DOCSLIB.ORG

POLAR BEAR in MATERIAL and SPIRITUAL CULTURE of the NATIVE PEOPLES of CHUKOTKA «BIBLIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION» Final Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
POLAR BEAR in MATERIAL and SPIRITUAL CULTURE of the NATIVE PEOPLES of CHUKOTKA «BIBLIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION» Final Report POLAR BEAR IN MATERIAL AND SPIRITUAL CULTURE OF THE NATIVE PEOPLES OF CHUKOTKA «BIBLIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION» Final Report Compiled by SVETLANA KOCHNEVA Association of Traditional Marine Mammal Hunters of Chukotka, Alaska Nanuuq Commission V.G. Tan-Bogoraz Chukotka Regional Universal Public Library Pacific Fisheries Research Center (Pacific NIRO) (Chukotka Branch) ANADYR 2007 Translated from the Russian by Olga Romanenko ([email protected] ph.: 907-278-2566) Anchorage, Alaska 2008 1 About the Author Svetlana Kochneva was born in Leningrad (St. Petersburg), graduated from St. Petersburg University of Culture and Art, and for almost ten years worked at the Science Library of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Since 2002, she has lived in Anadyr (Chukotskiy Autonomous District), working as the head of the Service Department of the V.G. Tan-Bogoraz Chukotka Regional Universal Public Library. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 4 From the Author ........................................................................................................................... 5 Part 1 – Polar bear and Man: on the history of the issue. ............................................................. 8 Bibliography. ................................................................................................................................ 9 Part 2 – Polar bear in traditional world outlook of the peoples of the North… ......................... 12 Bibliography… ........................................................................................................................... 23 Part 3 – Traditional polar bear hunting… ................................................................................... 32 3. 1 Rituals, taboos, and superstitions associated with hunting and harvest of polar bears ………………………………………………………………………………………..……...…32 3. 2 Polar bear hunting tactics………………………………………………………………….35 3. 3 Polar bear Hunters Councils… ........................................................................................... 39 3. 4 Polar bear hunting equipment. ............................................................................................ 40 3. 5 Rules of harvest distribution… ........................................................................................... 42 3. 6 Size of bear harvest… .......................................................................................................... 43 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................ 44 Part 4 - Polar bear carcass butchering and partitioning, and use of polar bear meat for food ………………….53 4. 1 Polar bear carcass butchering and partitioning… .............................................................. 53 4. 2 Polar bear meat in the diet of the people residing in the Northeast of Russia. .................. 54 Bibliography… .......................................................................................................................... 58 Part 5 – Rituals and celebrations honoring Polar bear… ............................................................61 5.1 Greeting polar bear as a guest, food offerings and gifts… .................................................. 62 5.2 Apologetic rituals and bear dance…..................................................................................... 64 5.3 Rituals of burial of polar bear bones and skull… ................................................................ 65 Bibliography. ............................................................................................................................. 69 Part 6 – Economic importance of the polar bear skin… ........................................................... 79 6. 1 Processing polar bear skin, and its traditional use in everyday life… ................................ 79 6. 2 Demand for polar bear fur, and sale of fur by native people of Chukotka… .................... 80 Bibliography. ............................................................................................................................. 81 Part 7 – Use of other parts of polar bear carcass… ................................................................... 86 7. 1 Use of other parts of polar bear carcass in everyday life… ............................................... 86 7. 2 Sacred use of other parts of polar bear carcass… ............................................................. 86 Bibliography. ............................................................................................................................ 87 Part 8 – Polar Bear in folklore… .............................................................................................. 90 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................. 94 Part 9 – Polar Bear in art…........................................................................................................ 99 Bibliography… ....................................................................................................................... 103 Conclusion… .......................................................................................................................... 107 Attachment № 1 – Typological key to themes… ................................................................... 109 Attachment № 2 – Combined list of literature… .................................................................. 