Separation of Anthalona Gen.N. from Alona Baird, 1843 (Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda): Morphology and Evolution of Scraping Stenothermic Alonines

ZOOTAXA

2875

Separation of Anthalona gen.n. from Alona Baird, 1843 (Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda): morphology and evolution of scraping stenothermic alonines

KAY VAN DAMME1,3, ARTEM YU SINEV² & HENRI J. DUMONT1 1Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstr 35, B–9000 Belgium 2Lomonosov State University, Biology Fac., Dept. Invertebrate Zool., Moscow 119991, Russia. E-mail: [email protected] 3Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]

Magnolia Press Auckland, New Zealand

Accepted by M. Alonso: 28 Feb. 2011; published: 11 May 2011 Kay Van Damme, Artem Yu Sinev & Henri J. Dumont Separation of Anthalona gen.n. from Alona Baird, 1843 (Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda): morphology and evolution of scraping stenothermic alonines (Zootaxa 2875) 64 pp.; 30 cm. 11 May 2011 ISBN 978-1-86977-725-8 (paperback) ISBN 978-1-86977-726-5 (Online edition)

FIRST PUBLISHED IN 2011 BY Magnolia Press P.O. Box 41-383 Auckland 1346 New Zealand e-mail: [email protected] http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/

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ISSN 1175-5326 (Print edition) ISSN 1175-5334 (Online edition)

Abstract ...... 3 Introduction ...... 4 Material and methods ...... 4 Systematics ...... 5 Order Anomopoda Stebbing, 1902 ...... 5 Family Chydoridae Dybowski & Grochowski, 1894 emend. Frey, 1967 ...... 5 Subfamily Aloninae Dybowski & Grochowski, 1894 emend. Frey, 1967 ...... 5 Genus Anthalona gen.nov...... 5 Anthalona acuta n. sp...... 7 Anthalona brandorffi (Sinev & Hollwedel, 2002) comb.nov...... 16 Anthalona harti n. sp...... 17 Anthalona harti harti n.ssp...... 18 Anthalona harti occidentalis n.ssp...... 22 Anthalona mediterranea (Yalim, 2005) comb. n...... 26 Anthalona obtusa n. sp...... 32 Anthalona simplex n. sp...... 37 Anthalona verrucosa (Sars, 1901) comb.nov...... 41 Anthalona verrucosa verrucosa (Sars, 1901) comb.nov...... 41 Anthalona verrucosa pectinata (Elías-Gutiérrez & Suárez-Morales, 1999) comb.nov...... 48 Overview of species and key to adult parthenogenetic females of Anthalona gen. n...... 51 Analysis of the morphology ...... 55 Note on the verrucae and cosmaria ...... 56 Anthalona gen. n., not Alona Baird, 1843 or Biapertura Smirnov, 1971 ...... 57 Similarity with Coronatella ...... 57 Distribution of Anthalona gen. n.: a stenothermic genus ...... 58 Evolution and speciation in Anthalona gen. n...... 59 Future of Anthalona studies...... 61 Conclusions ...... 61 Acknowledgements ...... 62 References ...... 62

Abstract

We move the freshwater cladocerans Alona verrucosa Sars, 1901 and related species from the lump genus Alona Baird, 1843 (Anomopoda: Chydoridae: Aloninae) to Anthalona gen. n. We revise the group and describe five new taxa from trop- ics and subtropics: Anthalona simplex n. sp., DR Congo, A. harti n. sp., Africa (with two subspecies), A. acuta n. sp., Brazil and A. obtusa n. sp., Borneo. Anthalona is a genus of relatively small-sized, stenothermic Aloninae with special- izations for scraping. Within the subfamily, the new genus is closest to Karualona and Coronatella. We discuss possible homoplasy of limb characters between latter and Anthalona. The genus can be considered an important case study in an evolutionary trend towards oligomerization of limb structures at low taxonomical levels and within an extant crustacean lineage. Composition of the genus reflects a complex history. Species with unusual morphologies (A. brandorffi, A. simplex n. sp.) appear basal in our phylogeny and may be relicts, in comparison to a pantropical A. verrucosa complex of similar forms. Several species may coexist in a single water body such as A. acuta n. sp. and A. verrucosa in the Neotro- pics, suggesting niche separation.

Key words: Anthalona gen. n., Aloninae systematics, limb morphology, taxonomy, Anomopoda