Jurnal Pendidikan Ilmu Sosial e-ISSN 2540-7694 http://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/jpis JPIS Volume 29, Nomor 2, Desember 2020 p-ISSN 0854-5251 [email protected]

Identification of Local Wisdom Values that Grow and Develop in Communities in Creative Tourism Areas around Samosir,

Ance Marintan D. Sitohang [email protected] Universitas Sumatera Utara

Submitted Revised Accepted November 12, 2020 December 23, 2020 December 27, 2020 https://doi.org/10.17509/jpis.v29i2.29382

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to identify the types and values contained in the types of local wisdom that grow and develop in communities in the Creative Tourism Area, Simanindo District, Samosir Sub-District, , Indonesia. The sample in this study consisted of 30 people who were selected through non-probability using the snowball technique. The data were obtained using a survey method using a questionnaire which was analyzed using qualitative methods. The results showed that in Simanindo Subdistrict, there can still be found a number of cultural values of local wisdom (both in physical and non-physical form) in the lives of the people who live in this area. Even so, not a few have experienced value shifts and extinction. In general, local wisdom can be classified into five values, namely cultural, social, religious, molar, and economic. Keywords: local wisdom, creative tourism, Simanindo Sub-District, Samosir Regency, North Sumatera.

ABSTRAK Tujuan penelitian ini ialah untuk mengidentifikasi jenis dan nilai yang terkandung dalam jenis-jenis kearifan lokal yang tumbuh dan berkembang dalam masyarakat di Kawasan Pariwisata Kreatif, Kecamatan Simanindo, Kabupaten Samosir, Sumatera Utara. Sampel dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 30 orang yang dipilih secara non- probability menggunakan teknik snowball. Data diperoleh dengan menggunakan metode survey menggunakan kuisioner yang dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa di Kecamatan Simanindo masih dapat ditemukan sejumlah nilai-nilai kearifan lokal yang membudaya (baik dalam bentuk fisik maupun non fisik) di dalam kehidupan masyarakat yang bermukim di daerah ini. Meskipun demikian, tidak sedikit pula yang telah mengalami pergeseran nilai dan kepunahan. Secara umum, kearifan lokal tersebut dapat diklasifikasikan ke dalam lima nilai yaitu budaya, sosial, religi, molar, dan ekonomi. Kata Kunci: kearifan lokal, pariwisata kreatif, Kecamatan Simanindo, Kabupaten Samosir, Sumatera Utara.

INTODUCTION empty of tourists, both local and is one of the national international. However, in general, tourist destinations that is always apart from being caused by the beauty interesting to visit. Its beautiful factor, there are four things behind the panorama and unique geographical action of an individual to travel to a position means that this lake is never tourist destination, namely: (1). Physical

