Synchronizing Land Use And Transport: A Step towards an Efficient City

Submitted by Swati Sharma Introduction Urban transport network weaves together a city, meeting the transportation need of a common man while serving as a critical infrastructure facilitator for growth, employment and for sustainable development of cities. Compact traditional Mixed use city Zoning Increasing demand on travel Urban Sprawl

Retail In Department Stores Departmental Big Box Transportation In U.S. Suburbia Shopping Mall Store In Europe Air Retail Hubs 1940 Greek Agora Conditioned 1920 1st Walmart 1980 Arcade 1st Department Shopping Centre Mixed Space - Supermarket In U.S., Store, Bon That Services Shopping Mix Use 5 Bc NYC. Kansas 1962 Hypermarket 1780 Marche, U.K., The Satellite 1852 1850 Cities. 1960 1970 1910 Zone/ Hierarchy Evolution Of Retail

Urban mobility and land use stimulate economic development and have a bearing on economic, social and environment costs through fuel consumption, pollution and time spent on travelling, making it imperative to plan for sustainable transport systems in sync with the landuse patterns. Image – Worldpress.com Transit Linked Investment

The objective of the paper is to seek a link between accessibility and the multi- functional usage of a space. Thriving Markets Opportunity

Well connected Market Mix Employment

the the urban form • Trade – major Despite of provisions under the master plan, non-hierarchical Transformations in Transformations employment provider commercial centers and unplanned in markets have come up and provide services to the city. • 49% of people employed in the Mix use is prominent inevitable phenomena in the form of linear informal sector are commercial development engaged in trading Vacancy rate in malls – activities CASE STUDY Delhi-NCR region is the highest at Turnover 55%. (ASSOCHAM study, 2012) Specialized market Retail Case Study Mix Kirti Nagar Stage of Ramesh Nagar development Established Intermediated Recent development Shahpur Case Study Case Study Case Study Planned Jat Lajpat Nagar II Preet Vihar Ramesh Nagar Development

Case Study Urban Village Framework of analysis • How accessibility dictates the coming up of mixed use (type of economic activity) ANALYSIS • Transition in land use and measure of mixing of functions through Mixed Use Index. Scale of • Establishing the relationship between place of FACTORS market employment and residence • Transition in the area and its impact on safety • Factors Supporting 1 Location and infrastructure Development and Accessibility • Factors Inducing Mixed use index Development 2 Urban Functions The index was developed by Joost Van de Hoek with the LANDUSE and Multi- purpose to measure various degrees of multi functionality. functionality AMENITIES Social Multi-functional‐ Mixed use Index 3 Environment Spatial Layout and Usage •Retail Type Profile •Formal And Informal Sector Access to Bi-functional 4 •Safety open space •Residence And Place Of Public 5 Employment Relationship Space Mono-functional Quality WORKING HOUSING INFRASTRUCTURE Pedestrian Floor Space of housing, working and amenities- categorize Parking and distinguish different types of urban environment Way finding

Relationship defined by density, grain size and functional mix Case Study KIRTI NAGAR

Kirti Nagar Metro Station Transformation along Rama road and Shivaji road

JJ cluster in industrial area

Transformation along Rama road and Shivaji road

Industrial use (furniture making) Use relationship workforce Commercial Residential Sell manufactured goods workforce Industry

LAND USE- 2013 2% 2% LAND USE Residential Residential 2% 1% 8% 13% 7% 1% Mix use_R+C Commercial Commercial 7% Recreational Recreational 22% Industrial 19% 27% Transportation Industrial 19% PSP 1% Transportation 25% Government PSP 18% 20% Government 3% Utility 3% Vacant + other Utility LAJPAT NAGAR

Ring Road

Lajpat Nagar Metro Station

Commercialization spread from Central Market Veer Savarkar Marg Feroze Gandhi Marg

LAND USE LAND USE-2013 0% Residential 0% Residential 1% Mixed use 13% Commercial 13% 1% 36% Commercial Recreational Recreational 14% 48% Transportation 14% Transportation PSP 22% PSP Government 22% Government Utility 1% 2% 13% Utility Shahpur Jat Ramesh Nagar

LAND USE- 2013 Preet Vihar LAND USE 0% Residential 0% Residential 7% 0% 7% 0% Mixed use Commercial Recreational Commercial 18% 43% 18% Transportation Recreational 56% PSP 18% 18% Transportati Government 13% on Utility PSP 1% 1%

LAND USE LAND USE - 2013 Residential 7% 7% 0% Residential 11% Commercial 11% and Mixed use Commercial Recreational and Mixed use Unplanned Transportation 19% 19% 61% 57% PSP Recreational

