Tarihsel Süreçlerde Taksim Meydanı Ve Beyoğlu Bölgesinin Morfolojik Evrimi Ve Sentaktik Analizleri1

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Tarihsel Süreçlerde Taksim Meydanı Ve Beyoğlu Bölgesinin Morfolojik Evrimi Ve Sentaktik Analizleri1 aarı ra 20211323 101taarra202133 Öz Kent mekanları ve barındırdıkları açık kamusal alanlar insan ilişkilerinin ve bu ilişkilerin gerektirdiği donatıları içeren Tarihsel Süreçlerde Taksim mekânlar olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Gündelik hayatın sürdürüldüğü bu mekanlar, yaşamın öznel ve psikolojik süreçlerinin geçtiği, algı ve deneyimlerin bilince, kişiliğe Meydanı ve Beyoğlu ve anılara dönüştüğü yerler olarak inşa edilirken, kişilerin mekâna yüklediği farklı anlamlarla şekillenmektedir. Kentsel mekânlar, bu yönüyle hem kentin kamusal Bölgesinin Morfolojik Evrimi benliğini ve kimliğini inşa etmekte hem de yaşanan medeniyetlerin birer tezahürü olarak 1 karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Tarihi kent meydanları ise ortak kullanım alanları ve Sentaktik Analizleri olmalarının yanısıra siyasi iktidarların toplumlara mesajlarını plan ve uygulama Müge Özkan Özbek kararları ile fizik mekan üzerinden ilettikleri Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi Mimarlık Fakültesi, Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Bölümü politik bir anlama da sahiptirler. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Beyoğlu ve merkezi Bavuru tarihi/Received: 19.08.2020, Kabul tarihi/Final Acceptance: 04.01.2021 tutarak güçlü bir odak noktası olan Taksim Meydanı’nı kentsel morfoloji analiz yöntemi olan Mekân Dizimi (Space Syntax) ile incelemek ve bölgenin sokak izlerinde yaşadığı yapısal değişimlerin, meydanı ve Beyoğlu’nu tarihsel süreçteki olgularla nasıl etkilediğine dair bir araştırma ortaya koymaktır. Ayrıca,imar revizyonlarıyla değişen ızgara sistemindeki kopukluk ve bütünleşmelerin sosyal yapıya ve kullanım şekilerine etkileri arasında ilişki kurmak bu Giriş danlar etraflarında onları besleyecek tıpkı araştırmanın diğer bir omurgasını birer organizma gibi işleyen bir sistemle oluşturmaktadır. Cumhuriyet öncesi ve Kent, insanın gereksinimlerine toplumsal sonrası Beyoğlu’na yapılan imar ve fiziksel anlamda karşılık veren mekan- çalışırlar.Zucker’a (1959) göre meydanlar revizyonları, yerleşimin bir tek fiziksel psikolojik dinlenme yerleridir. Madanipour strüktürünü değil, sosyal ve ekonomik lar topluluğu ise sosyal etkileşimin en üst değişimine de etki etmiştir. Araştırma düzeyde yaşandığı meydanlar da fiziksel (2007) ise meydanı kullanıcıların bireysel ya boyunca bu değişimleri anlamak adına bir da grup aktiviteleri için gittikleri,birbirleri tarihsel arka plan okuması yapılmıştır. 1923- kurguları, sosyal, kültürel, ve tarihsel özel- 1950 genç cumhuriyet yapılanmaları, 1950- likleri ile diyalektiği sağlayan bir etkileşim içine geçmiş işlevsel amaçlar için kullan- 1960 çok partili sistem,1960-1980, planlı dıkları yer olarak tanımlar. İstanbul’da ekonomik sisteme geçiş, 1980-2012-2016 noktasıdır. Morfolojik açıdan kent mekanı, siyasi yönetimlerdeki değişiklikler ve kendisini oluşturan tüm nesneler ile birlikte önemli bir merkez değeri taşıyan Taksim günümüze gelen eklemeler olarak seçilmiştir. Meydanı ve devamında İstiklal Caddesi ile Bu tarihsel okumalar ışığında dönemlerin ayrı ayrı