Ance Marintan D. Sitohang | Identification of Local …. 219 JPIS | Volume 29, Nomor 2, Desember 2020 motivation, in the form of relaxation, evidence (in the Batu Angus Natural health, comfort, exercise, relaxation, tourism area in Bitung) [6]. As well as and so on; (2). Cultural Motivation, in the attractiveness, accessibility, form of a desire to gain knowledge maintenance of the facilities offered, about culture, customs, traditions and and the level of security of the tourist other regional arts (including objects of site (in the tourist area of Seminung historical heritage); (3). Social Lumbok Resort) [7]. In Samosir Motivation, in the form of interpersonal Regency, it was found the influence of motivation to visit friends, family, the fading of the values of local wisdom relatives or make pilgrimages, and so on the comfort of tourists to visit from on; and (4). Fantasy motivation, in the the anthropological aspect [8]. form of a desire to get away from daily Based on the results and routines and ego-enhancement which discussion of research in the district, the can provide psychological satisfaction researchers recommend that the for the individual who travels [1], [2]. government do: (1). Coordination with Among the four factors, culture customary leaders to carry out an is a more dominant factor in motivating inventory of intangible local wisdom foreign tourists to visit Lake Toba [3]. which is felt to be useful in shaping the Specifically, the purpose of their arrival character and identity of the Batak is to study history, customs, traditions, community and (2). Socialization, and art and dance performances coaching, and workshops to community (including religious) [4]. groups around tourist areas to shape Based on data from the Samosir community attitudes and characters in Regency Tourism Office [5], The number supporting the development of the of tourist visits to this area has always tourism sector area. The aim is that in increased every year from 171,087 in the future, Lake Toba can function as 2014 to 378,649 in 2018. However, if one of the economic drivers of the calculated annually, the average region by increasing the number of increase that occurred was only 51,890 tourists visiting the area. people, a very small number when This recommendation has been compared to the large costs incurred by realized in conjunction with the the government for development inauguration of Lake Toba as a National activities in the Lake Toba area Geopark by the United Nation considering that since 2017, Lake Toba Educational, Scientific, and Cultural has been designated as a National Organization (UNESCO) in the middle of Tourism Destination area and a Superior 2020. One of the locations around Lake Tourism Destination in Indonesia which Toba that has received special attention has a priority place on the development due to the development activities that agenda in "Integrated Tourism have been going on so far is Simanindo Masterplan For Lake Toba ”(ITMFLT) [9]. and“ Toba Caldera Geopark Therefore, this study aims to: Masterplan ”. § Explore the types of local wisdom In addition to the various factors found in the Simanindo District, and mentioned earlier, a number of factors § Identify the value of each type of were found to influence the interest of local wisdom in Simanindo District tourists to re-visit, namely: promotion, as a creative tourism area. price, tourism image, and physical

220 Ance Marintan D. Sitohang | Identification of Local …. JPIS | Volume 29, Nomor 2, Desember 2020

The difference between this Types of Physical and Non-Physical study and previous research is that this Local Wisdom in Batak Culture in research is basic research and is limited General to examining what types of local A. Physical Local Wisdom wisdom are contained in the area of B. Traditional Batak House observation and what values are The traditional Batak house is contained therein. This has never been local wisdom which has values and done by previous researchers and will meanings as one of the elements be a novelty in this research. forming the life of the community. For the Batak people, the house is a place LITERATURE REVIEW and a source of blessing and prosperity Local Wisdom as Wealth for its residents. Therefore, the house is In the pluralistic culture of considered to have "tondi" (spirit). The Indonesian society, each community has home owner must pay attention to the its own local wisdom which is a form of condition of his house so that the house cultural wealth that has been passed is still able to carry out its functions down from generation to generation. properly. The decorations / ornaments However, in general, local wisdom can serve to make the house look alive in the be defined as local ideas that are wise, sense that the house also has strength full of wisdom, of good value, which are [13], [14]. embedded and followed by members of the community [10]. Or noble values Rock Chair contained in the local cultural wealth [11] Chair stone is one of the local which is classified into two [12], that is: wisdom in the form of a stone which is § Physical (tangible), the values seen as a symbol of democracy in the life contained in the procedure, special of the Batak people. It is said that Batu provisions as outlined in the form of Kursi was used as a resting place, a place written notes, for example in the for trial, as well as a meeting place for form of books, traditional/ kings and traditional elders to discuss architectural buildings which are a various matters related to events in reflection of the form of local community life, both concerning social wisdom such as traditional Batak affairs, customary law, as well as houses, cultural heritage objects , adjudicating and deciding criminal and also the environmental cases. Therefore, the position of the conditions of an area are included as king as head of the forest must remain local wisdom. honest, fair and wise. Before deciding § Non-physical (intangible), this on something important to the intangible local wisdom can be community, the king must consider the found such as local knowledge, suggestions and opinions of other local values such as norms in an area traditional leaders (advisors and datu) (human social interaction), habitat, [15]. local skills such as traditional arts, literature, rituals, myths. local and Ulos also local resources. Ulos is a typical Batak woven cloth in the form of a shawl. This sacred object is a symbol of blessing, affection and unity, in accordance with the Batak

