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For Existing Oil Palm Cultivation on Peat RSPO MANUAL ON BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (BMPs) FOR EXISTING OIL PALM CULTIVATION ON PEAT SUPPORTED BY The British Government cover image Workers loading barges with oil palm fruits, which have been transported by water to save energy and enhance access. 3 RSPO MANUAL ON BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (BMPs) — ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1 FOR EXISTING OIL PALM 1.0 INTRODUCTION 3 CULTIVATION ON PEAT 1.1 Initiation of RSPO Manual for Best Management Practices 3 1.2 Purpose of BMP Manual and Benefits of Adoption 4 lim, k.h., lim, s.s, parish. f. and SUPPORTED BY 1.3 Background of Oil Palm Cultivation on Peatland 5 suharto, r. (eds) 2012. RSPO Manual The British 1.4 Potential Impacts of Oil Palm Cultivation on Peatland 7 on Best Management Practices (BMPs) for Government Existing Oil Palm Cultivation on Peat. RSPO, 1.5 Regulations and Guidelines Related to Oil Palm 7 Kuala Lumpur. Cultivation on Peatland 1.6 Contents of the Manual 10 editorial team Peter Lim Kim Huan (Dr) Si Siew Lim Faizal Parish 2.0 NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF TROPICAL PEAT 15 Rosediana Suharto 2.1 Definition, Formation, Distribution and Classification of Peat 15 isbn 978-967-11292-1-0 2.2 Peat Depth, Horizons and Topography 18 e-book 2.3 Physiochemical Properties and Fertility of Drained Peat 20 2.4 Peat Subsidence 24 book design disclaimer 2.5 Constraints of Oil Palm Cultivation on Peatland 34 Jeffrey Lim http://studio25.my/ The statements, technical information and recommendations contained in this Manual This publication may be reproduced in are based on best practice and experience whole or in part and in any form for and have been prepared by thev members of 3.0 BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (BMPs)– 37 educational or non-profit purposes without the RSPO Peatland Working Group (PLWG) OIL PALM CULTIVATION ON PEATLAND special permission from the copyright holder, established by decision of the RSPO General provided acknowledgement of the source Assembly. The guidance in this Manual 3.1 Water Management 37 is made. does not necessarily reflect the views of the RSPO Secretariat or any of the individual 3.2 Fertilizer and Nutrient Management 67 No use of this publication may be made for contributors, sponsors and supporters of the 3.3 Integrated Pest and Disease Management 71 resale or for any other commercial purpose process. The publication of this Manual does 3.4 Weed Management 90 whatsoever without express written consent not constitute an endorsement by RSPO, the from the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil. PLWG or any participants or supporters of 3.5 Management of Leaning and Fallen Palms 92 the development of new oil palm plantations 3.6 Replanting Practices 94 please direct all inquiries to in peatland areas. Every effort has been 3.7 Nursery Management 110 RSPO Secretariat Sdn Bhd made to make this Manual as complete and Unit A-32A-2, Menara UOA Bangsar accurate as possible. However there may no. 5 Jalan Bangsar Utama 1 be omissions or errors, both typographical 59000 Kuala Lumpur and in content and over time the contents 4.0 BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (BMPs)– 113 Malaysia may become superseded. Therefore this text should be used as a guide and not the OPERATIONAL ISSUES sole basis for management of plantations [email protected] 4.1 Enhancing Yield 113 http://www.rspo.org/ on peatlands. Implementation of these best practice guidance is voluntary and results 4.2 Transport Systems 119 will vary according to local situations. 4.3 Labour and Mechanization 128 First Edition in English, designed for digital Neither RSPO nor the PLWG or any screen, e-book, published june 2012 contributors or supporters of the process can 4.4 Training and Field Supervision 135 be held liable for the results of application of the guidance. 5.0 BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (BMPs)– 137 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES RSPO would like to thank all PLWG members and the Co-Chairs 5.1 Conservation, Maintenance and Rehabilitation 137 (Faizal Parish of GEC and Ibu Rosediana of IPOC) for the successful 5.2 Environmental Management 148 completion of this Manual and the contributions from the industry 5.3 Fire Prevention and Control 149 members in Malaysia and Indonesia. Special appreciations are extended to 5.4 Minimization of Green House Gas (GHG) 151 Dr Peter Lim who prepared much of the text related to chapters 3, Emissions from Oil Palm Plantations 4 and 6 and provided extensive inputs, case studies and photographs. 