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Executive Summary Marine Protected Area Database of Thailand

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Executive Summary Marine Protected Area Database of Thailand Executive Summary Marine Protected Area Database of Thailand 1. Introduction Thailand’s marine and coastal resources are abundant and beautiful. The resources play the important roles in Thailand’s tourism industry, fisheries and other relevant activities that can make more national income. However, these resources have been deteriorated by overusing and lacking of effective planning and management. Department of Coastal and Marine Resources (DMCR) is an important government agency for managing marine and coastal resources. Thus, it is necessary to collect, study legislations and other mitigations related to marine protected ares of Thailand for building the management of information system that able to integrate the information for appropriate management, study the strength and weakness of law enforcement effectiveness of the marine protected area and the gaps particularly affecting in socio- conomic and opportunity in area development to recommend the sustainment management of marine and coastal resources for Thailand in the future. DMCR has employed the consulting firm, TESCO Co, Ltd, to conduct this project, Contract No. Sor Tor Chor.8/2554 dated on May 3rd, B.E. 2554. The scopes of study are to gather information of marine and coastal resources and detailed study in the demonstration sites to draft the notification/regulation of the marine and coastal protected area, and to develop the management information system for marine protected area. Objectives of the project are: 1. To provide the qualitative and quantitative information of coastal and marine resources status included fertility and deterioration 2. To provide information of socioeconomic and geo-social and weakness of being the representative of ecosystem protection and management of marine protected area 3. To recommend the guideline and process for preparation draft ministerial notifications /regulations including map for marine protected area of the demonstration sites 4. To provide database system of marine protected area for relevant agencies and others using network system 1 Executive Summary Marine Protected Area Database of Thailand 2. Summary of Marine and Coastal Resources Study 2.1 Coastal Feature of Thailand Coastal area of Thailand composes of land and marine parts. Land part is boundary of Tambon area located close to the sea and the area covering with mangroves including the area which is the coastal area management of DMCR. Marine part includes internal waters, territorial sea, continuous zone, exclusive economic zones and Malaysia-Thailand joint development. As mentioned, Thailand has a total coastal area of 350,682.86 square kilometers: 35,834.80 km2 for land area and 314,845.21 km2 for marine area. The total coastline of Thailand is 3,148.23 kilometers with 2055.18 kilometers along the Gulf of Thailand covering 17 provinces and 1093.04 kilometers along the Andaman Sea covering 6 provinces. Coastal area has been eroded along the eastern and western parts of the Gulf of Thailand at the tidal flood and mangrove areas. The severely erosion rate, more than 5 meters per year, is found at 12 provinces, Chanthaburi, Rayong, Chachoengsao, Samut Prakarn, Bangkok, Pethchaburi, Prachuab Khiri Khan, Surat Thani, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Songkhla, Pattani and Narathiwat with 180.9 kilometers long or 10.9% of total coastline length. In addition, the medium erosion rate, 1.0-5.0 meters per year, is found at 14 provinces, Trat, Chanthaburi, Rayong, Samut Sakhon, Samut Songkhram, Petchaburi, Prachuab Khiri Khan, Chumporn, Surat Thani Nakhon Si Thammarat, Songkhla, Pattani and Narathiwat with 305.1 kilometers long or 18.4% of total coastline length. The coastal area around the upper part of the Gulf of Thailand from Bangpakong River Mouth, Chachoengsao Province till Tha Chin River Mouth, Samut Sakhon Province are the sensitive area for erosion which some area has a severely erosion, more than 25 meters per year. Coastal erosion of the Andaman Sea occur less than the Gulf of Thailand that have a severely erosion rate at 5 provinces, Ranong, Phuket, Krabi, Trang and Satun with 90.5 kilometers long or 9.5% of total coastline length. Erosion mostly occurs at the sandy beach. Changing in coastal morphology is from both natural process and anthropogenic that not only causes coastal erosion in some area but also sedimentation. It is found the sedimentation in the Gulf of Thailand with 127.3 kilometers or 7.49% of total coastline length and 35 kilometers or 3.7% of total coastline length in the Andaman Sea. Sedimentation will affect the navigation if it occurs in the channel. 2 Executive Summary Marine Protected Area Database of Thailand Land use of 24 provinces along the coastal area is mostly used for perennial plant 21.14% followed by rice field, 12.27% and evergreen forest, 11.32% of the total study area. In addition, there are some field crop, aquaculture pond, mangrove, swamp residential area and buildings (Table 2.1-1 and Figure 2.1-1). 