Ance Marintan D. Sitohang | Identification of Local …. 221 JPIS | Volume 29, Nomor 2, Desember 2020 proverb which reads "Ijuk pangihot ni encourages the Batak people to strive hodong, ulos pangihot ni holong" which for positions and positions that result in means that if palm fiber is the binding of welfare, honor or social prestige. the fronds on the stem then ulos is the Hagabeon can be translated as binding of affection between people. descent. The traditional Toba Batak Ulos literally means a blanket that community aspires to have many warms the body and protects it from offspring [18]. exposure to cold air. According to the beliefs of the Batak tribe, there are three Hangoluan Tois Hamagoan rhymes sources that give heat to humans, In Indonesian, Hangoluan, Tois namely the sun, fire and ulos. Of the Hamagoan can be translated as: polite three sources of warmth, Ulos is beginning of life, arrogant the beginning considered the most comfortable and of destruction. That is, if someone familiar with everyday life [16]. behaves politely and politely then he will live. On the other hand, if someone Non-Physical Local Wisdom behaves indifferently/ disrespectfully to Dalihan Na Tolu others, they will receive a disaster that Dalihan Na Tolu is a kinship leads to destruction. The application of system that is built on the basis of this rule begins with kinship (partuturan bloodline (geneology) and marriage or partondongan) which is covered in that has been passed from generation Dalihan Na Tolu, namely "somba to generation. Dalihan na tolu is often marhulahula, elek marboru, manat also translated by the term stove nan mardongan tubu" [8]. Tiga, which functions to regulate social relations between the three relatives RESEARCH METHODS functionally, namely family relatives Research Location and Sample (dongan tubu), relatives who receive This research was conducted in the wife (boru), and relatives who give Simanindo District, Samosir Regency. the wife (hula-hula). The Batak people The location selection was carried out believe that there is a need for a perfect purposively (deliberately) with the balance in the life order between the consideration that this village is a three elements of Dalihan Na Tolu [17]. leading tourism village in the Lake Toba area, North Sumatra Province and in this Philosophy of Hamoraon, Hasangapon, village, the values of local wisdom are Hagabeon still widely found. Meanwhile, the Hamoraon, hasangapon, and sample in this study was determined as hagabeon are descriptions of achieving many as 30 respondents who were the welfare of the Batak people. selected non-probability using the Hamoraon can be translated as snowball technique where at first 2 acquiring wealth. The Toba Batak random samples were determined and people believe that wealth is a sign of then this sample was asked to choose a blessing from God. This understanding friend who still held local wisdom values gives the spirit of the struggle of the and was considered capable of to free themselves answering all questions in the from poverty. questionnaire research until the number Hasangapon can be translated of samples reaches 30 people (limited with glory, dignity and honor. This value due to covid-19).

