Female ENTREPRENEURSHIP and Local Economic Growth

Female ENTREPRENEURSHIP and Local Economic Growth Edited by Imani Silver Kyaruzi, Ph.D Mirjana Radovic Markovic, Ph.D Outskirts Press, Inc. Denver, Colorado The opinions expressed in this manuscript are solely the opinions of the author and do not represent the opinions or thoughts of the publisher. The author has represented and warranted full ownership and/or legal right to publish all the materials in this book. The moral rights of the authors have been asserted. Female ENTREPRENEURSHIP and Local Economic Growth All Rights Reserved. Copyright © 2009 Imani Silver Kyaruzi, Ph.D and Mirjana Radovic Markovic, Ph.D First Edition, September 2009 V1.0 Edited by: Imani Silver Kyaruzi, Ph.D Mirjana Radovic Markovic, Ph.D Reviewers: Professor Radmila Grozdanic, Ph.D Professor Raghu Bir Bista, Ph.D This book may not be reproduced, transmitted, or stored in whole or in part by any means, including graphic, electronic, or mechanical without the express written consent of the publisher except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Cover designed M. Sefik Gorgin Outskirts Press, Inc. http://www.outskirtspress.com ISBN: 978-1-4327-4755-8 Outskirts Press and the “OP” logo are trademarks belonging to Outskirts Press, Inc. PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ii Acknowledgement We would like to acknowledge all the valuable inputs and technical assistances we received from the publishers and contributors of this volume. We also wish to thank all those who responded to our call for papers. Thanks to Professor Mike Taylor and Bob Gwynne of the University of Birmingham for their support and Professor Dejan Eric of the Institute of Economic Sciences ,Belgrade,Serbia. iii Preface In recent years, women have been playing an increasing role as drivers of growth in many of the world’s economies. However, little is known about the gendered influences on the experiences and the subsequent contributions of growth-oriented female entrepreneurs in transitional economies.Transitional countries have experienced some of the world’s most dramatic economic and societal changes within a short time and mushrooming of informal activities has been a key element in these shifts. Female Entrepreneurship and Local Economic Growth focuses on the role of female entrepreneurship in economic development. A particular emphasis is placed on countries that are in transition from a public-led to a private sector-led economy. While most countries in transition are still navigating their ways through the newly-adopted business environment, for some, there has been a number of adjustments and an increased urgency to re-align their economic policies to adapt to globalization pressures and the new economic order. Contributors to this volume have concluded that women and Female-owned enterprises (FOEs) have a significant role in this transition. It has been argued that economics and economic geography will be condemned to misunderstand economic growth in general and entrepreneurship in particular, if they keep focusing on its cognitive maps, while ignoring its gendered maps of affect. The papers assembled in this volume have a wide coverage and have covered recent empirical researches from both junior and experienced researchers from Africa, America and Europe. We would iv like to thank them all for their tireless efforts. Without them, we would not have been able to produce this book. Imani Silver Kyaruzi & Mirjana Radovic – Markovic July 2009 v List of Contributors Dragos Simandan is associate professor of geography at Brock University, Canada, where he teaches resources and social movements, advanced topics in labour geography, critical theories for the study of geography, and resource and environmental geography. He has a BSc from ‘Babes-Bolyai’ University, Romania, and a PhD from Bristol University, UK. His research integrates social theory, political economy, and political ecology, by disclosing the ways in which the relation between epistemology, ontology, and politics explains both the production of scientific knowledge and the making of public policies. Nada Štrbac is professor in the Management department at the Technical faculty in Bor, Serbia. She received her MSc and DSc degrees in Technical Sciences from Technical faculty in Bor. Her research areas include strategic management, quality management, production management and technology management. Ivan Mihajlović is associate professor in the Management department of the Technical faculty in Bor, Serbia. He received his MSc and DSc degrees in Technical Sciences from Technical faculty in Bor. His research areas include motivation analysis, HR management, production management, project management and logistics. Dragana Živković is professor at the Technical Faculty in Bor, Serbiia. She