2% Government 5% Transportation 1% ey Results Observations K Scale of Name Popul- Accessibility Factor inducing Comm- ation Connecting Road ROW Metro development ercial dev. City level Kirti Nagar 71,840 Patel road Rama Road (25m) Yes Industrial use (furniture (50-60m) Shivaji road (60m) making) + good accessibility

Lajpat Nagar II 12,229 Road Feroze Gandhi Yes lack of employment (45m) Marg(24m) opportunity and commercial Veer Savakar area Marg(24m) Shahpur Jat 12,014 August Kranti Marg 9-1m 2 km away Commercial development – Aurobindo Marg (24m) induced due to close proximity to NIFT, Asiad Village etc. Zonal level Preet Vihar 24,300 Vikas marg Exploiting accessibility - Yes (45m) land-use potential Local level Ramesh Nagar 28,920 Through 9m road Around Nehru park yes Serve to the local needs – connected to 14m Ramesh Nagar and Kirti Shivaji road Nagar

1. Transit Investment Facilitating Economic Activity The case studies indicate that physical linkage of transit investments and urban development have been exploited to develop economic activity. Location advantage with respect to higher order road and proximity to established shopping center have been utilized for development of commercial areas.

The level of accessibility can be measured through axial mapping and space syntax theories. The size of market would decrease with decrease in accessibility. Retail types follow basic spatial patterns mediated by movement 2. patterns. Observations Well connected market-high end specialized or multipurpose shopping results, and where movement is local, lower end multipurpose shops develop CLOTHES + CLOTHES FURNITURE CLOTHES JEWELLERY Kirti 5 Lajpat Nagar 5 Shahpur Jat 5 5 4 4 Preet Vihar Nagar 4 3 4 3 OTHERS 3 JEWELLERY 3 2 OTHERS 2 GROCERIES 2 1 1 OTHERS 2 SALON 1 0 1 0 0 0 ACCESSORIES + CAR EATERIES FOOD + SHOES SHOWROO PERISHABLE OTHER EATERIES MS/REPAIR FURNISHING FOOD ITEMS EATERIES INSTITUTES Ramesh Spatial Layout guides GROCERIES FORMAL Nagar 5 3. squatting by informal sector 4 INFORMAL 3 2 Informal sector presence 1 PERISHABLE OTHERS 0 Infront of Parks ,open spaces FOOD ITEMS and shops below the size of

7sqm EATERIES Formal to informal ratio 4. Kirti Nagar – Preet Vihar - Shahpur Jat Lajpat Nagar 1:08 Ramesh Nagar – 1:0.76 Negligible Negligible 1:0.5 (Thursday) 1:0.4 (other days) 5. Residence and Place of Employment KIRTI NAGAR SHAHPUR JAT PREET VIHAR LAJPAT NAGAR RAMESH NAGAR 18% 19% 0% 26% Within 5km 38% Beyong 81% 62% 5km 82% 74% 100 % Hence, transit investment and spatial pattern mediate the presence of informal sector and determine the success of economic activity. Observation 6. Safety and Security Kirti Nagar • Safer pubic network – connectivity with metro/public transport, inclusion of informal sector around bus stops etc., places which Lajpat Nagar get desolated at night can be done. Shahpur Jat • Safe neighborhood- Strong positive correlation between safety (women) and linear bazaars - women feel safer as the place Preet Vihar remains lively. Promoting active frontage should be done to increase perception of safety, and this assumes more Ramesh Nagar importance in light of recent events and crimes against women. Pedestrain Infrastructure 7. Markets mostly characterized by poor infrastructure facilities - Kirti Nagar Lajpat Nagar Shahpur Jat Preet Vihar Ramesh Nagar Incorporate pedestrian friendly designs through provision of footpath in ratio to footfall, street furniture and light, public toilets etc.

8. Lack of housing for poor near work centers – Resulted in squatting Pressure on nearby urban villages

Kirti Nagar Lajpat Nagar Shahpur Jat Preet Vihar Ramesh Nagar Garhi Village , JJ camp Most workers at Hawkers/street JJ Cluster, Extn. Rly. Boutiques/zari slums close to vendors – Uttam Nagar Line Jal Vihar, Sriniwas industry are Defence JJ cluster Kirti Nagar, Chowk etc, Puri residents of the colony etc. Mayapuri Chowk village Rental housing /transient housing/night shelters etc. should also be provided along with affordable housing, to cater to the needs across the strata of the society Observation The city as a transaction network URBAN MODELLING 9. The synergy between land use and accessibility should be AMENITIES planned for – to optimize the utilization of land. KIRTI NAGAR LAJPAT NAGAR AMENITIES SHAHPUR JAT City level commercial area Connecting road – arterial road TOD areas Have plans to serve to local level- (Lajpat nagar) WORKING HOUSING AMENITIES Zonal – local level – Sub arterial – roads above 18m PREET VIHAR Mono-functional (HIG areas) Not ideal for future development WORKING HOUSING - Delhi AMENITIES WORKING Dispersed Density HOUSING AMENITIES RAMESH NAGAR

