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A Literature Survey of Common Parasitic Zoonoses Encountered at Post-Mortem Examination in Slaughter Stocks in Tanzania: Economic and Public Health Implications
Volume 1- Issue 5 : 2017 DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2017.01.000419 Erick VG Komba. Biomed J Sci & Tech Res ISSN: 2574-1241 Research Article Open Access A Literature Survey of Common Parasitic Zoonoses Encountered at Post-Mortem Examination in Slaughter Stocks in Tanzania: Economic and Public Health Implications Erick VG Komba* Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania Received: September 21, 2017; Published: October 06, 2017 *Corresponding author: Erick VG Komba, Senior lecturer, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania Abstract Zoonoses caused by parasites constitute a large group of infectious diseases with varying host ranges and patterns of transmission. Their public health impact of such zoonoses warrants appropriate surveillance to obtain enough information that will provide inputs in the design anddistribution, implementation prevalence of control and transmission strategies. Apatterns need therefore are affected arises by to the regularly influence re-evaluate of both human the current and environmental status of zoonotic factors. diseases, The economic particularly and in view of new data available as a result of surveillance activities and the application of new technologies. Consequently this paper summarizes available information in Tanzania on parasitic zoonoses encountered in slaughter stocks during post-mortem examination at slaughter facilities. The occurrence, in slaughter stocks, of fasciola spp, Echinococcus granulosus (hydatid) cysts, Taenia saginata Cysts, Taenia solium Cysts and ascaris spp. have been reported by various researchers. Information on these parasitic diseases is presented in this paper as they are the most important ones encountered in slaughter stocks in the country. -
Epidemiology of Human Fascioliasis
eserh ipidemiology of humn fsiolisisX review nd proposed new lssifition I P P wF F wsEgomD tFqF istenD 8 wFhF frgues he epidemiologil piture of humn fsiolisis hs hnged in reent yersF he numer of reports of humns psiol hepti hs inresed signifintly sine IWVH nd severl geogrphil res hve een infeted with desried s endemi for the disese in humnsD with prevlene nd intensity rnging from low to very highF righ prevlene of fsiolisis in humns does not neessrily our in res where fsiolisis is mjor veterinry prolemF rumn fsiolisis n no longer e onsidered merely s seondry zoonoti disese ut must e onsidered to e n importnt humn prsiti diseseF eordinglyD we present in this rtile proposed new lssifition for the epidemiology of humn fsiolisisF he following situtions re distinguishedX imported sesY utohthonousD isoltedD nononstnt sesY hypoED mesoED hyperED nd holoendemisY epidemis in res where fsiolisis is endemi in nimls ut not humnsY nd epidemis in humn endemi resF oir pge QRR le reÂsume en frnËisF in l p gin QRR figur un resumen en espnÄ olF ± severl rtiles report tht the inidene is sntrodution signifintly ggregted within fmily groups psiolisisD n infetion used y the liver fluke euse the individul memers hve shred the sme ontminted foodY psiol heptiD hs trditionlly een onsidered to e n importnt veterinry disese euse of the ± severl rtiles hve reported outreks not neessrily involving only fmily memersY nd sustntil prodution nd eonomi losses it uses in livestokD prtiulrly sheep nd ttleF sn ontrstD ± few rtiles hve reported epidemiologil surveys -
In Vitro and in Vivo Trematode Models for Chemotherapeutic Studies
589 In vitro and in vivo trematode models for chemotherapeutic studies J. KEISER* Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland (Received 27 June 2009; revised 7 August 2009 and 26 October 2009; accepted 27 October 2009; first published online 7 December 2009) SUMMARY Schistosomiasis and food-borne trematodiases are chronic parasitic diseases affecting millions of people mostly in the developing world. Additional drugs should be developed as only few drugs are available for treatment and drug resistance might emerge. In vitro and in vivo whole parasite screens represent essential components of the trematodicidal drug discovery cascade. This review describes the current state-of-the-art of in vitro and in vivo screening systems of the blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni, the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica