards me fi'om the south-west at the time of this terrible phaenomenon were opposed by the resist- ance of the earth. The spear Of the vane on the top of the new gate connected with the palace, and upon which I fixed my eyes, bowed in that direction, and remained so until the Sunday, when it fell; it was inclined to the south-west in an angle of 20 °. The waters in the great basin of the botanical garden, as was told me by an eye-witness, were urged up in the same direction by the second shock; and a palm-tree thirty feet high, in the same garden, was seen to bow its long leafless branches alternately to the north-east and south-west, almost to the ground. The clocks in the observatory, which vibrated from north to south and from east to west, werestopped, because the direction of the shock cut obliquely the plane of their respective vibrations; and the weight of one of them broke its crystal. But two small clocks in my chamber kept their motion, as their vibrations were in the direction of the shock. The mercury in the sismometert preserved in the Downloaded by [Wilfrid Laurier University] at 04:03 23 June 2016 observatory was put into violent motion, and at the fifth shock it seemed as much agitated as if it were boiling. To the west of Palermo, within the mountains, the earth- quake retained little of its power ; since at Morreale, four miles distant, trifling injury only was sustained by the (Benedictine) monastery of S. Castrense, the house of the P. P.. Conviventi, and the seminary of the clergy. At Parco, six miles distant, * From the Boston JournaI of Philosophyand the Arts for Sept. 1824. -[- An instrument, apparently, for the purpose of showin~ the violence of the shock of an earthquake.~Tm - - Mary's On the )Earthquakes in Sicily in March 1823. 93 Mary's eollege, the monastery, the parish church, and a few peasants' cottages, were all that suffered. At Piana, the bat- tlements of the tower were thrown down. But more of its power was felt in plaees on the sea-coast, as appears from its effects at Capaei, four miles distant, where the cathedral and several houses were ruined; and at Torretta, fourteen miles off, where the cathedral, two storehouses and some dwelling- houses were destroyed. Beyond, its power continued to di- minish ; and at Castellamare, twenty-four miles off, the state- house only had the deft, whieh was made in 1819, enlarged; In maifitime places east of Palermo the shock was immense. At Altavilla, fourteen miles from Palermo, the bridge was shaken. At Trabia, twenty-one miles, the castle, and at Godiano, the cathedral and some houses, were destroyed,- enormous masses from Bisambra, a neighbouring hill, Were loosened, and fell. At Termini, twenty-four miles, the Shocks were very violent, exeeeding all that had happened within the memoxy of its inhabitants. Those of 1818-19 were very strong, but the city received at those times no injury; now, the con- vent of St. Antonio, Mary's college, and various private houses ~elt its effects. The warm waters, as well those of the baths as those from the neighbouring wells, which proeeed from the same subter- ranean source in the mountains along the coast of Termini, increased in quantity and warmth, and beeame turbid; con- sequences that always succeed convulsions of the earth, by which their internal streams are disordered. The clay tinged the fluid with its own eolour, and equal volumes of the water yielded a greater quantity of the clay than before, when the eolour wasdeeper*-. Most of the houses in the little new town of Sareari, two miles from the shore, and consisting of less than a hundred houses, were rendered uniahabitable; the walls were thrown down, and the more lofty buildings were all damaged. The effects of the earthquake are found to be greater in proportion to its advanee eastward. Forty-eight miles from Palermo, at Cefalu, a large city on Downloaded by [Wilfrid Laurier University] at 04:03 23 June 2016 the shore o]F a promontoi'y, the effects were various and inju- rious. Without the walls, two convents, a storehouse, and some country-houses, were injured, but no lives were lost. The sea made a violent and sudden rush to the shore, carry- ing with it a large ship laden with oil; and when the wave re- The warm and mineral waters of St. Euphemia, .in Calabria, which ~prang up after the memorable earthquakes in 1638, presented the same phmnomena in those of 1783.~Grlmaldi Descr. dei Trem. del 1783. [See also the remarks on volcanic phmnomena in M. de Humboldt's paper on the Rio Vinagre in our present number.--E~)iT.] tired 94, Prof. Ferrards zlccoimt of the Earthquakes tired she was left quite dry; but a second wave retm'ned with such immense foree that the ship was dashed in pieces and the oil lost. Boats which were approaching the shore were borne rapidly forward to the land ; but at the return of the v~ater they were earl'led as rapidly back, far beyond their first situation. The same motion of the sea, but less violent, was observed all along the shore, as far even as Palern~o. Pollina, a town with nine hundred inhabitants, occupying an elevated position at a little distance from the sea, was in- jured in almost every building; particularly in the church of St. Peter and Nunciata, in the castle, the tower, and in other places. :Nor did Finale, a little nearer the shore, suffer less; .five of its houses fell in consequence on the llth of March. Beyond the towns which have been mentioned, towards the interior of the island, the shock was vigorous to a certain ex- tent; but kept decreasing as it proceeded, throughout the whole surface. At Ciminna, south of Termini, a statue was shaken from its place on the top of a belfry in front of the great church, and a part of the clock..tower thlling, killed one person, and badly wounded another. In Cerda, the shock af- fected the great church, some houses, and half of one of the three forts placed near the city to support the earth on the side of a great declivity. • 1"l le only church m• - Roccapalomba, which" as" satuated° at the top of an acclivity was ruined. The parish church and some private houses in the little town of Scillato were overthrown. In Gratteri, a large town south of Cefalu, injury was sustained by the church of St. James, and other houses. Considerable damage was sustained by various churches and many private houses in Colesano, a town containing two thousand inhabi- tants, and situated on an inclined plain on the eastern side of the mountains of Madonie. One of the colleges de Maria was rendered uninhabitable. The hospital, a grand fabric, was made a heap of ruins. The loss is calculated at about thirty thousand onze. In the vicinity of Pozzillo and St. Agata, Downloaded by [Wilfrid Laurier University] at 04:03 23 June 2016 through a large extent of land many long fissures and caverns were made. Similar caverns and fissures in argillaceous chalk were opened near the little town of Ogliastro, sixteen miles south-east of Palermo. At/snello, at the foot of the Madonie mountains, the injuries which were received in 1819 were in- creased: Geraci, among the same mountains, suffered a like fortune in the ruin of the cathedral: Costelbuono and St. Mauro, within the same regions, were damaged, both by the former and b~ the last convulsions ; by the last, the cathedra]~ the church of St.