Synchronizing Land Use And Transport: A Step towards an Efficient City Submitted by Swati Sharma Introduction Urban transport network weaves together a city, meeting the transportation need of a common man while serving as a critical infrastructure facilitator for growth, employment and for sustainable development of cities. Compact traditional Mixed use city Zoning Increasing demand on travel Urban Sprawl Retail In Department Stores Departmental Big Box Transportation In U.S. Suburbia Shopping Mall Store In Europe Air Retail Hubs 1940 Greek Agora Conditioned 1920 1st Walmart 1980 Arcade 1st Department Shopping Centre Mixed Space - Supermarket In U.S., Store, Bon That Services Shopping Mix Use 5 Bc NYC. Kansas 1962 Hypermarket 1780 Marche, U.K., The Satellite 1852 1850 Cities. 1960 1970 1910 Zone/ Hierarchy Evolution Of Retail Urban mobility and land use stimulate economic development and have a bearing on economic, social and environment costs through fuel consumption, pollution and time spent on travelling, making it imperative to plan for sustainable transport systems in sync with the landuse patterns. Image – Worldpress.com Transit Linked Investment The objective of the paper is to seek a link between accessibility and the multi- functional usage of a space. Thriving Markets Opportunity Well connected Market Mix Employment the the urban form • Trade – major Despite of provisions under the master plan, non-hierarchical Transformations in Transformations employment provider commercial centers and unplanned in Delhi markets have come up and provide services to the city. • 49% of people employed in the Mix use is prominent inevitable phenomena in the form of linear informal sector are commercial development engaged in trading Vacancy rate in malls – activities CASE STUDY Delhi-NCR region is the highest at Turnover 55%. (ASSOCHAM study, 2012) Specialized market Retail Case Study Mix Kirti Nagar Kirti Nagar Stage of Ramesh Nagar development Preet Vihar Established Intermediated Recent development Shahpur Case Study Case Study Case Study Planned Jat Lajpat nagar Lajpat Nagar II Preet Vihar Ramesh Nagar Development Case Study Urban Village Shahpur Jat Framework of analysis • How accessibility dictates the coming up of mixed use (type of economic activity) ANALYSIS • Transition in land use and measure of mixing of functions through Mixed Use Index. Scale of • Establishing the relationship between place of FACTORS market employment and residence • Transition in the area and its impact on safety • Factors Supporting 1 Location and infrastructure Development and Accessibility • Factors Inducing Mixed use index Development 2 Urban Functions The index was developed by Joost Van de Hoek with the LANDUSE and Multi- purpose to measure various degrees of multi functionality. functionality AMENITIES Social Multi-functional‐ Mixed use Index 3 Environment Spatial Layout and Usage •Retail Type Profile •Formal And Informal Sector Access to Bi-functional 4 •Safety open space •Residence And Place Of Public 5 Employment Relationship Space Mono-functional Quality WORKING HOUSING INFRASTRUCTURE Pedestrian Floor Space of housing, working and amenities- categorize Parking and distinguish different types of urban environment Way finding Relationship defined by density, grain size and functional mix Case Study KIRTI NAGAR Kirti Nagar Metro Station Transformation along Rama road and Shivaji road JJ cluster in industrial area Transformation along Rama road and Shivaji road Industrial use (furniture making) Use relationship workforce Commercial Residential Sell manufactured goods workforce Industry LAND USE- 2013 2% 2% LAND USE Residential Residential 2% 1% 8% 13% 7% 1% Mix use_R+C Commercial Commercial 7% Recreational Recreational 22% Industrial 19% 27% Transportation Industrial 19% PSP 1% Transportation 25% Government PSP 18% 20% Government 3% Utility 3% Vacant + other Utility LAJPAT NAGAR Ring Road Lajpat Nagar Metro Station Commercialization spread from Central Market Veer Savarkar Marg Feroze Gandhi Marg LAND USE LAND USE-2013 0% Residential 0% Residential 1% Mixed use 13% Commercial 13% 1% 36% Commercial Recreational Recreational 14% 48% Transportation 14% Transportation PSP 22% PSP Government 22% Government Utility 1% 2% 13% Utility Shahpur Jat Ramesh Nagar LAND USE- 2013 Preet Vihar LAND USE 0% Residential 0% Residential 7% 0% 7% 0% Mixed use Commercial Recreational Commercial 18% 43% 18% Transportation Recreational 56% PSP 18% 18% Transportati Government 13% on Utility PSP 1% 1% LAND USE LAND USE - 2013 Residential 7% 7% 0% Residential 11% Commercial 11% and Mixed use Commercial Recreational and Mixed use Unplanned Transportation 19% 19% 61% 57% PSP Recreational 2% Government 5% Transportation 1% ey Results Observations K Scale of