and the intestinal fluke Echinostoma caproni. Examples of in vitro and in vivo evaluation of compounds for activity are presented. To boost the discovery pipeline for these diseases there is a need to develop validated, robust high-throughput in vitro systems with simple readouts. Key words: Schistosoma mansoni, Fasciola hepatica, Echinostoma caproni, in vitro, in vivo, drug discovery, chemotherapy. INTRODUCTION by chemotherapy. However, only two drugs are currently available: triclabendazole against fascio- Thus far approximately 6000 species in the sub-class liasis and praziquantel against the other food-borne Digenea, phylum Platyhelminthes have been de- trematode infections and schistosomiasis (Keiser and scribed in the literature. Among them, only a dozen Utzinger, 2004; Keiser et al. 2005). Hence, there is a or so species parasitize humans. These include need for discovery and development of new drugs, the blood flukes (five species of Schistosoma), liver particularly in view of growing concern about re- flukes (Clonorchis sinensis, Fasciola gigantica, Fasciola sistance developing to existing drugs. -
Federal Register/Vol. 85, No. 136/Wednesday, July 15, 2020
Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 136 / Wednesday, July 15, 2020 / Notices 42883 interest to the IRS product DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: manufacturers who submitted timely HUMAN SERVICES Table of Contents exceptions, to determine whether the companies remained interested in Food and Drug Administration I. Background: Priority Review Voucher pursuing their appeals of the ALJ’s Program [Docket No. FDA–2008–N–0567] II. Diseases Being Designated Initial Decision. FDA informed the A. Opisthorchiasis companies that, if they did not respond Designating Additions to the Current B. Paragonimiasis and affirm their desire to pursue their List of Tropical Diseases in the Federal III. Process for Requesting Additional appeals by January 8, 2018, the Office of Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act Diseases To Be Added to the List the Commissioner would conclude that IV. Paperwork Reduction Act AGENCY: Food and Drug Administration, V. References the companies no longer wish to pursue HHS. the appeal of the ALJ’s Initial Decision ACTION: Final order. I. Background: Priority Review and will proceed as if the appeals have Voucher Program been withdrawn. The Office of the SUMMARY: The Federal Food, Drug, and Section 524 of the FD&C Act (21 Commissioner did not receive a Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act) authorizes the U.S.C. 360n), which was added by response from any of the companies by Food and Drug Administration (FDA or section 1102 of the Food and Drug the given date; therefore, the Agency) to award priority review Administration Amendments Act of Commissioner now deems the vouchers (PRVs) to tropical disease 2007 (Pub. -
Docket No. FDA-2008-N-0567]
This document is scheduled to be published in the Federal Register on 07/15/2020 and available online at federalregister.gov/d/2020-15253, and on govinfo.gov 4164-01-P DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Food and Drug Administration [Docket No. FDA-2008-N-0567] Notice of Decision Not to Designate Clonorchiasis as an Addition to the Current List of Tropical Diseases in the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act AGENCY: Food and Drug Administration, HHS. ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA or Agency), in response to suggestions submitted to the public docket FDA-2008-N-0567, between June 20, 2018, and November 21, 2018, has analyzed whether the foodborne trematode infection clonorchiasis meets the statutory criteria for designation as a “tropical disease” for the purposes of obtaining a priority review voucher (PRV) under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act), namely whether it primarily affects poor and marginalized populations and whether there is “no significant market” for drugs that prevent or treat clonorchiasis in developed countries. The Agency has determined at this time that clonorchiasis does not meet the statutory criteria for addition to the tropical diseases list under the FD&C Act. Although clonorchiasis disproportionately affects poor and marginalized populations, it is an infectious disease for which there is a significant market in developed nations; therefore, FDA declines to add it to the list of tropical diseases. DATES: [INSERT DATE OF PUBLICATION IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER]. ADDRESSES: Submit electronic comments on additional diseases suggested for designation to https://www.regulations.gov. -
