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Occurrence of Microplastics on Beach Sediment at Libong, a Pristine Island in Andaman Sea, Thailand

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Occurrence of Microplastics on Beach Sediment at Libong, a Pristine Island in Andaman Sea, Thailand R ESEARCH ARTICLE doi: 10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2020.042 Occurrence of microplastics on beach sediment at Libong, a pristine island in Andaman Sea, Thailand a,b, a,b c d Siriporn Pradit ∗, Prawit Towatana , Thongchai Nitiratsuwan , Suthep Jualaong , Monticha Jirajarusa, Kittiwara Sornplanga,b, Prakrit Noppradita,b, Yardtip Darakaia, Chaiyapruk Weerawonge a Marine and Coastal Resources Institute, Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110 Thailand b Coastal Oceanography and Climate Change Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110 Thailand c Faculty of Science and Fisheries Technology, Trang Campus, Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya, Trang 92150 Thailand d Marine and Coastal Resources Research, the Eastern Gulf of Thailand, Department of Marine and Coastal Resources, Thailand e Mu Ko Libong Non-hunting Area, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Thailand ∗Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] Received 27 Jan 2020 Accepted 16 May 2020 ABSTRACT: Microplastic pollution is a global issue and a hot issue in Thailand. This is the first assessment of microplastics at Libong, a pristine island, located in Andaman Sea. The investigation was carried out by collecting the sediment from beach and mudflat areas of the island in May and July, 2019. Three class sizes of microplastics were determined: greater than 5 mm, 18 pieces; 1–5 mm, 28 pieces; and less than 1 mm, 129 pieces. The total number of microplastics from beach sediment was greater than that from the mudflat sediment. The discovered microplastics were mainly constituted of fibers (59%) and fragments (41%). A great variety of colors were found, and white (43% from beach, 41% from mudflat area) was the most common, followed by blue (9% from beach, 35% from mudflat) and red (12% from beach, 6% from mudflat). Polymers identified by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer consisted of poly vinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), Nylon, Polyethylene (PE), Polyester, Polyacrylate (PA) and polymer with a structure similar to EPDM rubber. KEYWORDS: microplastic, FTIR, polymer, beach, mudflat, sediment INTRODUCTION as a scrub for cosmetic use [3, 5]. Microplastics have been classified with different size ranges, varying Marine plastic waste has long been recognized as from study to study, with diameters of < 10 mm [6], an environmental problem. As plastic pollution of < 5 mm [7], < 2 mm [8] and < 1 mm [9, 10]. They marine ecosystems has become a widely acknowl- easily spread to the environment, but it is difficult to edged environmental problem, it has been placed handle or eliminate them. They are thus especially on the agenda at the highest international lev- vulnerable for both land- and sea-based microplas- els [1]. Geyer et al [2] estimated that approximately tic debris inputs, often exhibiting high numbers of 6300 million tons of plastic waste were generated microplastics [11]. Many researchers define mi- between the years 1950 and 2015, and 4977 million croplastics as plastic particles that are smaller than tons of which were accumulated in landfills and the 5 millimeters [3, 4]. natural environment. The origin of microplastics Microplastics are both abundant and is from a large piece of marine plastic waste under widespread within the marine environment, the influence of UV rays in sunlight [3, 4] and wave which are found in their highest concentrations action breaking the plastic into small particles [4, 5]. along coastlines and within mid-ocean gyres [12]. A small piece of plastic is called microplastic. This These microplastic particles have already been includes small plastic product that is primarily made www.scienceasia.org 2 ScienceAsia 46 (2020) detected in environments, ranging from beach 544000 544200 544400 544600 544800 sediment and surface waters all around the globe to more remote locations such as deep sea sediments 0 0 0 Libong 0 6 6 9 Island 9 9 9 and arctic waters [13, 14]. Among the above- 7 7 A mentioned environmental compartments studied, n 0 0 d S 0 0 a e 4 4 m a 9 9 Gulf of 9 9 a 7 7 beach sediments represent the interface between n Thailand the ocean and terrestrial habitats 15 . Trang [ ] 0 0 0 0 2 2 9 9 Plastics are synthetic organic polymers, which 9 9 7 7 are derived from the polymerization of monomers 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 extracted from oil or gas 16 . Primary source of mi- 9 9 [ ] 7 7 Libong croplastics includes Polyethylene (PE), polypropy- Island 0 0 Study 0 0 8 8 Area lene (PP) and polystyrene (PS) particles in cos- 8 8 9 Sediment Sampling Points 9 7 WGS84 UTM 7 Libong Island metic and medical products. Secondary microplas- Zone 