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Types of Farming in Tennessee University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station

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Types of Farming in Tennessee University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station University of Tennessee, Knoxville Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Bulletins AgResearch 3-1960 Types of Farming in Tennessee University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station Joe A. Martin B. H. Luebke Follow this and additional works at: http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_agbulletin Part of the Agriculture Commons Recommended Citation University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station; Martin, Joe A.; and Luebke, B. H., "Types of Farming in Tennessee" (1960). Bulletins. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_agbulletin/481 The publications in this collection represent the historical publishing record of the UT Agricultural Experiment Station and do not necessarily reflect current scientific knowledge or recommendations. Current information about UT Ag Research can be found at the UT Ag Research website. This Bulletin is brought to you for free and open access by the AgResearch at Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Bulletins by an authorized administrator of Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. March, 1960 BUlleti.?~ •. ~ Types oLlarming In Tennessee by JOE A. MARTIN and B. H. LUEBKE The University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station John A. Ewing, Director Knoxville Summary -Agriculture in Tennessee is characterized by a diversity of crop and livestock production. On an acreage basis, the three main crops are corn, hay, and cotton. They make up 75 percent of the crop area harvested. Soybeans, small grain, and tobacco are grown on a considerable area. Vegetables, fruits, and ornamentals are also produced on a commercial scale. On a cash-income basis, how- ever, cotton and tobacco are the leading crops. -Commercial livestock production includes dairy, beef, swine, sheep, poultry, and some horses. Livestock and livestock products account for about one-half of the cash-income to farmers. -Differences in area specialization in crop and livestock pro- duction over the state provided the basis for demarcation of type-of-farming areas. Twelve major type-of-farming areas have been identified in this report. Within these areas the degree of uniformity or diversity varies greatly. They range from the specialized areas of cotton or tobacco production, where as much as 90 percent of the income is derived from one crop, to the highly diversified areas. In several areas, especially around urban centers and in the mountain regions, non-commercial agriculture or part- time and residential farms are important. _Back of the area differences in types of farming are many physical, biological, economic, and social factors which limit or influence the use of resources. The main factors are soils, topogra- phy, climate, plant varieties, animal breeds, diseases, insects, costs of production and transportation, local market demands, population density, institutions, customs and habits. In some areas a given type of farming may exist because no other type is more profitable and not because conditions particularly favor it. -The 12 major type-of-farming areas and their general loca- tion are as follows: Area I-Cotton, cash-grain-Mississippi Bottoms. Area 2-Cotton, livestock, general farming-Northern Plateau Slope. Area 3-Cotton-Southern Plateau Slope. Area 4-Cotton, residential, part-time, livestock-Eastern Plateau Slope. Area 5-Cotton, residential, part-time, general, livestock- Southern Highland Rim. Area 6-Residential, livestock, cash-grain, tobacco-Western - Highland Rim. Area 7-Tobacco, residential, part-time, general, livestock- Northern Highland Rim. Area 8-Residential, dairy, tobacco, part-time, livestock- Central Basin. Area 9-Residential, part-time, livestock, dairy, general, to- bacco-Eastern Highland Rim. Area 10-Residential, part-time, I i v est 0 c k-Cumberland Plateau. Area ll-Tobacco, residential, part-time, dairy, cotton-East Tennessee Valley and Sequatchie Valley. Area 12-Residential, part-time, tobacco, livestock, vegetable, fruit-Unaka Mountain Area. ---c~----=-~==~_-c_=--=-=-=--=--===~-----c==--==c=--==---=-=c--==II Foreword II I This bulletin has the same title as Bulletin No. 169, pub- lished in 1939, by B. H. Luebke, S. W. Atkins, and C. E. Allred I of the Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station and W. J. Roth of the United States Department of Agriculture. The outline of the earlier bulletin was followed for the most part in the present report. Because the text has been rewritten, from new data, it was considered desirable to publish it as a I new bulletin rather than as a revision of Bulletin No. 169. The authors wish to acknowledge the guidance provided by the original bulletin and the assistance given by associates in the Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station and Extension Service. The authors are especially indebted to Professor M. E. Springer of the Agronomy Department, University of Tennessee, who suggested many improvements in the informa- tion pertaining to soils. The cover design was done by June Wakefield. 