veya bütünsel incelenebilir. Form planları kullanılarak fiziksel değişimlerin ve içinde bulunduğu bağlam ilişkisini kur- çevresi, toplumsal olaylardan etkilenen, zaman içindeki akışı araştırılmıştır. Özellikle kültürel değerlere sahip bir yer olma niteli- 1950 sonrasında Taksim Meydanı ve mada, yalnızca mekanın fiziksel örüntüleri çevresinde yapısal olarak yaşanan değil, bunları oluşturan sosyal verileri ve ta- ğini korumaktadır. Morfolojik açıdan temel değişimlerin sosyal kırılma noktalarını da sokak izlerini korumasına ragmen, imar beraberinde getirdiği analizlerde ortaya rihsel arka planı da incelenmelidir. Tarihsel koyulmaya çalışılmıştır. süreçte kent meydanlarında yaşanan mor- operasyonlarıyla eklemlenen/kopartılan Abstract folojik değişimlerde toplumsal, sosyo-e- ızgara değişimleri, yalnızca fizik mekanı Urban spaces with public spaces they have, değiştirmemiş kullanıcılar için de mekansal appear as spaces that contain human konomik, politik, işlevsel değişimler etkili relations and equipments required by these olmuştur. Bu etkenlerin yansımaları her ayrışma noktaları oluşturmuştur.Çalışmada relationships. Spaces with daily life, are bu ayrışan veya değişen alanların izleri constructed as where subjective and dönem kentsel dokunun değişen morfolojik psychological processes of life pass, where yapısından okunabilmektedir. Kent meka- morfolojik okumalarla aranacaktır. perceptions and experiences turn into nını anlamada kamusal mekan ve öznesi Uzun dönemler Osmanlı İstanbul’unda consciousness, where personality and memories shape by different meanings where olan meydanları morfolojik açıdan farklı Batı’nın simgesi olmuş Beyoğlu, 16 ve 19. people attach in. Spaces construct both disiplinlerden bir çok kuramcı ele almıştır. yüzyıllar arasında çevresinde mezarlıklar, public identity and identity of the city, and appear as reflections of civilizations. Rob Krier (1979), kentsel mekanı sokak ve kırlar, üzüm bağları ve çok az yerleşimle- Historical city squares, are not just common meydan olarak iki başlıkta açıklar.Meydan- rinolduğu bir bölge olmuştur. Beyoğlu’nun areas, but also have political meanings in which governments convey their messages to lar kentin varoluş nedeni olan iletişim ve bu profili 19. yüzyıldan itibaren büyük bir societies over plans. The aim of this study is birlikteliğin bir yere ait olmanın gerçekleş- değişim geçirir. Hâlihazırda Levantenlerin to examine Beyoğlu and Taksim Square, as a strong focal point by using an morphological tiği yerlerdir. Sokaklar bu meydanları bes- ikamet ettiği Galata’nın bir devamı olarak analysis method Space Syntax, and reveal a leyen,kentin gelişme koridorlarıdır. Lynch Beyoğlu, sıklıkla yabancıların kullandığı (1960) kent meydanlarını, kente anlamını ticaret, finans ve eğlence mekânı haline T h is o rk is li ense n er re ti e yükleyen önemli bir düğüm noktası (node) gelir. Beyoğlu’nda yabancı elçiliklerin ku- C o mm ns ttri u ti n N o n o mmer i l 4 . 