119 3 INTRODUCTION This project “Gathering traditional knowledge of the native peoples of Chukotka on the polar bear and its habitat” was carried out in 1999-2002 by the Chukotka Association of Traditional Marine Mammal Hunters (CHAZTO), Alaska Nanuuq Commission, and Pacific Fisheries Research Center (TINRO), Chukotka branch. The project “Polar bear in material and spiritual culture of the native peoples of Chukotka” was started in 2004. The main goal of the project was to gather information about different ways to hunt polar bears, about use of harvested animals, about rituals and customs associated with polar bear, and about the image of polar bear in visual arts and folklore. Information was obtained using two methods: 1) interviewing native people of different generations in Chukotka villages; 2) analysis of the literary sources on history and ethnography of the region. In 2005, the project was joined by the V.G. Tan-Bogoraz Regional Universal Public Library of Chukotka that undertook the work on “Bibliographic information” section. The project is funded by the United States National Park Service. 4 FROM THE AUTHOR The history of man’s acquaintance with the polar bear is as long as the history of humans inhabiting the coasts and islands of northern seas. The first written sources containing information about this animal date back to distant times. Japanese manuscripts mentioned polar bears already in the year 650. Moscow first learnt of stories about the life of polar bears in the XVII century, when Russians started to settle the coasts of the White and Barents Seas. Information about the material and spiritual importance of polar bears for the native population of the North can be found in general geographical and faunistic monographs of the XVIII-XIX centuries. Those that deserve to be mentioned here include works by F.P. Vrangel, A.V. Middendorf, V.L. Seroshevskiy, V.G. Bogoraz, N.L. Gondatti, A.E. Nordenscheldt, A.A. Bunge, D.N. Anuchin, V.I. Iohelson. In the XX century, literature on polar bears was supplemented by studies on the distribution and population size of this predator; its economic use and importance; and its evolution, biology and ecology. Data on the economic and cultural importance of the polar bear in the life of aboriginals of the far North can be found only in works by a few authors: S.A. Buturlin, B.M. Zhitkov, N.F. Kalinnikov, G.Ya. Sedov, A.I. Mineev, G.A. Ushakov, G.A. Menovshchikov, I.S. Vdovin, S.M. Uspenskiy. As published materials accumulated over the years, lists of references on polar bears and the history and ethnography of Chukotka peoples were compiled. We haven’t found any systematic bibliographic information on the material and cultural importance of the polar bear in the life of the Chukotka native peoples. Therefore, the present annotated list is the first one in which Russian sources of information are analyzed. Information on the cultural importance of the polar bear is mostly fragmentary; it usually presents only parts of rituals that were most interesting to the travelers and explorers at that time. We have practically no complete descriptions of the rituals honoring polar bear- rituals that would start with preparations for the hunt and finish with burial of the polar bear bones and skull. Bibliographic information gathered within the framework of this theme is not limited to the territory of Chukotka only. Features of cultural development of the Northeast of Asia allow the combination of the territories of Yakutia, Taimyr peninsula, Magadan area, Kamchatka, and Chukotskiy Autonomous District (AD) into one cultural and historical zone, within which cultural impulses spread both in eastern and western directions over the course of millennia. In order to explain the traditional view of life, particular rituals, and mythological topics, we compare materials
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Eskimo Language Work of Aleksandr Forshtein
    Alaska Journal of Anthropology Volume 4, Numbers 1-2 The Eskimo Language Work of Aleksandr Forshtein Michael E. Krauss Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, AK 99775, ff [email protected] Abstract: Th e paper focuses on another aspect of the legacy of the late Russian Eskimologist Aleksandr Forshtein (1904-1968), namely his linguistic materials and his publications in Eskimo languages and early Russian/Soviet school programs in Siberian Yupik. During the 1930s, the Russians launched an impressive program in developing writing systems, education, and publication in several Native Siberian languages. Forshtein and his mentor, Waldemar Bogoras, took active part in those eff orts on behalf of Siberian Yupik. Th e paper reviews Forshtein’s (and Bogoras’) various contributions to Siberian Yupik language work and language documentation. As it turned out, Forshtein’s, as well as Bogoras’ approach had many fl aws; several colleagues of Forshtein achieved better results and produced alternative writing systems for Siberian Yupik language. Th is review of the early Russian language work on Siberian Yupik is given against the backdrop of many colorful personalities involved and of the general conditions of Russian Siberian linguistics during the 1920s and the 1930s. Keywords: A.S. Forshtein, V.G. Bogoraz, K.S. Sergeeva, E. P. Orlova, Yuit Th is paper that evaluates the Eskimo language work of forced me to compromise a freedom taken for granted on Aleksandr Semenovich Forshtein (1904-1968) must begin this side. with a painfully confl icted apology. In the early 1980’s I was invited by Isabelle Kreindler of Haifa University to contrib- Furthermore, I feel the need to warn the reader to bear ute a paper to a collection on Soviet linguists executed or with me that in the recent process of research for the present interned by Stalinist repression in the former USSR during paper, I was repeatedly faced with new discoveries and re- the years 1930-1953 (Kreindler 1985).
