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The Katz Outta the Bag: Bringing National Security Letters Into Compliance with the “Reasonable Expectation of Privacy” Test
2017] 277 THE KATZ OUTTA THE BAG: BRINGING NATIONAL SECURITY LETTERS INTO COMPLIANCE WITH THE “REASONABLE EXPECTATION OF PRIVACY” TEST Anees Mokhiber* The Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 (“ECPA”) equips the FBI with the power to issue National Security Letters (“NSLs”). The language of the ECPA, however, contemplates an era of electronic communication long since passed. Electronic communication has transformed rapidly with the evolution of computer technology. At present, the outdated form of the ECPA allows the FBI to utilize NSLs to retrieve information in a manner which runs afoul of Fourth Amendment privacy protections. Accordingly, this Comment proposes to amend the ECPA to account for the ongoing evolution of computer technology which powers the transmittal of electronic communications in the modern age. Additionally, this Comment calls for a commitment to legislative adaptability, to ensure that any statute governing electronic communications is up to date with its subject matter. The goal of these proposed amendments is to tighten the investigative scope of NSLs, and ensure the United States citizen of her reasonable expectation of privacy from unreasonable searches and seizures. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 278 I. THE EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER AND APP TECHNOLOGY................ 281 A. The Evolution of Computer Technology ....................................... 283 B. The Evolution of App Technology .................................................... 285 * Antonin Scalia Law School, George Mason University, J.D., May 2017; George Mason University, B.S., 2014. Sincere and special thanks to my friends and family who commented and reviewed this Comment many more times than they would have liked to. National Security 278 Law Journal [Vol. 5:2 II. OVERVIEW OF STATUTORY AUTHORITY ON NSLS .......................... -
40 Lessons from 40 Years of Apple Ads
40 Lessons from 40 Years of Apple Ads Apple was founded on April fools day in 1976. It’s first office was Steve Jobs’ parents’ garage: And it’s first products were humble: Steve Jobs was obsessed with poets, and he and Woz both drew inspiration from one of the best, Bob Dylan. Any great folklorist will tell you that Apple’s origins met the primary criteria for future exaltation. They were humble, poor, and hard working. From those origins, Apple has grown to a global behemoth with over $269 billion dollars in the bank. One of the (many) things that helped Apple get to where it is today is a mastery of advertising. This article presents 40 of the best Apple ads over 40 years and draws 40 lessons from each. It spans 1977’s “Simplicity” all the way to “The Rock x Siri Dominate the Day.” 1977 — “Simplicity” (https://archive.org/details/Apple_II_-_Simplicity_is_the_ultimate_sophistication) “Apple II will change the way you think about computers.” This is an introduction to the Apple II. It displays the features of the device with a clear emphasis on personal computing. The idea of having a personal computer was very new at the time; many people didn’t think there was a use for a computer at home. The lesson: When you’re introducing something new, keep it simple. 1978 — “Bestselling” (http://www.macmothership.com/gallery/MiscAds/a2bestselling1.jpg) “Since we developed Apple II in April 1977, more people have chosen our computer than all other personal computers combined.” Apple opens the brochure with the above quote, providing social proof from buyers. -
Gestalt Manager 1