Name Popul- Accessibility Factor inducing Comm- ation Connecting Road ROW Metro development ercial dev. City level Kirti Nagar 71,840 Patel road Rama Road (25m) Yes Industrial use (furniture (50-60m) Shivaji road (60m) making) + good accessibility Lajpat Nagar II 12,229 Lala Lajpat Rai Road Feroze Gandhi Yes lack of employment (45m) Marg(24m) opportunity and commercial Veer Savakar area Marg(24m) Shahpur Jat 12,014 August Kranti Marg 9-1m 2 km away Commercial development – Aurobindo Marg (24m) induced due to close proximity to NIFT, Asiad Village etc. Zonal level Preet Vihar 24,300 Vikas marg Exploiting accessibility - Yes (45m) land-use potential Local level Ramesh Nagar 28,920 Through 9m road Around Nehru park yes Serve to the local needs – connected to 14m Ramesh Nagar and Kirti Shivaji road Nagar 1. Transit Investment Facilitating Economic Activity The case studies indicate that physical linkage of transit investments and urban development have been exploited to develop economic activity. Location advantage with respect to higher order road and proximity to established shopping center have been utilized for development of commercial areas. The level of accessibility can be measured through axial mapping and space syntax theories. The size of market would decrease with decrease in accessibility. Retail types follow basic spatial patterns mediated by movement 2. patterns. Observations Well connected market-high end specialized or multipurpose shopping results, and where movement is local, lower end multipurpose shops develop CLOTHES + CLOTHES FURNITURE CLOTHES JEWELLERY Kirti 5 Lajpat Nagar 5 Shahpur Jat 5 5 4 4 Preet Vihar Nagar 4 3 4 3 OTHERS 3 JEWELLERY 3 2 OTHERS 2 GROCERIES 2 1 1 OTHERS 2 SALON 1 0 1 0 0 0 ACCESSORIES + CAR EATERIES FOOD + SHOES SHOWROO PERISHABLE OTHER EATERIES MS/REPAIR FURNISHING FOOD ITEMS EATERIES INSTITUTES Ramesh Spatial Layout guides GROCERIES FORMAL Nagar 5 3. squatting by informal sector 4 INFORMAL 3 2 Informal sector presence 1 PERISHABLE OTHERS 0 Infront of Parks ,open spaces FOOD ITEMS and shops below the size of 7sqm EATERIES Formal to informal ratio 4. Kirti Nagar – Preet Vihar - Shahpur Jat Lajpat Nagar 1:08 Ramesh Nagar – 1:0.76 Negligible Negligible 1:0.5 (Thursday) 1:0.4 (other days) 5. Residence and Place of Employment KIRTI NAGAR SHAHPUR JAT PREET VIHAR LAJPAT NAGAR RAMESH NAGAR 18% 19% 0% 26% Within 5km 38% Beyong 81% 62% 5km 82% 74% 100 % Hence, transit investment and spatial pattern mediate the presence of informal sector and determine the success of economic activity. Observation 6. Safety and Security Kirti Nagar • Safer pubic network – connectivity with metro/public transport, inclusion of informal sector around bus stops etc., places which Lajpat Nagar get desolated at night can be done. Shahpur Jat • Safe neighborhood- Strong positive correlation between safety (women) and linear bazaars - women feel safer as the place Preet Vihar remains lively. Promoting active frontage should be done to increase perception of safety, and this assumes more Ramesh Nagar importance in light of recent events and crimes against women. Pedestrain Infrastructure 7. Markets mostly characterized by poor infrastructure facilities - Kirti Nagar Lajpat Nagar Shahpur Jat Preet Vihar Ramesh Nagar Incorporate pedestrian friendly designs through provision of footpath in ratio to footfall, street furniture and light, public toilets etc. 8. Lack of housing for poor near work centers – Resulted in squatting Pressure on nearby urban villages Kirti Nagar Lajpat Nagar Shahpur Jat Preet Vihar Ramesh Nagar Garhi Village , JJ camp Most workers at Laxmi Nagar Hawkers/street JJ Cluster, Vikram Vihar Extn. Rly. Boutiques/zari slums close to vendors – Uttam Nagar Mayapuri Line Jal Vihar, Sriniwas industry are Defence JJ cluster Kirti Nagar, Chowk etc, Puri residents of the colony etc. Mayapuri Chowk village Rental housing /transient housing/night shelters etc. should also be provided along with affordable housing, to cater to the needs across the strata of the society Observation The city as a transaction network URBAN MODELLING 9. The synergy between land use and accessibility should be AMENITIES planned for – to optimize the utilization of land. KIRTI NAGAR LAJPAT NAGAR AMENITIES SHAHPUR JAT City level commercial area Connecting road – arterial road TOD areas Have plans to serve to local level- (Lajpat nagar) WORKING HOUSING AMENITIES Zonal – local level – Sub arterial – roads above 18m PREET VIHAR Mono-functional (HIG areas) Not ideal for future development WORKING HOUSING - Delhi AMENITIES WORKING Dispersed Density HOUSING AMENITIES RAMESH NAGAR 3 2 1 Articulated Density to support mixed land use and WORKING HOUSING mass transit WORKING HOUSING MODEL 1 (area -100Ha.) 1 Category built up (%) built up