    [Show full text]
  • LEV IAKOVLEVICH SHTERNBERG: at the OUTSET of SOVIET ETHNOGRAPHY1 Anna A. Sirina and Tat'iana P. Roon Introduction the Works Of
    First published in “Jochelson, Bogoras and Shternberg: A Scientific Exploration of Northeastern Siberia and the Shaping of Soviet Ethnography”, edited by Erich Kasten, 2018: 207 – 264. Fürstenberg/Havel: Kulturstiftung Sibirien. — Electronic edition for www.siberien-studies.org LEV IAKOVLEVICH SHTERNBERG: 8 AT THE OUTSET OF SOVIET ETHNOGRAPHY1 Anna A. Sirina and Tat‘iana P. Roon Introduction The works of Lev Iakovlevich Shternberg, the eminent Russian and Soviet scientist, accomplished theoretical evolutionist, professor, and corresponding member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences (from 1924), are well known by present day historians, ethnographers and anthropologists. An active public figure, he was engaged in the ethnography of the peoples of the Russian Far East and in Jewish ethnography. His acquaintance through correspondence with Friedrich Engels played a not insignificant role in his prominence: Engels wrote to Shternberg, having become acquainted with his discovery of group marriages amongst the Gilyak (or Nivkh) people (Shternberg et al. 1933; Shternberg 1933b: xvii-xix; see also Marx and Engels 1962, vol. 22: 364–367). This “discovery,” as with his description of other features of the Nivkh (Gilyak) social order, made on the Island of Sakhalin, was the beginning of his scientific activities. Over the period of his eight-year administrative exile he gathered unique field mate- rial on the language, folklore and social and religious life of the Nivkh. The results of his research were published in Russia beginning as early as 1893 (Shternberg 1893a; 1895; 1896). A considerable amount has been written on Lev Shternberg: obituaries, including ones in foreign journals,2 articles by ethnographers, archeologists, museologists and historians of science.3 Of particular interest is an absorbing book by Nina Gagen-Torn who, on the basis of personal recollections and archival documents, gives a vivid and emotional account of her teacher — the revolutionary and founder of the Leningrad School of Ethnography (Gagen-Torn 1971; 1975).