3 2 1 Articulated Density to support mixed land use and WORKING HOUSING mass transit WORKING HOUSING MODEL 1 (area -100Ha.) 1 Category built up (%) built up (%)living /employment Residential 35 35 1,00,000 Workplace Instituional/office 25 55 60,623 - 1,79,027 Retail 20 Industrial 10 amenities/person - 3.5 Amenities and recreation 10 10 sqm/person 100 2 MODEL 2 (area -100Ha.) Category built up (%) built up (%)living /employment Residential 35 35 1,00,000 Workplace Instituional/office 22 50 53,695 -1,63,287 Retail 20 Industrial 8 amenities/person - 5.3 Amenities and recreation 15 15 sqm/person 100 3 MODEL 3 (area -100Ha.) Category built up (%) built up (%)living /employment Residential 33 33 1,00,000 Workplace Instituional/office 33 11,4301- 38,159 Retail Industrial amenities/person - 12.5 Amenities and recreation 33 33 sqm/person 100 * slight change in land requirement * F.A.R - 2 TO 6 Organize Movement

Plan Landuse

Affordability IMPACT -housing / -Rental housing

Development Cost SOCIO- SPATIAL ECONOMIC •Infrastructure (cost saving) •Inclusion •Reduce travel distances Revenue •Employment MIXED USE •Increase density •Agglomeration DEVELPOMENT •Increase open spaces •Efficiency Integrate Holistic •TOD •Support industries affordable development depend on high housing and quality environment livelihood Increase •Health schemes pedestrianization Safety ENVIRONMENTAL Reduce carbon emissions ,air pollution, heat-island effect Carbon sequestration Increased tree cover in open Image – Transed2012.inspaces ,centersandsquares.com, Worldpress.com(Money Sharma), KEY RESEARCH CONTRIBUTIONS…..

TRANSIT CORRIDOR 3.Establishing correlation 1. How accessibility and between commercial and 5. Urban Development land use induce commercial mixed use development, Model development residence and place of Establishing mixing of employment (distance) functions for mixed use 2.Relationship between and development and Accessibility , Spatial Layout its impact on and Retail Typology Employment and Residential Development, amenities and recreation spaces

4.Safety and Security Research contribute to handling the challenges of inclusive urban development…..

3. Inclusive Development

People’s intuition T hriving Markets

2.

1.

Meager Income Natural evolution - Bazaar - DELHI – 2403 notified mixed use and commercial streets Analysis Positive outcomes – Strain on 1. employment generation (formal + infrastructure informal), provision, 2. reduced travel distance – home to congestion, work, lack of Form and space 3. increased perception of safety affordable 4. Increased demand for housing – in housing areas with mixed use Transport linkage Human Interactive Land use exploit interaction process spatial accessibility Cultural Identity Modern Mobility Evolution Landuse Economics Pro- active planning Transport Land use Mixed use development

Creating Ideal Inclusive Recovering cost Employment mixing development of infrastructure opportunities development Safer city Employment for the informal sector Satellite Image – Delhi We can do better……

Thank You

Swati Sharma . Contact Info - +91-9899669428 Email ID – [email protected] Annexure MXI CALCULATIONS