0 ntern ti n l i ense olarak tarifler.Alexander(1977) için ise mey- rulmasıyla birlikte bu mekânların etrafında Sayı 32, Mart 2021 35 Müge Özkan Özbek Batılı gruplar oluşur. Beyoğlu’nda yaşam, azınlıkların yoğun yaşadığı, 1950 Demok- research about how the structural changes affected street tracks in the square and elçiliklerin çevresinde biçimlenmeye rat Parti döneminde başlayan büyük imar Beyoğlu with the facts in the historical başlar. Böylece yabancı uyruklu önemli bir hareketlerinden önceki bir Beyoğlu’nun process. In this context, the relationship between the changes in Beyoğlu and Taksim topluluk Beyoğlu’nun hem nüfus hem de haritası Pervititich’te gözlemlenebilir. Çok Square are revealed with their historical şehircilik açısından gelişmesinde etkili olur partili dönemde hazırlanan1972 hâlihazırı, break points till today and tried to (URL 1) Bedrettin Dalan döneminde tarihi yarımada understand how the events affected these . Bugün Taksim olarak bildiğimiz spaces. In addition, establishing a bölge ise bu alanın da dışındaydı, şehrin ile beyoğlu arasındaki bağı sağlamlaş- relationship between changes in grid by plan dışıydı ve mezarlık olarak kullanılıyordu. tırmak ve sahil yolu trafiğini azaltmak revisions and the effects on the social structure and usage patterns with Gayrimüslüm ve müslüman mezarlık- amacıyla Tarlabaşı’nın yarısı istimlak edi- disconnections and integrations of streets, ları burada yan yanaydı. Bu mezarlık o lerek açılanTarlabaşı Bulvarı’ndan önceki constitutes another backbone of this research. Before and after the Republic, plan kadar büyüktü ki bölgenin halkı buraya dönemi göstermesi açısından mühimdir. revisions for Beyoğlu affected not only the ‘Grand-Champs de Mort’ yani ‘Büyük 1972 yılından sonra üretilen 80’li yıllara physical structure, but also caused social and economic changes Mezarlık’ demekteydi (Avan, 2004, 9). ait planlara erişilememiştir. 80’li ve 90’lı Anahtar Kelimeler: Kentsel morfoloji, mekan Taksim Meydanı Beyoğlu ile Beşik- yılların imar hareketerinden bahsedilmiş dizimi yöntemi, tarihsel arka plan, yaya taş Belediye sınırları arasında, İstanbul ancak sentaktik analizleri yapılamamıştır. hareketleri. Elde edilen 2008 ve 2016 yılları haritaları Keywords: Urban morphology, space syntax Boğazı’na, Tarihi Yarımada’ya ve Haliç’e method, historical background, pedestrian oldukça yakın bir noktada bulunmaktadır. üzerinden değişimleri okuyabileceğimiz movement. Bu konumu sayesinde hem karşı yaka- araştırmalarla devam edilmiştir. dan hem de Avrupa Yakası’ndaki birçok Metot yerden kolaylıkla ulaşım sağlanabilecek bir Araştırma iki açıdan ele alınmıştır. Metodo- noktadadır. Toplu ulaşım sistemleri Taksim lojik yöntemden önce Beyoğlu’nun değişi- Meydanı‘na ulaşım için iyi fakat yetersiz minde etki eden siyasi arka planın tanımla- bir ağ örmektedir (Öztürk, 2009, 39-40). Tak- dığı tarihsel kırılma noktaları araştırılmıştır. sim Meydanı önemli ulaşım bağlantılarının Bu dönemler; 1923-1950 genç cumhuriyet üzerinde bulunan, kentsel hizmet alanlarını yapılanmaları,1950-1960 çok partili sistem, ve diğer fonksiyonları etrafında barındıran, 1960-1980, darbe sonrası planlı ekono- yaya ve taşıt trafiğinin yoğun olduğu bir mik sisteme geçiş, 1980-2012-2016 siyasi transfer merkezidir. yönetimlerdeki değişiklikler ve günümüze Beyoğlu’nu tarihsel dönemler dâhilinde gelen eklemeler olarak seçilmiştir.Bu dö- inceleyebilmek için çalışmada bazı çıkış nemlerdeki imar hareketleri, bina ve çevre noktaları belirlenmiştir. Bu ele alışlar iki ölçeğindeki alanı etkileyen değişimler, şekilde araştırılmıştır. Beyoğlu’nun yerel dönemin politik süreç ve karar alma meka- yönetimlerin plan proje kararları
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