    [Show full text]
  • Conditional Probabilities for the Beaufort Sea Planning Area
    OCS Report BOEM 2020-003 Oil Spill Risk Analysis: Conditional Probabilities for the Beaufort Sea Planning Area US Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Headquarters This page intentionally left blank. OCS Report BOEM 2020-003 Oil Spill Risk Analysis: Conditional Probabilities for the Beaufort Sea Planning Area January 2020 Authors: Zhen Li Caryn Smith In-House Document by U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Division of Environmental Sciences Sterling, VA US Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Headquarters This page intentionally left blank. REPORT AVAILABILITY To download a PDF file of this report, go to the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Oil Spill Risk Analysis web page (https://www.boem.gov/environment/environmental- assessment/oil-spill-risk-analysis-reports). CITATION Li Z, Smith C. 2020. Oil Spill Risk Analysis: Conditional Probabilities for the Beaufort Sea Planning Area. Sterling (VA): U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. OCS Report BOEM 2020-003. 130 p. ABOUT THE COVER This graphic depicts the study area in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas and boundary segments used in the oil spill risk analysis model for the the Beaufort Sea Planning Area. Table of Contents Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................................... i List of Figures ...............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • FSC National Risk Assessment
    FSC National Risk Assessment for the Russian Federation DEVELOPED ACCORDING TO PROCEDURE FSC-PRO-60-002 V3-0 Version V1-0 Code FSC-NRA-RU National approval National decision body: Coordination Council, Association NRG Date: 04 June 2018 International approval FSC International Center, Performance and Standards Unit Date: 11 December 2018 International contact Name: Tatiana Diukova E-mail address: [email protected] Period of validity Date of approval: 11 December 2018 Valid until: (date of approval + 5 years) Body responsible for NRA FSC Russia, [email protected], [email protected] maintenance FSC-NRA-RU V1-0 NATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION 2018 – 1 of 78 – Contents Risk designations in finalized risk assessments for the Russian Federation ................................................. 3 1 Background information ........................................................................................................... 4 2 List of experts involved in risk assessment and their contact details ........................................ 6 3 National risk assessment maintenance .................................................................................... 7 4 Complaints and disputes regarding the approved National Risk Assessment ........................... 7 5 List of key stakeholders for consultation ................................................................................... 8 6 List of abbreviations and Russian transliterated terms* used ................................................... 8 7 Risk assessments
    [Show full text]
  • THE SUN, the MOON and FIRMAMENT in CHUKCHI MYTHOLOGY and on the RELATIONS of CELESTIAL BODIES and SACRIFICE Ülo Siimets
    THE SUN, THE MOON AND FIRMAMENT IN CHUKCHI MYTHOLOGY AND ON THE RELATIONS OF CELESTIAL BODIES AND SACRIFICE Ülo Siimets Abstract This article gives a brief overview of the most common Chukchi myths, notions and beliefs related to celestial bodies at the end of the 19th and during the 20th century. The firmament of Chukchi world view is connected with their main source of subsistence – reindeer herding. Chukchis are one of the very few Siberian indigenous people who have preserved their religion. Similarly to many other nations, the peoples of the Far North as well as Chukchis personify the Sun, the Moon and stars. The article also points out the similarities between Chukchi notions and these of other peoples. Till now Chukchi reindeer herders seek the supposed help or influence of a constellation or planet when making important sacrifices (for example, offering sacrifices in a full moon). According to the Chukchi religion the most important celestial character is the Sun. It is spoken of as an individual being (vaúrgún). In addition to the Sun, the Creator, Dawn, Zenith, Midday and the North Star also belong to the ranks of special (superior) beings. The Moon in Chukchi mythology is a man and a being in one person. It is as the ketlja (evil spirit) of the Sun. Chukchi myths about several stars (such as the North Star and Betelgeuse) resemble to a great extent these of other peoples. Keywords: astral mythology, the Moon, sacrifices, reindeer herding, the Sun, celestial bodies, Chukchi religion, constellations. The interdependence of the Earth and celestial as well as weather phenomena has a special meaning for mankind for it is the co-exist- ence of the Sun and Moon, day and night, wind, rainfall and soil that creates life and warmth and provides the daily bread.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Sciences 85
    Historical sciences 85 Short Report THE CALENDAR VOCABULARY AS A STUDY relations of the Samoyeds and Yenisseys it may be SOURCE OF ANCIENT CULTURAL- supposed the following peculiarities of the origin of LINGUISTIC CONTACTS OF SIBERIAN the names for conceptions “spring”, “winter” in the INDIGENOUS PEOPLES (TO THE PROBLEM Samoyed (Selkup) and the Yenissey (Ket) languages: OF THE ORIGIN OF THE WORDS “SPRING”, 1) The words “winter”, “spring” had been bor- “WINTER»IN THE SELKUP AND THE KET rowed by native speakers from each other during the LANGUAGES) period of the existence of Samoyed and Yenissey lin- Kolesnikova V. guistic communities. [email protected] 2) The words “winter”, “spring” had been bor- rowed by native speakers from each other after the Different ethnic groups had been living, mov- disintegration of indicated linguistic communities (or ing, assimilating on the territory of Western Siberia one of them). for a long time. Economic and cultural contacts be- 3) The words “winter”, “spring” have been tween representatives of these groups had been arising borrowed by native speakers not from each other, but during many years. The relations and the two-way from another source. influence of two peoples – the Samoyeds and Yenis- It is known that there are many words in seys (ancestors of modern Selkups and Kets) - is one Selkup and Ket borrowed from other, unrelated lan- example of such contacts. Samoyed-yenissey lexical guages. For example, words from Russian and Turkic equivalents demonstrated by some researchers may be have been fixed in the Selkup language. A whole given as the results of their relationship [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Second Report Submitted by the Russian Federation Pursuant to The