SCENARIO STANDARDS SCENARIO I SCENARIO II SCENARIO III 4 INDICATOR 4.1Office 1 Population 50000 75000 100000 B1(a) General Office 19 GIA 12 NIA Area (ha.) 100 100 100 B1(a) Call Centres 13 GIA 8 NIA Population Density 500 750 1000 B1(a) IT/ Data Centres 47 NIA Inhabitants - dwelling untis 11111 16667 22222 - - 111.1111111 166.6666667 222.2222222 B1(a) Business Park 16 GIA 10 NIA 2 URBAN STRUCTURE B1(a) Serviced Office 20 GIA 10 NIA 2.1 Residential 4.2 living area per person (sqm) Retail A1 High Street 20 NIA 19 NIA EWS 5 to 7 A1 Food Superstores 19 NIA 17 NIA LIG 7 to 10 MIG 15 to 19 A1 Other Superstores/ 90 GIA 90 NIA HIG 19 to 22 Retail Warehouses A2 Financial & 16 NIA living area (dwelling unit)(sqm)(4.5*HH size) % Professional Services - - EWS 22.5 35 87500 131250 175000 A3 Restaurants & Cafes 13 GIA 18 NIA LIG 31.5 30 105000 157500 210000 MIG 85.5 20 190000 285000 380000 4.3Leisure & Visitor Attractions C1 Budget Hotels 1 employee per 3 1 employee per 3 bedrooms HIG 99 15 165000 247500 330000 bedrooms Residential (net) 547500 821250 1095000 C1 General Hotels (3 1 employee per 2 1 employee per 2 bedrooms Residential (GROSS) 15% 629625 944437.5 1259250 star) bedrooms storeys residential 6 6 6 C1 4/ 5 Star Hotels 1 employee per 1 employee per 1.25 building area (FOOTPRINT) 104938 157406.25 209875 1.25 bedrooms bedrooms site coverage 0.7 0.7 0.7 D1 Cultural Attractions 36 GIA 36 GIA TOTAL AREA (Ha.) 14.99107143 22.48660714 29.98214286 LANDUSE (%) (vertical mixing) 14.99107143 22.48660714 29.98214286 D2 Cinemas 90 GIA 90 GIA Amusement & Entertainment 3 ASSUMPTION -- BUILT -UP D2* Centres 40 GIA 70 GIA D2 Sports centres and 90/ 55 GIA 65 GIA VARIOUS PERMUTATIONS UP (%) MODIFIED (%) MXI - CENTER(%) Private Clubs RESIDENTIAL 35 35 33% 4.4INDUSTRY Light industry INSTITUIONAL/OFFICE 25 22 RETAIL 20 20 INDUSTRIAL 10 8 33% population 100000 AMENITIES 10 15 33% workforce 35% 100 100 99% 35000 DDA NORMS SCENARIO SCENARIO I SCENARIO II SCENARIO III INDICATOR PSP DISPENSARY 0.26/10000ppl 1.3 1.95 2.6 EDUCATION PRIMARY 0.2-0.4 1.5 2.25 3 SENIOR SEC 0.6-0.8 3.5 5.25 7 BANQUET HALL 0.08-0.2 0.5 0.75 1 RELIGIOUS 0.08 0.4 0.6 0.8 ANGANWARI .04-.06 2.5 3.75 5 MILK BOOTH 0.08-0.20 0.5 0.75 1 TAXI + AUTO STAND 0.04 0.2 0.3 0.4 TOTAL 10.4 15.6 20.8

2.6 RECREATION- OPEN SPACE NEIGHBOURHOOD PARK (ha.) 1ha./10,000ppl 5 7.5 10 HOUSING AREA PARK (ha.) 0.5ha/10,000 2.5 3.75 5 TOT-LOT (ha.) 0.5sqm/person 2.5 3.75 5 MULTI-PURPOSE GROUND (HA.) 1 1.5 2 LANDUSE (%)(ground) 11 16.5 22 TOTAL 21.4 32.1 42.8 1. MODELS - UP POP - 1,00,000

built - area per total pop GROUND COVERAGE TOTAL Use % built up(sqm) up(lakh)type person type accommodated/Working F.A.R (ha.) % COVERED residential 35 1259250 12.59 inhabitant 100000 4 29.98 Instituional/office 25 899464 8.99 workforce 6 15 14.99 range 8 112433 20 44973 General 19 12 Office Call Centres 13 8

IT/ Data 47 Centres - Business 16 10 Park Serviced 20 10 Office Retail 20 719571 7.19 workforce 3 23.99 30 range 13 20 55352 90 35979 High Street 20 19 7995 Food 19 17 Superstores Other 90 90 Superstores / Retail Warehouse s Financial & 16 Professional Services - Restaurants 13 18 & Cafes Industrial 10 359785.714 3.59 workforce 2 17.99 17.989286 11243 Light 32 47 Industry (Business Park) 7655 Amenities 10 359785.714 3.59 1 35

but area under according to amenities DDA norms - should be min area required 12% (including 35 ha.for amenities 42.8 green spaces) 12.22857143 Total 100 3597857.14 35.97 97.98

TRANSPORT 15 OTHER 112.98 2. MODELS - modified POP - 1,00,000 total pop built - area per accommodated / GROUND COVERAGE TOTAL Use % built up(sqm) up(lakh)type person type Working FAR (HA.) % COVERED Residential 35% 1259250 12.59 inhabitant 100000 4 29.982 Instituional/office 22% 791529 7.92 workforce 6 13.192 13.19 range 8 98941 20 39576 General 19 12 Office Call Centres 13 8 IT/ Data 47 Centres - Business 16 10 Park Serviced 20 10 Office Retail 20% 719571 7.20 workforce 3 23.986 30 range 13 20 55352 90 35979 High Street 20 19 7995 Food 19 17 Superstores Other 90 90 Superstores/ Retail Warehouses Financial & 16 Professional Services - Restaurants 13 18 & Cafes

Industrial 8% 287828.5714 2.88 workforce 2 14.391 17.98 8995 Light Industry 32 47 (Business Park) 6124 Amenities 15% 539678.5714 5.40

area under but according amenities to DDA norms should be min - area required 12% (including 35 ha.for amenities 42.8 green spaces) 12.22857143 22 Total 1 3597857.143 35.97 83.17214536