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An Updated Radiocarbon-Based Ice Margin Chronology for the Last Deglaciation of the North American Ice Sheet Complex

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An Updated Radiocarbon-Based Ice Margin Chronology for the Last Deglaciation of the North American Ice Sheet Complex ORE Open Research Exeter TITLE An updated radiocarbon-based ice margin chronology for the last deglaciation of the North American Ice Sheet Complex AUTHORS Dalton, AS; Margold, M; Stokes, CR; et al. JOURNAL Quaternary Science Reviews DEPOSITED IN ORE 19 August 2020 This version available at http://hdl.handle.net/10871/122545 COPYRIGHT AND REUSE Open Research Exeter makes this work available in accordance with publisher policies. A NOTE ON VERSIONS The version presented here may differ from the published version. If citing, you are advised to consult the published version for pagination, volume/issue and date of publication AS Dalton et al. Feb 2020 – final version 1 An updated radiocarbon-based ice margin chronology for the last deglaciation of the 2 North American Ice Sheet Complex 3 4 April S. Daltona,b, Martin Margoldb, Chris R. Stokesa, Lev Tarasovc, Arthur S. Dyked,e, 5 Roberta S. Adamsf, Serge Allardg, Heather E. Arendsh, Nigel Atkinsoni, John Attigj, Peter J. 6 Barnettk, Robert Langdon Barnettl,m, Martin Battersonn, Pascal Bernatchezl, Harold W. Borns, 7 Jro, Andrew Breckenridgep, Jason P. Brinerq, Etienne Brouardr,s, Janet E. Campbellt, Anders 8 E. Carlsonu, John J. Claguev, B. Brandon Curryw, Robert-André Daigneaultx, Hugo Dubé- 9 Louberty,z, Don J. Easterbrookaa, David A. Franzibb, Hannah G. Friedrichh†, Svend Fundercc, 10 Michelle S. Gauthierdd, Angela S. Gowanee, Ken L. Harrisff, Bernard Hétul, Tom S. 11 Hooyergg†, Carrie E. Jenningshh, Mark D. Johnsonii, Alan E. Kehewjj, Samuel E. Kelleykk, 12 Daniel Kerrt, Edward L. Kingll, Kristian K. Kjeldsencc,mm, Alan R. Knaebleee, Patrick 13 Lajeunesser, Thomas R. Lakemannn, Michel Lamothes, Phillip Larsonoo, Martin Lavoier, 14 Henry M. Loopepp, Thomas V. Lowellqq, Barbara A. Lusardiee, Lorraine Manzff, Isabelle 15 McMartint, F. Chantel Nixonrr, Serge Occhiettix, Michael A. Parkhillss, David J. W. Piperll, 16 Antonius G. Pronktt, Pierre J. H. Richarduu, John C. Ridgevv, Martin Rossww, Martin Royz, 17 Allen Seamang, John Shawll, Rudolph R. Steaxx, James T. Telleryy, Woodrow B. Thompsonzz, 18 Harvey L. Thorleifsonee, Daniel J. Uttingaaa, Jean J. Veillettet, Brent C. Wardv, Thomas K. 19 Weddlezz, Herbert E. Wright, Jrhh† 20 Author affiliations 21 aDepartment of Geography, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom 22 bDepartment of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Charles University, Prague, Czech 23 Republic Page 1 of 90 AS Dalton et al. Feb 2020 – final version 24 cDepartment of Physics and Physical Oceanography, Memorial University, St. John’s, 25 Newfoundland, Canada 26 dDepartment of Earth Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada 27 eDepartment of Anthropology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada 28 fMadrone Environmental Services Ltd, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada 29 gNew Brunswick Department of Energy and Mines, Geological Surveys Branch, Fredericton, 30 New Brunswick, Canada 31 hDivision of Lands and Mineral, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, St. Paul, 32 Minnesota, USA 33 iAlberta Geological Survey, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada 34 jWisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey, Madison, Wisconsin, USA 35 kHarquail School of Earth Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada 36 lDépartement de biologie, chimie et géographie & Centre for Northern Studies (CEN), 37 Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada 38 mGeography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, 39 United Kingdom 40 nGeological Survey of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada 41 oSchool of Earth and Climate Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA 42 pNatural Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin–Superior, Superior, Wisconsin, USA Page 2 of 90 AS Dalton et al. Feb 2020 – final version 43 qDepartment of Geology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA 44 rDépartement de géographie and Centre d'études nordiques, Université Laval, Québec, 45 Québec, Canada 46 sDépartement des sciences de la Terre et de l'atmosphère, Université du Québec à Montréal, 47 Montréal, Québec, Canada 48 tGeological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 49 uCollege of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, 50 Oregon, USA 51 vDepartment of Earth Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada 52 wIllinois State Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana- 53 Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA 54 xDépartement de géographie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada 55 yMinistry of Energy and Natural Resources of