    ACFC/SR/II(2005)003 SECOND REPORT SUBMITTED BY THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 25, PARAGRAPH 2 OF THE FRAMEWORK CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES (Received on 26 April 2005) MINISTRY OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION REPORT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PROVISIONS OF THE FRAMEWORK CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES Report of the Russian Federation on the progress of the second cycle of monitoring in accordance with Article 25 of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities MOSCOW, 2005 2 Table of contents PREAMBLE ..............................................................................................................................4 1. Introduction........................................................................................................................4 2. The legislation of the Russian Federation for the protection of national minorities rights5 3. Major lines of implementation of the law of the Russian Federation and the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities .............................................................15 3.1. National territorial subdivisions...................................................................................15 3.2 Public associations – national cultural autonomies and national public organizations17 3.3 National minorities in the system of federal government............................................18 3.4 Development of Ethnic Communities’ National
    [Show full text]
  • Beaufort Sea: Hypothetical Very Large Oil Spill and Gas Release
    OCS Report BOEM 2020-001 BEAUFORT SEA: HYPOTHETICAL VERY LARGE OIL SPILL AND GAS RELEASE U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Alaska OCS Region OCS Study BOEM 2020-001 BEAUFORT SEA: HYPOTHETICAL VERY LARGE OIL SPILL AND GAS RELEASE January 2020 Author: Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Alaska OCS Region U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Alaska OCS Region REPORT AVAILABILITY To download a PDF file of this report, go to the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (www.boem.gov/newsroom/library/alaska-scientific-and-technical-publications, and click on 2020). CITATION BOEM, 2020. Beaufort Sea: Hypothetical Very Large Oil Spill and Gas Release. OCS Report BOEM 2020-001 Anchorage, AK: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Alaska OCS Region. 151 pp. Beaufort Sea: Hypothetical Very Large Oil Spill and Gas Release BOEM Contents List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ............................................................................................................. vii 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 What is a VLOS? ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 What Could Precipitate a VLOS? ................................................................................................ 1 1.2.1 Historical OCS and Worldwide
    [Show full text]
  • Indigenous Peoples and Industrial Companies: Best Practices of Cooperation in the Russian Federation
    INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND INDUSTRIAL COMPANIES: BEST PRACTICES OF COOPERATION IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION Moscow 2012 2 Content Introduction by Sergey Kharyuchi ..............................................................................3 Introduction by Evgeniy Velikhov ..............................................................................4 Introduction by Andrei Galaev ....................................................................................5 Irkutsk Oil Company (IOC) ............................................................................6 Kinross Gold Corporation ............................................................................12 Polymetal Company ..........................................................................................22 Rosneft Oil Company .........................................................................................29 Sakhalin Energy Investment Company Ltd. ...................................39 Concluding remarks .........................................................................................................46 3 Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation (RAIPON) represents and protects inter- ests of indigenous population of the Russian North. Currently the Association faces a multitude of ob- jectives connected with the preservation of health of indigenous peoples, with the resolution of truly com- plex social and economic problems, with saving tra- ditional culture inherited from ancestors. Meanwhile,
    [Show full text]
  • Khanty-Mansiysk
    Khanty-Mansiysk www.visithm.com Valery Gergiev, People’s Artist of Russia, the Artistic and General Director of the Mariinsky Theatre: «It is a very big fortune that in Khanty-Mansiysk with its 80,000 inhabitants (let it be 100,000 people as there are a lot of guests) there is such a cultural centre. Not every city with population exceeding one million can afford the same». Dmitry Guberniev, Russian sports commentator: «Khanty-Mansiysk is like home for me. I enjoy visiting it again and again. Furthermore, I have a lot of friends there». Elena Yakovleva, Russian film and stage actress, Honoured Artist of Russia, People’s Artist of Russia: «What I managed to see from the window of a car impressed me greatly. I really envy people who live there as they live in a fairy-tale. These are not just words and I am absolutely sincere. There is a taiga near the houses that attracts and invites to stay here a bit longer». Airport park А Immediately after your cheo landing in Khanty-Mansiysk Ar you can feel Siberian colour of the city. The international The cultural and tourist airport successfully combines complex “Archeopark”, national traditions and located at the base modern style: it is made of of the butte of the advanced materials in the ancient glacier, is one form of Khanty chum (raw- of the main sights of hide tent). the capital of Ugra. Its bronze inhabitants depict the way of life of the Paleolithic people and animals from the Pleistocene time. Almost all ancient animals are made in full size here, and you can make original photos with them.