Trematode Cercariae Infections in Freshwater Snails of Chitwan District, Central Nepal
Research paper Trematode cercariae infections in freshwater snails of Chitwan district, central Nepal Ramesh Devkota1*, Prem B Budha2,3 and Ranjana Gupta3 1 Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA 2 Center for Biological Conservation Nepal, Postbox 1935, Kathmandu, NEPAL 3 Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, NEPAL * For correspondence, e-mail: [email protected] ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Because Nepal has been virtually unexplored with respect to its trematode fauna, we sampled freshwater snails from grazing swamps, lakes, rivers, swamp forests, and temporary ponds in the Chitwan district of central Nepal between July and October 2008. Altogether we screened 1,448 individuals of nine freshwater snail species (Bellamya bengalensis, Gabbia orcula, Gyraulus euphraticus, Indoplanorbis exustus, Lymnaea luteola, Melanoides tuberculata, Pila globosa, Thiara granifera and Thiara lineata) for shedding cercariae. A total of 4.3% (N=62) infected snails were found, distributed among the snail species as follows (B. bengalensis - 1, G. orcula - 11, G. euphraticus - 8, I. exustus - 39, L. luteola - 2 and T. granifera - 1). Collectively, six morphologically distinguishable types of trematode cercariae were found: amphistomes, brevifurcate-apharyngeate -
Mini-FLOTAC As an Alternative, Non-Invasive Diagnostic Tool For
Catalano et al. Parasites Vectors (2019) 12:439 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3613-6 Parasites & Vectors RESEARCH Open Access Mini-FLOTAC as an alternative, non-invasive diagnostic tool for Schistosoma mansoni and other trematode infections in wildlife reservoirs Stefano Catalano1,2* , Amelia Symeou1, Kirsty J. Marsh1, Anna Borlase1,2, Elsa Léger1,2, Cheikh B. Fall3, Mariama Sène4, Nicolas D. Diouf4, Davide Ianniello5, Giuseppe Cringoli5, Laura Rinaldi5, Khalilou Bâ6 and Joanne P. Webster1,2 Abstract Background: Schistosomiasis and food-borne trematodiases are not only of major public health concern, but can also have profound implications for livestock production and wildlife conservation. The zoonotic, multi-host nature of many digenean trematodes is a signifcant challenge for disease control programmes in endemic areas. However, our understanding of the epidemiological role that animal reservoirs, particularly wild hosts, may play in the transmission of zoonotic trematodiases sufers a dearth of information, with few, if any, standardised, reliable diagnostic tests avail- able. We combined qualitative and quantitative data derived from post-mortem examinations, coprological analyses using the Mini-FLOTAC technique, and molecular tools to assess parasite community composition and the validity of non-invasive methods to detect trematode infections in 89 wild Hubert’s multimammate mice (Mastomys huberti) from northern Senegal. Results: Parasites isolated at post-mortem examination were identifed as Plagiorchis sp., Anchitrema sp., Echinostoma caproni, Schistosoma mansoni, and a hybrid between Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma bovis. The reports of E. caproni and Anchitrema sp. represent the frst molecularly confrmed identifcations for these trematodes in defni- tive hosts of sub-Saharan Africa. -
What Neglected Tropical Diseases Teach Us About Stigma
EDITORIAL What Neglected Tropical Diseases Teach Us About Stigma Aileen Y. Chang, MD; Maria T. Ochoa, MD eglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a group of reported that facial scarring from cutaneous leish- 20 diseases that typically are chronic and cause maniasis led to marriage rejections.6 Some even reported Nlong-term disability, which negatively impacts work extreme suicidal ideations.7 Recently, major depressive productivity, child survival, and school performance and disorder associated with scarring from inactive cutaneous attendance with adverse effect on future earnings.1 Data leishmaniasis has been recognized as a notable contribu- from the 2013 Global Burden of Disease study revealed tor to disease burden from cutaneous leishmaniasis.8 that half of the world’s NTDs occur in poor populations Lymphatic filariasis is a major cause of leg and scro- living in wealthy countries.2 Neglected tropical dis- tal lymphedema worldwide. Even when the condition