CHAPTER 1 Gestalt Manager 1 This chapter describes how you can use the Gestalt Manager and other system software facilities to investigate the operating environment. You need to know about the 1 operating environment if your application takes advantage of hardware (such as a Gestalt Manager floating-point unit) or software (such as Color QuickDraw) that is not available on all Macintosh computers. You can also use the Gestalt Manager to inform the Operating System that your software is present and to find out about other software registered with the Gestalt Manager. The Gestalt Manager is available in system software versions 6.0.4 and later. The MPW software development system and some other development environments supply code that allows you to use the Gestalt Manager on earlier system software versions; check the documentation provided with your development system. In system software versions earlier than 6.0.4, you can retrieve a limited description of the operating environment with the SysEnvirons function, also described in this chapter. You need to read this chapter if you take advantage of specific hardware or software features that may not be present on all versions of the Macintosh, or if you wish to inform other software that your software is present in the operating environment. This chapter describes how the Gestalt Manager works and then explains how you can ■ determine whether the Gestalt Manager is available ■ call the Gestalt function to investigate the operating environment ■ make information about your own hardware or software available to other applications ■ retrieve a limited description of the operating environment even if the Gestalt Manager is not available About the Gestalt Manager 1 The Macintosh family of computers includes models that use a number of different processors, some accompanied by a floating-point unit (FPU) or memory management unit (MMU). -
From 128K to Quadra: Model by Model
Chapter 12 From 128K to Quadra: Model by Model IN THIS CHAPTER: I What the specs mean I The specs for every Mac model ever made I Secrets of the pre-PowerPC Mac models I Just how much your Mac has devalued Yes, we’ve already been told that we’re nuts to attempt the next two chapters of this book. Since 1984, Apple has created more than 140 different Mac models — including 35 different PowerBooks and 53 different Performas! Each year, Apple piles on another dozen or so new models. By the time you finish reading this page, another Performa model probably will have been born. So, writing a couple of chapters that are supposed to describe every model is an exercise in futility. But we’re going to attempt it anyway, taking the models one by one and tracking their speeds, specs, and life cycles. This chapter will cover all the Apple Macs — both desktop and portable models — from the birth of the original Macintosh 128K to the release of the PowerBook 190, the last Mac ever made that was based on Motorola’s 68000-series processor chip. When you’re finished reading this chapter, you will be one of the few people on Earth who actually knows the difference between a Performa 550, 560, 575, 577, 578, 580, and 588. 375 376 Part II: Secrets of the Machine Chapter 13 will cover every Power Mac — or, more accurately, every PowerPC-based machine (those with four-digit model numbers) — from the first ones released in 1994 to the models released just minutes before this book was printed. -
The Macintosh II Reference Guide 1989.Pdf
The ·· Macintosh IT Reference Guide ST. PETERSBURG JUNIOR COLLEGE LIBRARY QA76.8.M3 V45 1989 OOO ii~l~ili3 5401l ltlm~~00218874~ ~~~~~~~~, 5 The Macintosh II ,. 2 9 Refereil QA t Veljkov, QPr~C J. ~:J :J- 76 . 8 "-- .M3 The Macintosh I I V45 reference guide 1989 $21.95 DATE , , -· . ..,..~. ';\ ' - - ~t. ~etetsbutg ~!funtot ctt:olltgt C THE BAKER a TAYLOR CO, 900001·13 2 The Macintosh II Reference Guide Mark D. Veljkov j)l JdttSbUttl J uniot Qt olltgt Scott, Foresman and Company Glenview. Illinois London A list of trademark lines can be found following the Acknowledgments. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Veljkov, Mark D. The Macintosh II reference guide I Mark D. Veljkov. p. em. Includes index. ISBN 0-673-38227-3 I. Macintosh II (Computer) I. Title. II. Title: Macintosh 2 reference guide. III. Title: Macintosh 1\vo reference guide. QA76.8.M3V45 1989 004.165-dc19 88-29097 CIP ISBN D-673-38227-3 Copyright© 1989 Scott, Foresman and Company. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Notice of Liability The information in this book is distributed on an ''As Is'' basis, without warranty. Neither the author nor Scott, Foresman and Company shall have any liability to customer or any other person or entity with respect to any liability, loss, or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by the programs con tained herein. This includes, but is not limited to, interruption of service, loss of data, loss of business or anticipatory profits, or consequential damages from the use of the programs. -
