Trabajo De Titulación Previa a La Obtención Del Título De Licenciada Multilingüe En Negocios Y Relaciones Internacionales

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Trabajo De Titulación Previa a La Obtención Del Título De Licenciada Multilingüe En Negocios Y Relaciones Internacionales PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATOLICA DEL ECUADOR FACULTAD DE COMUNICACIÓN, LINGÜÍSTICA Y LITERATURA ESCUELA MULTILINGÜE DE NEGOCIOS Y RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES TRABAJO DE TITULACIÓN PREVIA A LA OBTENCIÓN DEL TÍTULO DE LICENCIADA MULTILINGÜE EN NEGOCIOS Y RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES ANÁLISIS DE LA EVOLUCIÓN DEL MODELO DE NEGOCIO DE LA INDUSTRIA PORNOGRÁFICA EN ESTADOS UNIDOS DENTRO DE LOS PARÁMETROS LEGALES Y EL IMPACTO EN LA INNOVACIÓN DURANTE EL PERIODO 2009- 2017 JOSÉ ALEJANDRO NARANJO RUIZ ABRIL, 2018 QUITO – ECUADOR ÍNDICE I. TEMA 1 II. RESUMEN 1 III. ABSTRACT 2 IV. RÉSUMÉ 2 V. INTRODUCCIÓN 4 CAPÍTULO I CARACTERÍSTICAS QUE DEFINEN EL MODELO DE NEGOCIO DE LA INDUSTRIA PORNOGRÁFICA MAINSTREAM Y LA AMENAZAS PARA ESTE 1.1. El rol de la banca estadounidense frente a la industria pornográfica mainstream 10 1.1.1. Influencia del Departamento de Justicia en la banca estadounidense y sobrevivencia de LFP y Vivid Entertainment Group en el mercado 10 1.1.2. Limitación financiera y sistema legal incierto 18 1.1.3. Posición de empresas emisoras de tarjetas de crédito y procesadoras de pago y consolidación de fuente de ingresos por parte de industria 31 1.1.4. Democratización de la pornografía y amenazas similares a las vividas por el sector creativo 34 1.2. Digital Millenium Copyright Act frente a sitios porno tube 39 1.2.1. Ejercicio DMCA para enfrentar Mindgeek 40 1.2.2. Avances DMCA y consolidación como monopolio de Mindgeek 45 1.2.3. Consumo en sitios porno tube y vacío legal del Digital Millenium Copyright Act 48 1.3. Takedown Piracy y Bitcoin 52 1.3.1. Takedown Piracy y Bitcoin aliados de la industria 52 1.3.2. Ambigüedad en el ejercicio Takedown Piracy mientras Bitcoin es alternativa a sistema financiero tradicional 56 1.3.3. Limitaciones de Takedown Piracy y Bitcoin 57 CAPÍTULO II EL ACCIONAR DE LAS INSTITUCIONES PÚBLICAS FRENTE A LA INFLUENCIA EJERCIDA POR LOS GRUPOS DE PRESIÓN 2.1. El accionar del Ejecutivo liderado por Barack Obama y del Departamento de Justicia de los Estados Unidos frente a la pornografía 62 2.1.1. Influencia del Ejecutivo en el uso de Forum Shopping por parte del Departamento de Justicia 62 2.1.2. Influencia del Ejecutivo en la estructura y accionar del Departamento de Justicia 67 2.1.3. La imparcialidad del Ejecutivo y autocensura de la industria pornográfica 70 2.2. Las medidas tomadas por el National Center on Sexual Exploitation, mejor conocido como Morality in Media y por el Federal Communication Commission 74 2.2.1. Investigación del National Center on Sexual Exploitation y ausencia de parámetros claros del FCC 75 2.2.2. Discurso protector del National Center on Sexual Exploitation y del FCC 78 2.2.3. Presión ejercida por el National Center on Sexual Exploitation y el FCC 81 2.3. Rol del AIDS Healthcare Foundation y del Free Speech 84 Coalition 2.3.1. Despreocupación del AHF y el rol protector de Free Speech Coalition 85 2.3.2. El poder de AIDS Healthcare Foundation frente a las acciones de contraataque llevados por Free Speech Coalition 92 2.3.3. Hostilidad frente a propuesta 60 y enfoque en privacidad de consumo de FSC 97 CAPÍTULO III LA LUCHA CONSTANTE POR LA INNOVACIÓN FRENTE A LA INCERTIDUMBRE POLÍTICA EN ESTADOS UNIDOS 3.1. Plataformas digitales actualizadas y pornografía personalizada y feminista 102 3.1.1. Estrategias de expansión de la industria 102 3.1.2. Lo atractivo de dispositivos de realidad virtual, teledildonics material personalizado y feminista 109 3.1.3. Implementación y adecuación de material pornográfico 111 3.2. Estabilidad económica promovida por el mando demócrata 114 3.2.1. Piratería en internet y propiedad intelectual 114 3.2.2. Privacidad del usuario y de su información de consumo 117 3.2.3. Libertad de Expresión 120 3.3. Innovación de los sitios porno tube y postura Donald Trump frente a la industria pornográfica 123 3.3.1. Análisis de datos en internet y hostilidad frente a neutralidad de red 123 3.3.2. Valor agregado de Mindgeek y persecución de industria por Trump 128 3.3.3 La responsabilidad social corporativa de PornHub y postura Trump hacia libertad de expresión 133 VI. ANÁLISIS 141 VII. CONCLUSIONES 148 VIII. RECOMENDACIONES 152 IX. LISTA DE REFERENCIAS 155 ÍNDICE DE GRÁFICOS GRÁFICO Nº1: EVOLUCIÓN DEL PRECIO DE MERCADO DE BITCOINS EN RELACIÓN A DÓLARES AMERICANOS USD 60 GRÁFICO N° 2: PREDICCIÓN DE INGRESOS POR INDUSTRIA AL USAR REALIDAD VIRTUAL EN MILLONES DE DÓLARES 108 ÍNDICE DE IMÁGENES IMAGEN Nº1: PORNHUB 2014 AÑO EN REVISIÓN 49 IMAGEN Nº 2: MENSAJE DE ADVERTENCIA ACERCA DEL CONTENIDO DE UN SITIO WEB PORNOGRÁFICO 87 I. TEMA ANÁLISIS DE LA EVOLUCIÓN DEL MODELO DE NEGOCIO DE LA INDUSTRIA PORNOGRÁFICA EN ESTADOS UNIDOS DENTRO DE LOS PARÁMETROS LEGALES Y EL IMPACTO EN LA INNOVACIÓN DURANTE EL PERIODO 2009-2017 II. RESUMEN En la