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The Genus Lysimachia in the New World

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The Genus Lysimachia in the New World XI E> RAR.Y OF THE U N IVLRSITY Of ILLINOIS 570-5 ILL v. 24 cop-2 material is re- TV,* person charging this the UtagT*" IptsTb eTor its rlt/rn to withdrawn on or before the which it was below. latest Date stamped result act.on and may for disciplinary the University. M L161—O-1096 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://www.archive.org/details/genuslysimachiai24rayj Illinois Biological Monographs VOLUME XXIV University of Illinois Press URBANA BOARD OF EDITORS Leland Shanor Harvey I. Fisher H. Orin Halvorson William R. Horsfall Aubrey B. Taylor CONTENTS No. 1 The Mammals of the Huachuca Mountains, Southeastern Arizona GOODPASTER DONALD F. HOFFMEISTER AND WOODROW W. No. 2 The Myology of the Whooping Crane, Grus americana C. GOODMAN HARVEY I. FISHER AND DONALD Nos. 3-4 The Genus Lysimachia in the New World JAMES DAVIS RAY, JR. 2 > P The Genus Lysimachia in the New World JAMES DAVIS RAY, JR. Illinois biological monographs: Volume xxiv, Nos. 3-4 THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS PRESS URBANA, 1956 m* ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS is the general title for a series of mono- graphs in botany, entomology, zoology, and allied fields. Each issue is an independent publication. For the convenience of bibliographers and librarians, each year's output is called a volume. Each volume consists of approximately 450 pages, priced at four dollars. A volume may consist of two, three, or four individual monographs. Prices of individual numbers are indicated in the list of titles given below. Requests for ex- changes should be addressed to the Exchange Department, University of Illinois Library, Urbana, Illinois. All communications concerning sale or subscription should be addressed to the University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois. BAKER, FRANK COLLINS (1922): The Mol- faust, ernest Carroll (1918) : Life His- luscan Fauna of the Big Vermilion River, tory Studies on Montana Trematodes. 9 Illinois, with Special Reference to Its Mod- pis. 1 fig. Vol. 4, No. 1. $2.00. ification as the Result of Pollution by Sew- FISHER, HARVEY I., and GOODMAN, DONALD age and Manufacturing Wastes. 15 pis. c. (1955) : The Myology of the Whooping Vol. 7, No. 2. $1.25. Crane, Grus americana. 40 figs. Vol. 24, beaver, paul Chester (1937): Experi- No. 2. $3.50. mental Studies on Echinostoma revolutum FRACKER, STANLEY BLACK (1930): The (Froelich), a Fluke from Birds and Mam- Classification of Lepidopterous Larvae. 2d mals. 3 pis. 20 charts. Vol. 15, No. 1. $1.00. ed. 10 pis. Vol. 2, No. 1. $1.50. BENNETT, HARRY JACKSON (1936): The GAMBELL, WILLIAM G., JR. (1953): The Life History of Cotylophoron cotylopho- Leguminosae of Illinois. Vol. 22, No. 4. rum, a Trematode from Ruminants. 9 pis. $3.00. Vol. 14, No. 4. $1.50. GOODNIGHT, CLARENCE JAMES (1940): The cahn, ALViN robert (1937): The Turtles Branchiobdellidae (Oligochaeta) of North of Illinois. 31 pis. 20 maps. 15 figs. Vol. 16, American Crayfishes. 3 pis. Vol. 17, No. 3, Nos. 1-2. $3.00. $1.00. chen, hsin kuo (1935): Development of gutberlet, john earl (1915): On the the Pectoral Limb of Necturus maculosus. Osteology of Some of the Loricati. 5 pis. 11 pis. Vol. 14, No. 1. $1.00. Vol. 2, No. 2. $.50. COOPER, ARTHUR REUBEN (1918): North HAYES, WILLIAM PATRICK (1930): Mor- Pseudophyllidean Cestodes American from phology, Taxonomy and Biology of Larval Fishes. 13 pis. Vol. 4, No. 4. $2.00. Scarabaeoidea. 15 pis. Vol. 12, No. 2. CREGAN, SISTER MARY BERTHA (1941): $1.25. Generic Relationships of the Dolichopo- heiss, Elizabeth M. (1938): A Classifica- didae (Diptera) Based on a Study of the tion of the Larvae and Puparia of the Mouth Parts. 30 pis. Vol. 18, No. 1. $1.00. Syrphidae of Illinois, Exclusive of Aquatic DOAK, CLIFTON CHILDRESS (1935): Evolu- Forms. 17 pis. Vol. 16, No. 4. $1.50. tion of Foliar Types, Dwarf Shoots, and HETHERINGTON, DUNCAN CHARTERIS Cone Scales of Pinus with Remarks Con- (1924): Comparative Studies on Certain cerning Similar Structures in Related Features of Nematodes and Their Signifi- Forms. 32 figs. Vol. 13, No. 3. $1.50. cance. 4 pis. 6 figs. Vol. 8, No. 2. $1.00. eddy, samuel (1934): A Study of Fresh- HIGGINS, GEORGE MARSH (1921): The Water Plankton Communities. 9 figs. Vol. Nasal Organ in Amphibia. 10 pis. Vol. 6, 12, No. 4. $1.00. No. 1, $1.00. essex, hiram eli (1928): The Structure higley, ruth (1918): Morphology and and Development of Corallobothrium, with Biology of Some Turbellaria from the Descriptions of Two New Fish Tape- Mississippi Basin. 3 pis. Vol. 4, No. 3. worms. 5 pis. Vol. 11, No. 3. $1.00. $1.25. The Genus Lysimachia in the New World The Genus Lysimachia in the New World JAMES DAVIS RAY, JR. ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS: Volume XXIV, NOS. 3-4 LIBRARY UNIVEi^TY OF ILLINOIS THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS PRESS URBANA, 1956 Board of Editors: leland shanor, harvey i. fisher, h. orin halvorson, WILLIAM R. HORSFALL, AND AUBREY B. TAYLOR. Distributed: January 30, 1956. Copyright 1956, university of Illinois, library of congress catalog card no. 54-9664. L V, 9- / CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. HISTORY OF THE GENUS 2 III. MORPHOLOGY 4 IV. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION 9 V. GENERIC RELATIONSHIPS 11 VI. INTERSPECIFIC RELATIONSHIPS 11 VII. ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE SPECIES .'. 12 VIII. TAXONOMY 13 A. Subgenus I. SELEUCIA. 17 B. Subgenus II. LYSIMACHIA 54 C. Subgenus III. NAUMBURGIA 92 D. Subgenus IV. THEOPYXIS 98 E. Subgenus V. PALLADIA 105 IX. EXCLUDED NAMES 107 MAPS AND PLATES 109 BIBLIOGRAPHY 142 INDEX TO EXSICCATAE 145 INDEX TO PLANT NAMES 159 I. INTRODUCTION Lysimachio, comprising the plants commonly known as loosestrife, is a large and discontinnously wide-ranging genus of dicotyledonous angiosperms of the family Primulaceae. At present it includes over one hundred and sixty species which occur on all the principal land masses of the world, but are most numerous in central Asia. Although not a genus of economic importance, Lysimachia has received considerable attention, especially from European botanists. Jean Duby (1844), F. W. Klatt (1866), and R. Knuth (1905) wrote world monographs. In a re- vision of the Chinese species, H. Handel-Mazzetti ( 1926 ) included an outline of the entire genus. Rut there has not been a comparative study of the eighty-five species described from the New World since 1753. About thirty species may be accounted for in current American manuals. This investigation is an attempt to interpret the biological problems in- herent in such a group and to relate them in terms of contemporary systematics. Many herbarium specimens, representatives of the total known geo- graphic and morphologic range of each entity, have been critically ex- amined. Field studies and a systematic review of the literature also were made in order that an accurate diagnosis and description of each taxon might result in a more clearly drawn specific concept than was previously possible. The species as interpreted are groups of naturally occurring, apparently interfertile populations with definite morphological characters, geographic ranges, and ecological preferences. With comparative mor- phology as an indicator of genetic relationship, species appear as well de- fined groups with a level of variation related to distribution and ecology. No economic value beyond the occasional use of some of the species of Lysimachia as ornamentals or occurrence as weeds is known. Ancient lore attributes to the plants a unique property and perhaps accounts for the origin of their name. When placed about the yokes of discordant oxen, the plant supposedly had the power of conciliation. Tradition has it that King Lysimachus of Thrace, when confronted by an enraged bull, waved a loosestrife before him and quelled the beast. Both the generic and common names may come from the Greek lysis, a release, and mache, strife. During the course of this investigation the author has enjoyed the kindness and cooperation of many persons. Sincere appreciation is ex- pressed to Dr. G. Neville Jones, Professor of Botany and Curator of the 1 : Z THE GENUS LYSIMACHIA IN THE NEW WORLD Herbarium, University of Illinois, under whose guidance it progressed. The interest and assistance of Mr. Harry E. Ahles is deeply appreciated. Dr. V. H. Chase, of the Peoria Academy of Science, and Mr. C. L. Lee have been very helpful. I am deeply indebted to my wife, Dorothv Burkett Ray, whose conscientious efforts were an inspiration. Acknowledgment is due the curators of the various herbaria who sent specimens or furnished photographic material. In the citation of speci- mens the herbarium to which the specimen belongs is indicated by the following abbreviations adopted from Lanjouw ( 1939 ) BM —British Museum of Natural History CAN —National Museum of Canada CNC —University of North Carolina DUKE—Duke University EDIN —Boyal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh FM —Chicago Natural History Museum GH —Gray Herbarium ILL —University of Illinois INHS —Illinois Natural History Survey ISM —Illinois State Museum MINN —University of Minnesota MISSA—Mississippi State College MO —Missouri Botanical Garden NY —New York Botanical Garden P —Museum d'Histoire Naturelle BNC —North Carolina State College US —United States National Herbarium II. HISTORY OF THE GENUS Although no bibliographical survey of the literature of this genus before 1753 has been attempted in the present study, a few fragments of history should be noted from earlier writers. Caspar Bauhin (1671) pub- lished an account which included eight species later recognized by Linnaeus, but J. P. Tournefort (1700) established the genus. Plukenet (1705) figured L. terrestris, an American indigen, in his Amaltheum Botanicum. J. F. Gronovious, in Flora Virginica (1735), accounted for L. quadrifolia and L. punctata, and his Nummularia aquatica Becagun- gae foliis probably is L.
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