222 Ance Marintan D. Sitohang | Identification of Local …. JPIS | Volume 29, Nomor 2, Desember 2020

Research Time RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This research was conducted on General Characteristics of Respondents 5-12 July 2020. Based on the results of interviews with thirty respondents (15 Types and Data Collection Techniques women, 15 men) who are indigenous The data used in this research are people in Simanindo District, it is known cross section primary data obtained that the respondents in this study were through interview techniques using a aged between 16 and 79 years. They also questionnaire. Primary data are defined have various professions, namely as data/ information which is obtained entrepreneurs (florists, weaving, café directly from the first person. The use of employees, traders, cathering studio, primary data in this study aims to obtain souvenir); Government employees; more accurate information, because it farmer; village apparatus; village chief; uses data from one period, sample journalist; dancer; and students. Only variations are carried out in several one of them is a migrant to the area. The different locations (cross section). rest are indigenous people who have The data were collected using a lived since birth. The immigrant came survey method where the respondents from Pematang Siantar City. A summary were asked several questions that had of the respondent's data used in this been arranged in a questionnaire. A study is presented in Table 1. questionnaire is said to be good if it has met the validity and reliability test Understanding of the Definition of values. It is considered valid if it is able to Local Wisdom express something that will be In accordance with the measured by the questionnaire well, explanation outlined in the literature and is categorized reliable if the review in the previous chapter, in instruments used in research are able to general, local wisdom can be defined as provide reliable information as a means ideas that come from the thoughts of of collecting data and are able to reveal the local community that are wise, full of actual information in the field. wisdom, of good value, which are embedded and followed by members of Data Analysis Technique the community or noble values The data that have been contained in the local cultural wealth. collected were analyzed using Because it comes from the community descriptive qualitative methods. In the and is followed by the community itself analysis activities, no quantitative (indigenous in nature), local wisdom is calculations were carried out because more often associated with the habits of this research was conducted to identify life in rural areas. However, when asked the local wisdom values that still exists directly about the definition of local and are inherent in the daily life of the wisdom itself, not many respondents people who inhabit the observation knew it. Only 7 out of 30 respondents area. What needs to be considered in were able to provide the right answer. this activity is that the enumerator must Nonetheless, 83% of them can provide be able to explore the answers to the appropriate and appropriate examples questions that have been made to to illustrate what is meant by local obtain deeper answers. wisdom.

Ance Marintan D. Sitohang | Identification of Local …. 223 JPIS | Volume 29, Nomor 2, Desember 2020

Table 1. General characteristics of research respondents in Simanindo District, Samosir Regency, North Sumatra Province

Amount Population (people) If Not, Age Range Location Gender Profession (People) Original Not Origin: (years) Male 0 - - - - - Simanindo cafe entrepreneurs, dancers, Female 4 4 0 - 10-49 students Male 3 farmer, florist entrepreneur 3 0 - 24-79 Ambarita Female 0 - - - - - Tomok- Male 3 traditional elders, journalists 3 0 - 35-63 Tomok head of the studio, tailor, Female 4 3 0 - 16-63 Induk weaver, dancer farmers, tourism business Male 4 4 0 - 10-21 Siallagan- actors Siallagan souvenir entrepreneurs, Pinda Raya Female 3 traders, tailors, head of the 3 0 - 12-52 studio Male 2 farmers, traders 1 1 Siantar 39-42 Unjur Female 3 the farmer 3 0 - 30-63 Male 1 craftsman 1 0 - 56 Garoga Female 1 craftsmen, entrepreneurs 1 0 - 32 Male 2 traditional elders 1 0 - 58-65 Tuktuk Female 0 - - - - - Total 30 29 1

The factor that causes the 2) Batak, mardege, and mangalukku limited knowledge of respondents in musical instruments whose value describing the exact definition of local shift is due to modernization factors wisdom is their educational (including gadgets); background. Eighty-three percent of the respondents had an educational 3) The sigale-gale dance which has background at or below the SMA experienced a shift in value due to (senior high school) level. religious factors; 4) Liu H, Li XR, Cárdenas DA, Yang Y. Types of Local Wisdom that Still Persist Perceived cultural distance and and Has Lost or Shift in Values international destination choice: Based on the results of the The role of destination familiarity, interview, it is known that in Simanindo Subdistrict, a number of cultural values geographic distance, and cultural of local wisdom can still be found (both motivation. Journal of Destination in physical and non-physical form) in the Marketing & Management. 2018 lives of the people who live in this area. Sep 1;9:300-9.; Even so, not a few have experienced 5) Batak script whose extinction was value shifts and extinction. caused by modernization and the Some local wisdom that has lack of inculcation of cultural values been lost or has shifted in value are 1) Rondang Bulan whose value is in the lives of the younger shifting due to economic factors, generation; modernization, and the lack of 6) Manguras aek, sipele begu, inculcation of cultural values in the mamele, manuan boni, sitio-tio pigs, lives of the younger generation; and mangalahat horbo whose extinction was due to religious factors;