5.5 Social and Cultural Issues 154 Wetlands International and GEC provided much of the information in 5.6 Cooperation with Local Communities 161 chapter 5. Field visits were hosted by Sime Darby Berhad (Selangor, 5.7 Occupational Health and Safety Issues 163 Malaysia), Woodman Plantations Sdn Bhd (Sarawak, Malaysia) and Indonesia Palm Oil Council/Yayasan Elang (Riau, Indonesia). Significant contributions were made by industry representatives from companies 6.0 BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (BMPs)– 167 and associations including MPOA and SAPPOA during stakeholder R&D, MONITORING AND DOCUMENTATION consultation meetings in Sarawak, Riau and Kuala Lumpur. Thanks are 6.1 Research and Development 167 given to the staff of GEC, IPOC and RSPO who supported activities 6.2 Monitoring and Reporting 168 and meetings of the PLWG. Photographs were mainly provided by 6.3 Documentation of Operating Procedures 171 Peter Lim, Gusti Z Anshari, Marcel Silvius, Jimmy Tan, Pupathy Uthrapathy Thandapani together with other PLWG members. Case studies and other inputs were provided by Sime 7.0 OIL PALM CULTIVATION 173 Darby, PT TH Indo Plantations, SIPEF Group and MPOB BY SMALLHOLDERS ON PEATLAND highlighting their experience with cultivation of oil palm on tropical peat soils. The compilation and editing of this Manual by Si Siew Lim of Grassroots is also acknowledged. — REFERENCES 176 Funding to support the PLWG was provided by the RSPO and a range of agencies from the UK Government. The input by staff of GEC was annex 1 Glossary & Abbreviations 184 supported through grants from IFAD-GEF (ASEAN Peatlands Forests annex 2 Resolution Adopted at 6th RSPO 186 Project) and the European Union (SEAPeat Project). General Assembly (2009) annex 3 Peatland Working Group (PLWG) 187 annex 4 Distribution of Peatlands in South East Asia 190 annex 5 Potential Impacts of Oil Palm Cultivation on Peatland 194 annex 6 Relevant RSPO Principles & Criteria 196 and National Interpretations annex 7 Relevant Indonesian and Malaysian Regulations 201 annex 8 Fire Prevention and Control 207 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 INITIATION OF RSPO MANUAL FOR BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES This Manual has been prepared in response to the decision by the RSPO General Assembly (GA) in november 2009 (see annex 2 PAGE 186) to provide guidance to improve yields in existing oil palm cultivation on peat and to address issues related to GHG emissions, subsidence and other impacts that affect the potential sustainability of oil palm cultivation on peatlands. This Manual has been prepared through a consultative process 2 facilitated by the RSPO Peatland Working Group (PLWG) 3 (see annex 3 PAGE 187), which was established in april 2010 in response to the above GA decision. The PLWG held six meetings in different parts of Malaysia and Indonesia during the period april 2010 to september 2011. The PLWG collated experiences from RSPO members and non-member companies, visited oil palm plantations and smallholders on peat as well as organized public stakeholder consultation fora in Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak to gather input for the preparation of this Manual. Preparation of the main drafts was facilitated by Peter Lim of PT Bumitama Gunajaya Agro but amendments and contributions were received from a broad range of other PLWG members and external parties. Drafts were circulated for comment to a range of stakeholders. This Manual was finalized after 12 revisions to ensure balanced and practical views are taken into account. RSPO MANUAL ON BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (BMPs ) FOR EXISTING OIL PALM CULTIVATION ON PEAT 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.2 PURPOSE OF BMP MANUAL AND BENEFITS OF ADOPTION 1.3 BACKGROUND OF OIL PALM CULTIVATION ON PEATLAND The objective of this Manual is to provide a set of practical guidelines for Over the last 30 years, oil palm cultivation has rapidly expanded in Best Management Practices (BMPs) that are important for enhancing the SE Asia (particularly Indonesia and Malaysia) and currently covers about management of existing oil palm cultivation on tropical peat while at the 12.5 million hectares. Initially oil palm cultivation focused on mineral same time reducing environmental impacts especially GHG emissions and soils and peat soils were considered less suitable – partly due to poor subsidence. This BMP Manual is applicable to existing large plantations experience with initial cultivation. These problems were largely due to the and also medium and small-scale cultivation of oil palm on peat. lack of understanding of the structure and hydrology of these peatlands. This Manual draws on more than 30 years experience in SE Asia of In the early 1960s, plantation crops such as rubber and subsequently cultivation of oil palm on peatlands as well as drawing on recent research oil palm were planted on peat soils. Again, success was limited due to on GHG emissions and water management. It also draws on and refers the use of large drains to remove excess water. In 1986, the pioneering to existing national regulations and guidelines especially from Malaysia work of United Plantations in Peninsular Malaysia (Gurmit et al., 1986) and Indonesia – the countries with the largest areas of oil palm cultivated to introduce water control and nutritional management significantly on peatland. increased the potential for successful cultivation of oil palms on peat. This Manual is an initial step taken by RSPO to guide its members, In the past 20 years, a combination of development of new technologies particularly producers in responding to stakeholder concerns to promote for water management and agronomy for cultivating oil palm on peat the implementation of BMPs and reduce negative impacts related to oil as well as government planning decisions in some regions has led to the 4 palm cultivation on peat.
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