47 tics originate from physical, chemical and biologi- 544000 544200 544400 544600 544800 cal processes, resulting in fragmentation of plastic Fig. 1 Study area with the sampling sites at Libong Island, debris [8, 17]. Using Fourier Transform Infrared Thailand Spectroscopy (FTIR), items of interest can then be confirmed as plastic by comparing spectra of the crolight surveying around Trang Province between samples with those of known polymers 18, 19 . [ ] 15–23 November 2006 found 84 dugongs and their The most commonly used and abundant poly- 25 offspring 24 . Furthermore, the abundant mers are high density polyethylene (HDPE), low- [ ] sea grasses around the Libong and Muk Islands density polyethylene (LDPE), poly vinyl chloride are important food sources for the largest herd (PVC), polystyrene (PS), polypropylene (PP) and of dugongs in Thailand. Therefore, if there are poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), which together some quantities of marine wastes and microplastics account for approximately 90% of the total plastic around the beach system of Libong Island, they may production worldwide 20 . [ ] affect aquatic animals, dugongs and humans who For Thailand, very few previous studies on ma- consume the aquatic fauna and sea grasses contami- rine waste and microplastics in the environment nated with microplastics. Thus, the objective of this and living organisms have been published such as study was to study the microplastic contamination Azad et al 21 conducting the study of microbio- [ ] and their types in sand and mud beach ecosystems. logical contamination in the stomachs of economic fishes from the lower Gulf of Thailand. It was found MATERIALS AND METHODS that the plastic ingested by aquatic animals was 79.52% microplastics (< 5 mm) and 20.48% meso- Study area plastics (5–25 mm). According to the study result of Libong Island was selected for this study. It is a Goh et al [22], the mean concentration of microplas- pristine island located in Andaman sea at latitude tic in these green mussel (Perna viridis) samples was 07°140–07°170 N and longitude 99°220–09°270 E on 21.10 0.15 items/g and 12.30 0.20 items/indi- the western coastline of Kantang District, Trang vidual.± Microplastic studies in the± beach ecosystem Province (Fig. 1). Libong Island has a diverse were still conducted in the limited areas usually in ecosystem, including sandy beach, mudflat next to the beach with tourist attraction. Furthermore, the the sand beach, coral reefs, mangrove forests and an study results were not comprehensive and sufficient extensive seagrass bed. The study site is situated on especially in areas that are islands which have the the east coast of the island where the large seagrass opportunity to be developed as a tourist destination bed can be found. Libong Island is affected by in the future such as the Island of Libong, Thailand. monsoon winds as follows: (1) Southwest monsoon Thus, this study result certainly provided the valu- (SW) blows from the ocean to the southwest direc- able information for fulfilling the background data tion of the shore of the island around May to October of the aforementioned unique ecological system. or early November and makes heavy rain and strong Moreover, Libong Island is an important sea grass wave to the island; (2) Northeast monsoon (NE) area of the Andaman coast with the water depth blows from the South China Sea and the Gulf of between 0.5–2.8 m of sea level [23]. This definitely Thailand into the southeast of the southern Thailand makes it become important ecological area because region and blows to the northeastern of the island it is the habitat of dugongs in Trang Province. Mi- around November to April, making light rain and www.scienceasia.org ScienceAsia 46 (2020) 3 light wind. Table 1 Microplastic found in beach sediment and mud- flat sediment at Libong Island. Collecting sediment samples 1st: No. 2nd: No. Occurrence Sediment Size 2 Sampling of sediment samples was carried out at of pieces of pieces (pieces/m ) sand and mud beaches located at the Eastern site of Beach >5 mm – 18 the island, and there were villagers’ houses at their Beach 1–5 mm 13 7 head beaches. The 48 sampling points were selected Beach <1 mm 31 83 for collecting the samples 2 times in May and July Total 44 108 25 2019, which is a rainy season in this area. This Mudflat >5 mm – – study divided the found microplastics into 3 sizes Mudflat 1–5 mm 8 – including (1) larger than 5 mm, (2) 1–5 mm and Mudflat <1 mm – 15 (3) smaller than 1 mm. Total 8 15 4 Sediment samples were sampled along the coast by placing a 50 50 cm quadrant frame in a 100 100 m specimen× block at the beachhead, the Polymer identification middle× and the end of each beach with a distance of About 40% of the total number of microplastics was 100 m apart among the blocks; collecting sediment used in this study. Samples was analyzed to identify in the quadrant frame was carried out using a shovel polymer types, color and shape.
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