2.2 Marine and Coastal Resources Marine and coastal resources of Thailand enrich of many marine ecosystems including mangroves, coral reefs, seagrass beds, sandy beach, muddy shore and rocky shore. Mangroves, coral reefs and seagrass beds are the most important ecosystems in the coastal area, they provide foods and shelters for many marine organisms as feeding ground or nursery ground particularly for the economic important species. These three ecosystems are found along the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea, particularly in Phangnga, Krabi, Trang and Satun provinces (Table 2.2-1). Due to the marine protected areas compose of both land and sea which some area would have varieties of natural resources. Reporting the status of natural resources will focus on the most important coastal ecosystems that are mangroves, coral reefs, seagrass beds and marine faunas including the coastal water quality in some areas. Some marine protected area abundant and unique, as such it could be announced as protected area more than 1 type such as national and international protected area. Therefore, reporting the status of natural resources of the protected area will not cover the overlapped area among them (more than 1 types of announced protected area). Marine protected areas of Thailand compose of 26 marine nation parks, 9 non hunting area, 6 environment protected area, 9 Ramsar sites and 1 biosphere. Size of the most important coastal ecosystems located in the marine protected areas was detaied in Table 2.2-2. 2.3 Marine Endangered Species Marine Turtles Total of 8 species of marine turtles exist worldwide, Leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea), Green turtle (Chelonia mydas), Flatback turtle (Chelonia depressa), Hawksbill turtle (Erethmochelys imbricata), Loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta), Olive Ridley turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea), Atlantic Ridley turtle (Lepidochelys kempii) and Pacific Green turtle (Chelonia agassizii). There are 5 species found in Thailand, Leatherback turtle, Green turtle, Hawksbill turtle, Loggerhead turtle and Olive Ridley turtle. Particularly, the Loggerhead turtle have never found its nesting since 20 years ago but it is found living in Thai waters at Ko Man, Rayong province and Ko Maew, Songkhla Province. (Department 3 Executive Summary Marine Protected Area Database of Thailand of Marine and Coastal Resources, B.E. 2554). DMCR reported that Green turtle was frequently found along the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea during B.E. 2552-2554, while the Leatherback turtle and Olive Ridley turtle are found in the Andaman Sea and Hawksbill turtle is found in the Gulf of Thailand only. Marine Turtles of the Andaman Sea During B.E. 2513-2515, Olive Ridley turtle and Leatherback turtle laid eggs on Haad Thai Mueang, Phangnga Province more than 400 nests per year but the number of nests was extremely decreased, 20-40 nests during B.E. 2533-2535. From the aerial survey of Adulyanukosol et al. (B.E. 2540) at 8 sites of the Andaman Sea (Phangna, Trang and Krabi Provinces), Green turtles are found at Ban Thalane, Kraibi Province and Ko Sarai, Satun Province while only one Hawksbill turtle is found at Ban Thalane. DMCR reported that 120 fertile adult turtles were found in B.E. 2550 at their nesting areas, Ko Similan, Ko Surin, Haad Thai Mueang, Phangnga Province and around Ko Phuket. The most dominant species is Green turtle as same as the Gulf of Thailand and the others are Leatherback and Olive Ridley turtles while the Hawksbill turtle was not found. Recently, DMCR has studied the turtle population calculated from the number of nests, their nests decreased from 115 in B.E. 2552 to 101 in B.E. 2553, suggesting the declining trend of turtle population Marine Turtles of the Gulf of Thailand DMCR (B.E. 2550.) found 400 fertile adult turtles around their nesting area, Ko Khram, Chonburi Province and the most dominant is Green turtle as same as the Andaman Sea following by Hawksbill turtle which this species was not found at the Andaman Sea in B.E. 2552-2553. In addition, the Leatherback and Olive Ridley turtles have never been found in the Gulf of Thailand. The survey of DMCR (B.E. 2552) at Ko Khram, Chonburi Province found 550 female Green and Hawksbill turtles approximately and some of them repeated laying eggs at the same place for 5 times within 10-12 days. In B.E. 2552, a total of 387 nests were found which this year also found the additional nesting areas at Prachuab Khiri Khan, Chumporn and Surat Thani Provinces In B.E. 2553, Green and Hawksbill turtles laid their eggs at some beaches of Chonburi Province included Na Chomtien, Banglamung, Ko Khram, Ban Sarei and Samaesarn, particularly, only 10 nests of were found at Ko Khram (DMCR, B.E. 2553). DMCR (B.E. 2552) studied the causes of turtle mortality and found that 96 and 57 turtles aground dead at the Andaman Sea and the Gulf of Thailand, respectively.
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