Quebec, Val-d’Or, Quebec, Canada 56 zDépartement des Sciences de la Terre et de l'atmosphère, Centre de recherche GEOTOP, 57 Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada 58 aaDepartment of Geology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, USA 59 bbCenter for Earth and Environmental Science, State University of New York Plattsburgh, 60 Plattsburgh, New York, USA 61 ccCentre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark 62 ddManitoba Geological Survey, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Page 3 of 90 AS Dalton et al. Feb 2020 – final version 63 eeMinnesota Geological Survey, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 64 ffNorth Dakota Geological Survey, Bismarck, North Dakota, USA 65 ggDepartment of Geosciences, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA 66 hhDepartment of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, 67 Minnesota, USA 68 iiDepartment of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden 69 jjDepartment of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Western Michigan University, 70 Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA 71 kkSchool of Earth Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland 72 llNatural Resources Canada, Geological Survey of Canada (Atlantic), Bedford Institute of 73 Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada 74 mmDepartment of Glaciology and Climate, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland 75 (GEUS), Copenhagen, Denmark 76 nnGeological Survey of Norway, Trondheim, Norway 77 ooSwenson College of Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, 78 Minnesota, USA 79 ppIndiana Geological and Water Survey, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA 80 qqDepartment of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA 81 rrDepartment of Geography, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 82 Norway Page 4 of 90 AS Dalton et al. Feb 2020 – final version 83 ssNew Brunswick Department of Energy and Mines, Geological Surveys Branch, Bathurst, 84 New Brunswick, Canada 85 ttGeological Survey, Energy and Resource Development, Fredericton, New Brunswick, 86 Canada 87 uuDépartement de géographie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada 88 vvDepartment of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA 89 wwCentre for Groundwater Research, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada 90 xxStea Surficial Geology Services, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada 91 yyDepartment of Geological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada 92 zzMaine Geological Survey, Augusta, Maine, USA 93 aaaAlberta Energy Regulator, Calgary, Alberta, Canada 94 †deceased 95 Keywords 96 Quaternary; glaciation; North America; ice margin chronology; radiocarbon 97 Abstract 98 The North American Ice Sheet Complex (NAISC; consisting of the Laurentide, 99 Cordilleran and Innuitian ice sheets) was the largest ice mass to repeatedly grow and decay in 100 the Northern Hemisphere during the Quaternary. Understanding its pattern of retreat 101 following the Last Glacial Maximum is critical for studying many facets of the Late 102 Quaternary, including ice sheet behaviour, the evolution of Holocene landscapes, sea level, Page 5 of 90 AS Dalton et al. Feb 2020 – final version 103 atmospheric circulation, and the peopling of the Americas. Currently, the most up-to-date and 104 authoritative margin chronology for the entire ice sheet complex is featured in two 105 publications (Geological Survey of Canada Open File 1574 [Dyke et al., 2003]; ‘Quaternary 106 Glaciations – Extent and Chronology, Part II’ [Dyke, 2004]). These often-cited datasets track 107 ice margin recession in 36 time slices spanning 18 ka to 1 ka (all ages in uncalibrated 108 radiocarbon years) using a combination of geomorphology, stratigraphy and radiocarbon 109 dating. However, by virtue of being over 15 years old, the ice margin chronology requires 110 updating to reflect new work and important revisions. This paper updates the aforementioned 111 36 ice margin maps to reflect new data from regional studies. We also update the original 112 radiocarbon dataset from the 2003/2004 papers with 1,541 new ages to reflect work up to and 113 including 2018. A major revision is made to the 18 ka ice margin, where Banks and Eglinton 114 islands (once considered to be glacial refugia) are now shown to be fully glaciated. Our 115 updated 18 ka ice sheet increased in areal extent from 17.81 to 18.37 million km2, which is an 116 increase of 3.1% in spatial coverage of the NAISC at that time. Elsewhere, we also 117 summarize, region-by-region, significant changes to the deglaciation sequence. This paper 118 integrates new information provided by regional experts and radiocarbon data into the 119 deglaciation sequence while maintaining consistency with the original ice margin positions of 120 Dyke et al. (2003) and Dyke (2004) where new information is
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