3 Contents Page SUMMARY --------------------------- _____2 INTRO DUCTIO N ------- _______________________________________8 SOME FACTORS AFFECTING TYPES OF FARMING IN TENNESSEE - ------ 8 Physical Factors __ ---- 9 Physiographic Regions 9 Soils __14 Climate _ 21 Economic and Social Factors __ __ 22 Markets and Transportation----22 Farm Production, Size and Tenure--------26 MAJOR LAND USES _34 Localization of Land Use _______________________34 Trends in Land Use _36 CROP DISTRIBUTION AND TRENDS _37 Corn _ 38 Hay _ 39 Cotton __ .41 Tobacco __ .42 Small Grain .43 Vegetables and Fruit _ _ _ .44 LIVESTOCK DISTRIBUTION AND TRENDS .47 Dairy 48 Beef _ 49 Hogs __ _ 51 Sheep and Lambs _ 51 Poultry _ _52 Horses and Mules 52 4 Contents (Continued) PagE:. TYPE-OF-FARMING AREAS IN TENNESSEE 54 Area 1-Cotton, cash-grain-Mississippi Bottoms 58 Area 2-Cotton, livestock, general farming-Northern Plateau Slope 61 Area 3-Cotton-Southern Plateau Slope 65 Area 4-Cotton, residential, part-time, livestock- Eastern Plateau Slope 68 Area 5-Cotton, residential, part-time, general, livestock-Southern Highland Rim 71 Area 6-Residential, livestock, cash-grain, tobacco- Western Highland Rim 73 Area 7-Tobacco, residential, part-time, general, livestock-Northern Highland Rim 76 Area 8-Residential, dairy, tobacco, part-time, livestock-Central Basin 80 Area 9-Residential, part-time, livestock, dairy, general, tobacco-Eastern Highland Rim 86 Area 10-Residential, part-time, livestock-Cumberland Plateau_ 90 Area ll-Tobacco, residential, part-time, dairy, cotton- East Tennessee Valley and Sequatchie Valley __ 92 Area 12-Residential, part-time, tobacco, livestock, vegetable, fruit-Unaka Mountain Area 101 5 List of Figures Page Figure 1. Physiographic Divisions of Tennessee 10 Figure 2. Soil Associations of Tennessee 16 Figure 3. Average Annual Precipitation (Inches) 20 Figure 4. Average Number of Days Without Killing Frost 20 Figure 5. Average January Temperature; Average July Temperature 21 Figure 6. Population of Tennessee, 1950 22 Figure 7. Increase in Population, Tennessee, 1940-1950 23 Figure 8. Decrease in Population, Tennessee, 1940-1950 23 Figure 9. Index of Total Agricultural Production, Tennessee, 1930-57 27 Figure 10. Percentage Change in Number of Farms, by Size of Farms, Tennessee, 1935-54 31 Figure 11. Percentage Distribution of all Farms, by Size of Farms, Tennessee, 1954 32 Figure 12. Type of Tenure as Percentage of All Farms in Tennessee for Selected Years 33 Figure 13. Land in Farms, 1955 35 Figure 14. Cropland Harvested Acres, 1954 35 Figure 15. All Pasture Acres, 1954 .... 36 Figure 16. Total Woodland Acres, 1954 36 Figure 17. Acreage in Farm Land in Tennessee, 1879-1954 37 Figure 18. Corn Acres, 1954 ... .. 39 Figure 19. Trend in Acreage of Crops, Tennessee, 1879-1954 ... 40 Figure 20. Total Hay Acres, 1954 41 Figure 21. Alfalfa Acres, 1954 41 Figure 22. Cotton Acres, 1954 42 Figure 23. Tobacco Acres, 1954 42 Figure 24. Acreage of Tobacco, Tennessee, 1924-54 43 Figure 25. Wheat Acres, 1954 44 Figure 26. Oat Acres, 1954 44 Figure 27. Sweet Potato Acres, 1954 .45 Figure 28. Irish Potato Acres, 1954 45 Figure 29. Strawberry Acres, 1954 46 6 list of Figures (Continued) Page Figure 30. All Fruit and Vegetable Acres, 1954 46 Figure 31. Trend in Livestock, Tennessee, 1850-1955 A8 Figure 32. Milk Cows, Number, 1955 A9 Figure 33. Whole Milk Sold Value, 1955 __ A9 Figure 34. Trends III Number of Sheep, Cattle, and Hogs, Tennessee 50 Figure 35. Beef Cattle, Number, 1955 -----_____50 Figure 36. Hogs and Pigs, Number, 1955 51 Figure 37. Sows and Gilts, Number, 1955 -------_____51 Figure 38. Sheep and Lambs, Number, 1955 52 Figure 39. Chickens, Number, 1955_______ ___ 52 Figure 40. Trends III Poultry, Horses, and Mules 53 Figure 41. Turkeys, Number, 1955___________ __54 Figure 42. Horses and Mules, Number, 1955 54 Figure 43. Type of Farming Areas, 1954 __-------------------- 57 7 Types of Farming In Tennessee Joe A. Martin Agricultural Economist and B. H. Luebke Formerly Associate Agricultural Economist Introduction The 1954 Census of Agriculture classified the commercial farms of Tennessee into ten major types according to their products. These ranged from specialty plants or livestock products, such as ornamental shrubbery or walking horses, to the more commonplace types, such as cotton or dairy farms. Non-commercial farms in the state, which made up about 40 percent of the total, were classified into three groups-part-time, residential, and ab- normal. In addition to commercial and non-commercial
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