    [Show full text]
  • 322-3-Cultural Identity in Russia
    CS 322 Peoples and Cultures of the Circumpolar World II Module 3 Changes in Expressions of Cultural Identity in Northwest Russia, Siberia and the Far East Contents Course objectives 1 Introduction 2 Indigenous and non-indigenous northern identities 4 The impact of media on indigenous peoples 7 Expression of identity and self-determination through media 9 Expression of identity and self-determination through literary and visual arts 12 Family, education and recreation as social institutions for self-determination 16 Indigenous families: the impact of assimilation processes 18 Education systems: indigenous concerns vs. educational practices 19 Recreation 22 Glossary of terms 23 Literature 24 Course objectives Whereas the changes in expressions of cultural identity in the North American Arctic was the main topic of the previous module, this module discusses the changes in expressions of cultural self-determination of the indigenous peoples of the Russian Arctic; often described as Northwest Russia, Siberia and the Russian Far East.1 Complex issues in relation to culture, identity and self-determination were discussed in detail in the first module of this course, which could be seen as an introduction to explain the theoretical background which 1 The Russian Far Eastern Federal District includes all the areas from Vladivostok and Primorskiy Krai right up through Khabarovsk, Amur, Sakha, Magadan, Kamchatka before reaching Chukotka in the north (Sakhalin and Kamchatka further east are included as well). University of the Arctic – CS 322 1 CS 322 Peoples and Cultures of the Circumpolar World II subsequently will be applied in this, the previous and the next module where the case studies of the different regions will be discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Transition in the North, Vol. 1, No. 4, May 1993
    \ / ' . I, , Social Transition.in thb North ' \ / 1 \i 1 I '\ \ I /? ,- - \ I 1 . Volume 1, Number 4 \ I 1 1 I Ethnographic l$ummary: The Chuko tka Region J I / 1 , , ~lexdderI. Pika, Lydia P. Terentyeva and Dmitry D. ~dgo~avlensly Ethnographic Summary: The Chukotka Region Alexander I. Pika, Lydia P. Terentyeva and Dmitry D. Bogoyavlensky May, 1993 National Economic Forecasting Institute Russian Academy of Sciences Demography & Human Ecology Center Ethnic Demography Laboratory This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. DPP-9213l37. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recammendations expressed in this material are those of the author@) and do not ncccssarily reflect the vim of the National Science Foundation. THE CHUKOTKA REGION Table of Contents Page: I . Geography. History and Ethnography of Southeastern Chukotka ............... 1 I.A. Natural and Geographic Conditions ............................. 1 I.A.1.Climate ............................................ 1 I.A.2. Vegetation .........................................3 I.A.3.Fauna ............................................. 3 I1. Ethnohistorical Overview of the Region ................................ 4 IIA Chukchi-Russian Relations in the 17th Century .................... 9 1I.B. The Whaling Period and Increased American Influence in Chukotka ... 13 II.C. Soviets and Socialism in Chukotka ............................ 21 I11 . Traditional Culture and Social Organization of the Chukchis and Eskimos ..... 29 1II.A. Dwelling ..............................................
    [Show full text]