224 Ance Marintan D. Sitohang | Identification of Local …. JPIS | Volume 29, Nomor 2, Desember 2020

7) Tunggal Panaluan whose extinction customs and culture brought by foreign was due to religious factors; and tourists) on extinction and shifting of 8) Tandok and traditional houses the value of local wisdom from its original condition. If any, this influence whose extinction was due to limited comes from musical genres (for availability of raw materials and example: the pop genre) and high maintenance costs. modernization, particularly in terms of providing high-tech machines capable Based on information from all of working faster than human labor and respondents, there is no external capable of producing more influence (outside the region including economically beneficial results.

Figure 1. Sigale-Gale Statue (a), one of the non-physical local wisdoms that has changed values due to religious factors and losung (b), one of the physical local wisdoms that have been extinct due to modernization

Values in Local Wisdom That Still values contained in local wisdom can Endure still run in line with the habits of life of Although many types of local the community which are currently very wisdom have experienced shifting much influenced by changing times and values and have become extinct, there the inclusion of religious values (in this are still a number of local wisdoms that case, love). Several types of local have been preserved or developed in wisdom are presented in Table 2 below: this village. According to respondents, this is because in its implementation, the

Table 2. Types of local wisdom that still exist and survive in Simanindo Subdistrict, Samosir Regency, North Sumatra Province

No. Types of Local Wisdom Local Wisdom Values Batak traditional houses that contain good moral values in terms 1. Bolon's house of door location, building height, and number of steps 2. Rock Chair Contains a historical saga of mass slaughter 3. Garantung Traditional Batak musical instruments 4. Sarune Batak traditional weaving used as a binder, usually used in 5. Sortali traditional ceremonies as identity The resting place of Batak kings whose buildings are carved with 6. Makam Raja-Raja history or family tree 7. Sira Rock A place of judgment and condemnation 8. Gong Traditional Batak musical instruments

Ance Marintan D. Sitohang | Identification of Local …. 225 JPIS | Volume 29, Nomor 2, Desember 2020

9. Uning-Uningan 10. Hasapi Symbols of prayer and hope are likened to sprinkling rice on the 11. Boras Sipir ni Tondi head In the past, the number of steps, if an odd number, represented 12. Tangga Rumah Batak the king's descent, even represented the descendants of slaves The ancient Batak traditional place to eat that was made big and 13. Pinggan wide because in the past the Batak people had a large number of children 14. Kuburan Diatas Pohon From one source, the king's tomb grows three types of trees 15. Ulos Blankets or signs of love 16. Gajah Dompak Batak house carvings symbolize dignity 17. Marnapuran The tradition of chewing betel to strengthen teeth The ceremony of collecting bones with their ancestors in a pond 18. Mangokal Holi (large tomb / monument) 19. Ogung Traditional Batak musical instruments 20. Benteng The walls of the traditional houses of the ancient Batak community