primera década del siglo XXI el modelo de negocio de la industria pornográfica mainstream pasó de la producción de bienes tangibles y distribución a través de canales físicos para optar por la digitalización atraída por el alcance masivo que sus productos y servicios podrían tener a través del internet. No obstante, su capacidad de generar ingresos y gestionar recursos financieros se vio arriesgada debido a que dos eventos, la crisis financiera en Estados Unidos que estalló en 2008 y la aparición de sitios porno tube, promovieron, por un lado, la hostilidad del sistema financiero tradicional y, por otro lado, la afluencia de la piratería en internet. Ante esto el presente trabajo de disertación propone analizar cómo la industria pornográfica mainstream innova y adapta su modelo de negocio a la hostilidad no solo del sistema financiero tradicional sino en general del sector privado, esto sin dejar de lado la violación de la propiedad intelectual en internet en su contra. Además la producción y comercialización de material pornográfico es legal, lo que no lo es es la producción de material obsceno. Para determinar la naturaleza de un material los legisladores tienen a su disposición leyes federales ambiguas que dificultan la tarea de diferenciar material protegido de aquel que no lo es. Este contexto promueve que el juzgamiento de cualquier material dependa de los lineamientos morales de quien esté a cargo del Ejecutivo y mas no de leyes federales, lo cual se convierte en un desafío adicional para la industria pornográfica en su totalidad puesto que dichos lineamientos determinan también la atención de la presión social en contra de ella. Esta realidad será analizada desde dos escuelas de pensamiento, el liberalismo y el libertarianismo, cuyos principios nos permitirán comprender las dinámicas políticas, sociales y económicas en la que se desenvuelve esta industria. Palabras clave: Digitalización, Industria Pornográfica, Innovación, Modelo de negocio, Estados Unidos, Contexto legal 1 III. ABSTRACT In the first decade of the 21st century the business model of the mainstream pornographic industry went from the production of tangible goods and distribution through physical channels to opt for digitalization appealed by the massive reach that its products and services could have through the Internet. However, its ability to generate income and manage financial resources was put into risk due to two events, the financial crisis in the United States that broke out in 2008 and the appearance of porn tube sites, since they both promoted the hostility of the traditional financial system and the influx of internet piracy. Given this, the present dissertation work proposes to analyze how the mainstream pornographic industry innovates and adapts its business model to hostility not only of the traditional financial system but in general of the private sector as well as the violation of intellectual property on the internet. Then, it will be seen that in addition to these challenges social pressure and ambiguity of the existing federal laws in order to differentiate pornographic material protected by the First Amendment from the one that is not obscene, legitimize the persecution against the industry, which will depend on whether the Executive in charge is a Democrat or a Republican. The political, social and economic dynamics will be seen from two schools of thought, liberalism and libertarianism, whose findings will allow to observe if the measures taken by the industry guarantees its existence in the market as well as its capacity to generate sustainable income over time. Key Words: Digitalization, Pornographic Industry, Innovation, Business model, United States, Legal context IV. RESUMÉ Dans la première décennie du siècle XXI le modèle commercial de l’industrie pornographique mainstream a passé de la production de biens tangibles et de la distribution à travers les canaux physiques pour opter pour la digitalisation séduit par la portée massive que ses produits et services pourraient avoir à travers l’internet. Cependant, sa capacité de générer des revenus et de gérer des ressources financières s’est trouvée à risque en raison de deux événements, la crise financière aux États Unis en 2008 et l'apparition de sites porno tube en raison de que ces événements ont promu l’hostilité du 2 système financier traditionnel et l'afflux de la piraterie dans Internet. Compte tenu de cela, la présente Thèse propose analyser comment l'industrie pornographique mainstream innove et adapte son modèle commercial à l'hostilité non seulement du système financier traditionnel mais aussi en général du secteur privé en plus de la violation de la propriété intellectuelle dans Internet. Après, on va visualiser que en plus de ces défis la pression sociale et l'ambiguïté des lois fédérales disponibles pour différencier le matériel pornographique protégé para la Première Amendement de celle qui n'est pas protégé car c’est obscène, légitiment la persécution en contre de l’industrie, ce que va dépendre de si l’Exécutive en charge c’est démocrate ou républicain.
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