College of Engineering Department of

History of Architecture

4th year – 1st Semester

M.S.C. Madyan Rashan

Academic Year 2018-2019 Lecture Information

Course name History of Architecture Lecture’s title LE Corbosier, Frank L. Wright, De stjil . Lecturer Madyan Rashan Lecturer’s Information [email protected] [email protected] +9647703315409 The objective This lecture explains the main principles of Corbousier Architecture. Previous Lecture

 LE CORBUSIER  frank lloyd wright  De Stijl Brutalism

 Brutalism or brutalist architecture, is a style that developed from the common modern international style.  It was a result of the modernist movement development, along with effects from other styles along with it.  The style was affected by the Russian Constructivism, and their rough masses approach.  It was spread between the 1950s and the 1970s.  Different architects worked on the evolution of the style. Brutalism  Some consider Le Corbusier to have started the style with his rough concrete buildings and the clear structural elements.  The style emphasizes on large rough masses, and strong interlocks between the masses of the buildings.  It tried to give the buildings a strong rough impression, like a fortress.  They promoted rough elevations, uncovered raw concrete facades.  They used module and industrial based forms.  The style also promotes the exposure of function and structure.  The style has a high sculptural quality.  Large area of blank wall Brutalism

Art and architecture building in , Paul Rudolph. Brutalism

Art and architecture building in Yale university, Paul The Lippo Centre, 1987, by Paul Rudolph, Rudolph. Brutalism

Ministry of Highway Construction, Georgia Trellick Tower, London. Brutalism

Jenaro Valverde Marín Building, Costa Rica City Hall, USA Louis Kahn

 Louis Kahn was an American architect.  He is one of the lead modernists in the United States and the world.  His early carrier was affected by the beaux-arts movement and had some classical principles applied in his designs.  His work can be described as “monumental” because of the classical effect, but modern at the same time.  He also tried to apply and study the social factors in his designs.  Most of his designs depended on simple geometry with proficient functional solutions. Louis Kahn

 Kahn might be categorized as a late Modernist, and a hugely influential one at that.  In a trip to Europe in 1928, he took more interest in Medieval architecture such as castles and walled cities than in the emerging modernist scene there.  In later life this translated to a depth and solidity to his architecture which in many ways resonates with the brick edifices of Alvar Aalto and the brutalist late works of Le Corbusier, who by the 1950s had moved away from his early, machine-led influences. Louis Kahn

 Salk institution, California. Louis Kahn

 National Parliament House of . Louis Kahn

 National Parliament House of Bangladesh. Louis Kahn

 Phillips Exeter Academy Library, New Hampshire. Archigram

 Archigram was a British architectural movement.  It was a futuristic movement promoting untraditional ideas.  Some of the important names within this movement include: Peter Cook, Ron Herron, David Greene and Michael Webb.  The style wanted to break the rigidity of the modern movement.  Because the world was changing in the sixties, the group proposed a new strong and influential style.  The style depends heavily on technology to build its structures and operate them; they also idolized function. Archigram

 The Plug-in City, Peter Cook Archigram

 The Walking City, Ron Herron Metabolism

 Metabolism was a Japanese architectural movement.  It tried to mix architecture with technology and organic theories.  They proposed “mega city” theories like the “ocean city” and the “space city”.  According to their approach, cities can be built using megastructures and they can grow organically, or according to organic systems.  Some of the most important names in this theory are: Kisho Kurukawa, Kiyonori Kikutake, Fumihiko Maki and Kenzo Tange. Metabolism

 Tokyo bay project, Kenzo Tange  Tange proposed the plan for Tokyo’s development.  He proposed a new linear city, with multi level highways and train lines.  The rest of the city’s functions would be organized accordingly. Metabolism

 Marine city, Kiyonori Kikotaki  Kikotaki proposed a city that would float on water.  He suggested a huge floating platform and towers will be built on this floating artificial land. Metabolism

 Nakagin capsule tower, Kisho Kurukawa

Quiz

 Do you agree or disagree with this following statement “Good Architecture Is Not Produced by Rejecting History”  History  Identity  Function