CONCLUSION Promotion of Interest in Visiting Based on the research findings Lake Toba Tourist Attraction,” that have been described in the Enrich. J. Manag., vol. 9, pp. 18–22, previous discussion, it can be concluded 2019. that in Simanindo District, there can still [4] R. Andriani, E. Brahmanto, and B. be found a number of cultural values of C. . S. Purba, “Value Tari Sigale- local wisdom (both physical and non- Gale Dalam Meningkatkan Wisata physical) in the lives of the people who Budaya Di Desa Tomok Kabupaten live in this area. Even so, not a few have Samosi,” J. Indones. Tour. Hosp. experienced value shifts and extinction. Recreat., vol. 2, no. 1, 2019, doi: In general, local wisdom can be 10.17509/jithor.v2i1.16429. classified into five values, namely [5] Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten culture, social, religion, molar, and Toba Samosir, Kabupaten Toba economy. Samosir dalam Angka. Toba Samosir: BPS Kabupaten Toba REFERENCES Samosir, 2019. [1] H. Cho, W. Chiu, and X. D. Tan, [6] A. Rousta and D. Jamshidi, “Food “Travel overseas for a game: the tourism value: Investigating the effect of nostalgia on satellite factors that influence tourists to fans’ psychological commitment, revisit,” J. Vacat. Mark., vol. 26, no. subjective well-being, and travel 1, pp. 73–95, 2020, doi: intention,” Curr. Issues Tour., pp. 1– 10.1177/1356766719858649. 17, 2020, doi: [7] D. J. M. Siagian, H. Hamsari, and F. 10.1080/13683500.2020.1792857. Zuska, “Local Wisdom of Batak [2] P. A. Singleton, “Validating the Toba in Supporting Tourism Sector Satisfaction with Travel Scale as a in Regency of Samosir,” 2017, doi: measure of hedonic subjective 10.2991/icosop-17.2018.32. well-being for commuting in a U.S. [8] D. J. M. Siagian, “Kearifan Lokal city,” Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Batak Toba Dalam Mendukung Psychol. Behav., vol. 60, pp. 399– Sektor Pariwisata di Kabupaten 414, 2019, doi: Samosir,” Inovasi, vol. 15, no. 1, 10.1016/j.trf.2018.10.029. 2018. [3] M. Sianipar, “Effect of Product, [9] Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Price, Location and Tourism Toba Samosir, Kecamatan Simanindo dalam Angka. Toba

226 Ance Marintan D. Sitohang | Identification of Local …. JPIS | Volume 29, Nomor 2, Desember 2020

Samosir: BPS Kabupaten Toba [15] J. Haar, M. Roche, and D. Samosir, 2018. Brougham, “Indigenous Insights [10] S. Sartini, “Menggali kearifan lokal into Ethical Leadership: A Study of nusantara sebuah kajian filsafati,” Māori Leaders,” J. Bus. Ethics, vol. J. Filsafat, vol. 37, no. 2, 2004. 160, no. 3, pp. 621–640, 2019, doi: [11] A. Armawi, “Kearifan Lokal Batak 10.1007/s10551-018-3869-3. Toba Dalihan Na Tolu Dan Good [16] M. Silalahi, “Lexical Items in Batak Governance Dalam Birokrasi Toba Language Representing Publik,” J. Filsafat, vol. 18, no. 2, Fauna, Flora and Social 2008, doi: 10.22146/jf.3522. Environment: Ecolinguistic Study,” [12] S. Supsiloani, “Dukungan Kearifan Flora Soc. Environ. Ecolinguistic Lokal dalam Memicu Study, 2019, doi: Perkembangan Kota,” JUPIIS J. 10.2139/ssrn.3441714. Pendidik. Ilmu-Ilmu Sos., vol. 5, no. [17] M. S. Simatupang, R. Peter, and E. 2, pp. 9–20, 2013. Murniarti, “The Kinship of ‘Dalihan [13] R. H. I. Sitindjak, L. K. Wardani, and Na Tolu’ of Batak Culture in D. Thamrin, “Form and meaning of Indonesia,” PalArch’s J. Archaeol. Batak Toba house ornaments,” Egypt/Egyptology, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. Adv. Sci. Lett., vol. 22, no. 12, pp. 1758–1771, 2020. 4050–4053, 2016, doi: [18] I. S. Dalimunthe and A. S. Lubis, 10.1166/asl.2016.8170. “Hamoraon, Hagabeon & [14] K. Sianipar, G. Gunardi, W. -, and S. Hasangapon as the Basic Rustiyanti, “Makna Seni Ukiran Philosophy in Educating Children,” Gorga Pada Rumah Adat Batak,” J. EL HARAKAH, vol. 21, no. 2, 2019, Seni Budaya, Panggung, vol. 25, no. doi: 10.18860/el.v21i2.6683. 3, 2015, doi: 10.26742/panggung.v25i3.20.

Ance Marintan D. Sitohang | Identification of Local …. 227