Ipad: a Virtual Studio in My Handbag by Angela Hayward
iPad: A Virtual Studio in my Handbag By Angela Hayward Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) In Collaboration with: University of the Arts London Arts University Bournemouth June 2018 Dedication I would like to dedicate this thesis to my sister, Debs, who always supported me and who I wish could have seen that I’d completed it. I would like to acknowledge the help and support of my supervisory team, Dr Kavita Hayton, Dr Mark Ingham, Professor Stephanie James, Research Manager Valerie Lodge and all my family and friends whose absolute confidence in me has without a doubt enabled me to keep going and finish what I started. Abstract Central to this practice-based investigation is the concept that the iPad has the potential to provide the appropriate tools and resources required to create a body of new and original artworks. I suggest that the iPad enables the artist to re-define the concept of an artist’s studio and facilitates a move away from the traditional studio towards a new virtual studio. This investigation considers the affordances of the iPad in engendering new ways of visualising intimate, private, domestic and public space, through filmmaking, photography, and digital drawing and painting. The practice-based element of this doctorate is interwoven with an investigation of relevant critical theory and is presented as a descriptive analysis of my virtual studio. The research explores the contemporary methodologies of arts-based research; autoethnography and visual and digital ethnography. My contribution to knowledge is that the iPad is a virtual studio that enables myself and other artists to create new modes of creative practice. -
Powerbook 100
K Service Source PowerBook 100 K Service Source Specifications PowerBook 100 Specifications Processor - 1 Processor CPU Motorola 68HC000, 16-bit CMOS microprocessor 15.6672 MHz Addressing 32-bit internal registers 24-bit address bus 16-bit data bus Specifications Memory - 2 Memory RAM 2 MB of 100 ns pseudostatic RAM (PSRAM) standard, expandable to 8 MB ROM 256K (two 128K by 8-bit devices); 150 ns access time; addressing supports up to 4 MB PRAM 128 bytes of parameter memory VRAM 32K of pseudostatic video display memory Clock/Calendar CMOS custom chip with long-life lithium battery Specifications Disk Storage - 3 Disk Storage Floppy Drive External Macintosh HDI-20 1.4 MB drive (Optional) 4.5 W startup power; 1.25 W random operation; 50 mW idle 20 MB Hard Drive 20 MB formatted capacity Apple SCSI interface; 2.5 in. mechanism 23 msec average access time (maximum) 5.0 W startup power; 2.7 W random operation 40 MB Hard Drive 40 MB formatted capacity Apple SCSI interface; 2.5 in. mechanism <19 msec average access time (maximum) 5.0 W startup power; 2.25–2.5 W random operation; 1.3–1.5 W idle Specifications I/O Interfaces - 4 I/O Interfaces Floppy Drive One HDI-20 floppy drive port for external 1.4 MB drive SCSI One HDI-30 SCSI port; 1.5 MB/sec. transfer rate Supports five devices maximum Apple Desktop Bus One Apple Desktop Bus (ADB) port; low-speed serial interface Serial Two RS-422 ports, one external and one internal 230.4 Kbaud minimum Asynchronous, synchronous, and AppleTalk protocols supported Internal connector supports Macintosh PowerBook Fax/Data modem Specifications I/O Interfaces - 5 Sound One sound output port for external audio amplifier Specifications I/O Devices - 6 I/O Devices Keyboard Built-in keyboard; ADB interface Dimensions: 10.6 in. -
Macintosh IIII System Fact Sheet SYSTEM POWER PORTS ADB: 2 Introduced: March 1987 Max