holds a B.Sc., MSc and DSc degrees from the University of Belgrade, Technical Faculty in Bor. She is also Vice Director of the Research Center for Innovative Materials Design and Application, Powder Metallurgy Research Institute, Central South University, Chagsha – Hunan (China). Živan Živković is professor in the Management department of the Technical faculty in Bor, Serbia. Professor Živković received his MSc and DSc degrees in Technical Sciences from University in Ljubljana, Slovenia. vi His research areas include strategic management, quality management, production management, and R& D management. John Saee is Academic Director – Doctoral Programs at the Australian Graduate School of Entrepreneurship and author of 150 publications made up of books, book chapters and research articles published in the USA, Europe, Asia and Australia. Professor Saee is also editor of several internationally peer reviewed academic journals. Manuela Tvaronaviciene is Professor of Business Management and author of several publications. She is an editor of two peer reviewed academic journals. Renata Korsakiene is associate Professor. She teaches business and economics studies. Almar Barry is a graduate of University College Cork, Trinity College Dublin and University College Dublin and has been lecturing in Geography in UCD since September 2003. Dr Barry graduated with her Ph.D. from TCD. Her research focuses on analysing the level of interaction between higher education institutions and indigenous high- tech industry in Ireland and Scotland. Radmila Grozdanic is Full Professor of Entrepreneurship at Tehnical faculty ,Cacak,University of Kragujevac,Serbia Pauline E. Kneale is Professor of Geography and Pro-Dean for Learning & Teaching at the University of Leeds. She is also Director of the White Rose CETL Enterprise at Leeds. Her research interests include; exploring the ways in which students learn and understand their skills and motivation, Personal Development Process and its assessment, developed employability and enterprise learning Materials. vii Mirjana Radovic Markovic - is a full professor and researcher in the field of Entrepreneurship and Women’s Entrepreneurship. S he holds a Bachelor's Degree in Economics from Belgrade University, a Masters Degree in Theoretical Economy and a P h.D. in Economics from the same University. She also completed post-doctoral studies at the Faculty of Economics , MGU Lomonosow, Moscow, Russia. She has served as professor at a number of international universities, foundations and institutes. Professor Radovic Markovic is the president of Scientific Board and Head of the Center for Economic Researches of Institute of Economic Sciences, Belgrade,Serbia and director of Master studies ,”Entrepreneurship for Women”,Akamai University,Hilo ,US,Vice-president of ICMT International Faculty ( Ireland,India ,West Africa) and Editor in chief of peer Journals-Economic Analysis and Women`s Entrepreneurship and Education. Imani Silver Kyaruzi, an Entrepreneurship and Economic Development analyst, holds a Ph.D from the University of Birmingham, an MBA in Entrepreneurship from Birmingham City University and BA (Hons) from The University of Wolverhampton. He teaches both graduate and undergraduate courses in Entrepreneurship and Management. His main research interests include Local economic growth through entrepreneurship and SME development. Samuel Duah, is a doctoral graduate of London College of Management Studies. His main research areas include; Entrepreneiurship, economic development and Microfinance. Linda Sue Warner (Comanche) is Professor and President of Haskell Indian Nation's University. She holds a master's degree in education from Pennsylvania State University and a doctorate from Oklahoma University. Her research interests are American Indian education policy, indeginous entrepreneurship and leadership analysis. viii Kemal Yildrim is employed at the Ministry of Education ,Istanbul, Turkey. He holds a political sciences degree from a Finnish University.The degree he has got is Master of Social sciences (Msocsci) in comparative Politics.His research interests are political sciences, international relations , public policy and female entrepreneurship development in Turkey and Arab world. Muhammed A. Omolaja is professor and presiden of International College of Management and Technology, Nigeria ix Table of Contents Acknowledgement ................................................................................iii Preface ................................................................................................iv List of Contributors ..............................................................................vi Chapter 1 Setting the Stage: Female Entrepreneurship in Transitional

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