MacintoshMacintosh IIII System Fact Sheet SYSTEM POWER PORTS ADB: 2 Introduced: March 1987 Max. Watts: 230 Video: VGA Discontinued: January 1990 Amps: 1.90 Floppy: none Gestalt ID: 6 BTU Per Hour: 786.6 SCSI: DB-25 Form Factor: II Voltage Range: 90-270 GeoPort Connectors: none Weight (lbs.): 24 Freq'y Range (Hz): 48-62 Ethernet: none Dimensions (inches): 5.5 H x 18.7 W x 14.4 D Battery Type: n/a Microphone Port Type: none Soft Power Printer Speaker Codename: Little Big Mac, Monitor Power Outlet Headphone Oder Number: Modem KB Article #: 2884, 10197 Airport Remote Control Support Discontinued 9/1/98 1 VIDEO Built-in Display: none Maximum Color Bit-depth At: 512 640 640 640 800 832 1024 1152 1280 VRAM Speed: VRAM Needed: Video Configuration: x384 x400 x480 x8702 x600 x624 x768 x870 x1024 n/a n/a requires video card n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 1 1-bit = Black & White; 2-bit = 4 colors; 4-bit = 16 colors; 8-bit = 256 colors; 16-bit = Thousands; 24-bit = Millions 2 The maximum color depth listed for 640x870 is 8-bit, reflecting the capabilities of the Apple 15" Portrait Display. LOGIC BOARD MEMORY Main Processor: 68020, 16 MHz Memory on Logic Board: none PMMU: opt. 68851 Minimum RAM: 1 MB FPU: 68881 Maximum RAM: 20 MB Data Path: 32-bit, 16 MHz RAM Slots: 8 30-pin L1 Cache: 0.25K Minimum RAM Speed: 120 ns L2 Cache: none RAM Sizes: 256 K, 1, 4 MB Secondary Processor: none Install in Groups of: 4 Slots: 6 NuBus 4MB or 16MB SIMMs cannot be put into Bank A, unless Macintosh II SuperDrive Upgrade is installed. -
Apple Module Identification )
) Apple Module Identification ) PN: 072-8124 ) Copyright 1985-1994 by Apple Computer, Inc. June 1994 ( ( ( Module Identification Table of Contents ) Module Index by Page Number ii Cross Reference by Part Number xv CPU PCBs 1 .1 .1 Keyboards 2.1.1 Power Supplies 3.1.1 Interface Cards 4.1.1 Monitors 5.1.1 Drives 6.1.1 Data Communication 7.1.1 ) Printers 8.1.1 Input Devices 9.1.1 Miscellaneous 10.1.1 ) Module Identification Jun 94 Page i Module Index by Page Number Description Page No. CPU PCBs Macintosh Plus Logic Board 1 .1 .1 Macintosh Plus Logic Board 1.1.2 Macintosh II Logic Board 1.2.1 Macintosh II Logic Board 1.2.2 Macintosh IIx Logic Board 1.2.3 Macintosh Ilx Logic Board 1.2.4 Macintosh Ilcx Logic Board 1.2.5 Macintosh Ilcx Logic Board 1.2.6 Apple 256K SIMM, 120 ns 1.3.1 Apple 256K SIMM, DIP, 120 ns 1.3.2 Apple 256K SIMM, SOJ, SO ns 1.3.3 Apple 1 MB SIMM, 120 ns 1.3.4 Apple 1 MB SIMM, DIP, 120 ns 1.3.5 Apple 1 MB SIMM, SOJ, SO ns 1.3.6 Apple 1 MB SIMM, SOJ, SO ns 1.3.7 Apple 1 MB SIMM, SOJ, SO ns, Parity 1.3.S Apple 2 MB SIMM, SOJ, SO ns 1.3.9 Apple 512K SIMM, SOJ, SO ns 1.3.10 Apple 256K SIMM, VRAM, 100 ns 1.3.11 Apple 256K SIMM, VRAM, SO ns 1.3.12 ( Apple 512K SIMM, VRAM 1.3.13 Macintosh/Macintosh Plus ROMs 1.3.14 Macintosh SE and SE/30 ROMs 1.3.15 Macintosh II ROMs 1.3.16 Apple 4 MB SIMM, 60 ns, 72-Pin 1.3.17 Apple S MB SIMM, 60 ns, 72-Pin 1.3.1S Apple 4 MB x 9 SIMM, SO ns, Parity 1.3.19 Apple 12SK SRAM SIMM, 17 ns 1.3.20 Apple 256K SRAM SIMM, 17 ns 1.3.21 Apple 4SK Tag SRAM SIMM, 14 ns 1.3.22 Macintosh SE Logic Board 1.4.1 Macintosh SE Revised Logic Board 1.4.2 Macintosh SE SOOK Logic Board 1.4.3 Macintosh SE Apple SuperDrive Logic Board 1.4.4 Macintosh SE/30 Logic Board 1.4.5 Macintosh SE/30 Logic Board 1.4.6 Macintosh SE Analog Board 1.4.7 Macintosh SE Video Board 1.4.S ( Macintosh Classic Logic Board 1.5.1 Macintosh Classic Power Sweep Board (110 V) Rev. -
Apple Computer, Inc. Technical Drawings
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c88g8p21 No online items Apple Computer, Inc. Technical Drawings Finding aid created by History San Jose Research Library staff using RecordEXPRESS History San Jose Research Library 1650 Senter Road San Jose, California 95110 (408) 287-2290 [email protected] http://www.historysanjose.org/ 2014 Apple Computer, Inc. Technical 2003-50 1 Drawings Descriptive Summary Title: Apple Computer, Inc. Technical Drawings Dates: 1981-1989 Collection Number: 2003-50 Creator/Collector: Apple Computer, Inc. Extent: 1.17 cubic feet (12 map folders) Repository: History San Jose Research Library San Jose, California 95110 Abstract: Schematic drawings of the Apple Lisa, Macintosh, Macintosh II, Mac SE computers, "Twiggy" floppy disk drive, and LaserWriter II NT. Language of Material: English Access Collection is open to the public for research by appointment with the Curator of Library and Archives. Publication Rights The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Under certain conditions specified in the law, libraries and archives are authorized to furnish a photocopy or other reproduction. One of these specified conditions is that the photocopy or reproduction is not to be "used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research." If a user makes a request for, or later uses, a photocopy or reproduction for purposes in excess of "fair use," that user may be liable for copyright infringement. This institution reserves the right to refuse to accept a copying order if, in its judgement, fulfillment of the order would involve violation of copyright law. -
Macintosh Portable
• Apple Technical Procedures Macintosh Portable Technical Procedures o TABLE OF CONTENTS Section 1 1.2 Product Description Basics 1.2 Features 1.4 Configurations 1.5 Module Identification 1.6 Options 1.10 Connector and Switch Identification 1.10 Rear Panel 1.10 Internal 1.12 Theory of Operation 1.12 Introduction 1.12 Logic Board 1.21 SuperDrive Disk Drive 1.21 Keyboard 1.21 Trackball 1.21 Low-Power Mouse 1.22 LCD Display 1.24 Main and Backup Batteries 1.25 Power Adapter 1.26 Functional Overview 1.29 System Software 1.29 Features of System Software 6.0.4 1.32 Installation Procedure 1.33 Specifications 1.37 Other Information 1.37 Programmer's Switch 1.38 Materials Required Macintosh Portable rev. Oct 89 Contents / i Section 2 2.3 Introduction Take-Apart 2.3 Materials Required 2.3 Power Information 2.3 Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Precautions 2.4 Rear Cover 2.6 Keyboard Cover 2.8 Main Battery 2.10 Backup Battery 2.12 Option Cards 2.14 SCSI Hard Disk Drive 2.16 Upper Floppy Disk Drive 2.18 Lower Floppy Disk Drive 2.20 Keyboard, Trackball, and Numeric Keypad 2.22 Speaker 2.24 Display Assembly 2.28 LCD Display 2.34 Logic Board Section 3 3.2 Introduction Diagnostics : 3.2 MacTest (Local) 3.3 AppleCAT (Remote) 3.4 Running the Tests from a Hard Disk 3.4 Using AppleCAT/MacTest Portable 3.4 Materials Required 3.4 MacTest Setup 3.6 AppleCAT Setup 3.8 Test Selections 3.10 Looping 3.11 Configuration 3.11 As the Tests Are Running 3.13 AppleCAT/MacTest Portable Menus and Keyboard Equivalents Section 4 4.2 Introduction Troubleshooting 4.2 Before You Start 4.2 How to Use the Symptom Chart 4.2 How to Use the Troubleshooting Flowcharts 4.3 Things To Remember 4.4 Module Exchange Information 4.4 SCSI Hard Disk 4.4 FDHD Floppy Disk Drive 4.4 LCD Display ii / Contents rev. -
Spoiledapples(1) Apples Before Intel Spoiledapples(1)
spoiledapples(1) Apples before Intel spoiledapples(1) NAME spoiledapples - Emulation of 6502, 680x0 and PowerPC-based Apple computers and clones SYNOPSIS spoiledapples [-s version][-m model][-c cpu] spoiledapples -h DESCRIPTION spoiledapples is a Bash command-line interface to launch emulators of 6502, 680x0 and PowerPC-based Apple computers with their operating systems on modern x86_64 architectures under Linux, macOS and Windows. libspoiledapples is a very heavy library aggregating a collection of emulators, various operating systems and manyApple ROM images. The Spoiled_Apples package includes the libspoiledapples library and the spoiledapples command-line interface to launch the different emulations. OPTIONS At least one of operating system, computer model or the architecture should be passed; otherwise this manual page is shown. BASIC OPTIONS -s version,--system=version emulates the operating system version For680x0 and PowerPC-based computers the version may be passed as numbers in the major[.minor[.re vision]] format. If the version provided is not implemented, then the closest one is chosen. For6502-based computers the format must be prefixed: DOS_major[.minor[.re vision]] or ProDOS_major[.minor[.re vision]]. If the version provided is not implemented, then the closest one is chosen. Some 6502-based computers can receive also a Z80 extension card and run CP/M, which must be prefixed: CPM_major[.minor]. At the moment, only version 2.2 is implemented, but 3.0 may followat some point. ManyMacintosh can alternatively run A/UX (Apple Unix). The format must be prefixed: AUX_major[.minor[.re vision]]. If the version provided is not implemented, then the closest one is chosen. If this parameter is not passed, then the best possible operating system for the selected computer model or architecture is chosen (in terms of offered possibilities versus running speed).