eases with skin manifestations include parasitic infections is treated, lymphedemacopy often persists due to chronic (eg, American trypanosomiasis, African trypanosomiasis, irreversible lymphatic damage. A systematic review of dracunculiasis, echinococcosis, foodborne trematodiases, 18 stigma studies in lymphatic filariasis found common leishmaniasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, scabies themes related to the deleterious consequences of stigma and other ectoparasites, schistosomiasis, soil-transmitted on social relationships; work and education opportuni- helminths, taeniasis/cysticercosis), bacterial infections ties;not health outcomes from reduced treatment-seeking (eg, Buruli ulcer, leprosy, yaws), fungal infections behavior; and mental health, including anxiety, depres- (eg, mycetoma, chromoblastomycosis, deep mycoses), sion, and suicidal tendencies.9 In one subdistrict in India, and viral infections (eg, dengue, chikungunya). -
Clonorchis Sinensis and Clonorchiasis: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Omics, Prevention and Control Ze-Li Tang1,2, Yan Huang1,2 and Xin-Bing Yu1,2*
Tang et al. Infectious Diseases of Poverty (2016) 5:71 DOI 10.1186/s40249-016-0166-1 SCOPINGREVIEW Open Access Current status and perspectives of Clonorchis sinensis and clonorchiasis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, omics, prevention and control Ze-Li Tang1,2, Yan Huang1,2 and Xin-Bing Yu1,2* Abstract Clonorchiasis, caused by Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis), is an important food-borne parasitic disease and one of the most common zoonoses. Currently, it is estimated that more than 200 million people are at risk of C. sinensis infection, and over 15 million are infected worldwide. C. sinensis infection is closely related to cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), fibrosis and other human hepatobiliary diseases; thus, clonorchiasis is a serious public health problem in endemic areas. This article reviews the current knowledge regarding the epidemiology, disease burden and treatment of clonorchiasis as well as summarizes the techniques for detecting C. sinensis infection in humans and intermediate hosts and vaccine development against clonorchiasis. Newer data regarding the pathogenesis of clonorchiasis and the genome, transcriptome and secretome of C. sinensis are collected, thus providing perspectives for future studies. These advances in research will aid the development of innovative strategies for the prevention and control of clonorchiasis. Keywords: Clonorchiasis, Clonorchis sinensis, Diagnosis, Pathogenesis, Omics, Prevention Multilingual abstracts snails); metacercaria (in freshwater fish); and adult (in Please see Additional file 1 for translations of the definitive hosts) (Fig. 1) [1, 2]. Parafossarulus manchour- abstract into the five official working languages of the icus (P. manchouricus) is considered the main first inter- United Nations. mediate host of C. sinensis in Korea, Russia, and Japan [3–6]. -
Neglected Tropical Diseases
Regional Action Plan for NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES in the Western Pacific Region (2012–2016) ABBREViations ALB albendazole AZI azithromycin Regional Action Plan for DEC diethylcarbamazine (citrate) EPI Expanded Programme on Immunization FBT foodborne trematodiases NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES GNNTD Global Network for Neglected Tropical Diseases HMIS health management information system in the Western Pacific Region IMCI integrated management of childhood illness IVM integrated vector management (2012–2016) JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency LF lymphatic filariasis M&E monitoring and evaluation MDA mass drug administration MEB mebendazole NTD neglected tropical disease PC preventive chemotherapy PZQ praziquantel SCH schistosomiasis STH soil-transmitted helminthiases UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund USAID United States Agency for International Development WASH water, sanitation and hygiene WCBA women of childbearing age WHO World Health Organization Regional Action Plan for NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES in the Western Pacific Region (2012–2016) REGIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES IN THE WESTERn Pacific (2012–2016) iii WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Regional action plan for neglected tropical diseases in the Western Pacific Region: 2012-2016. 1. Endemic diseases. 2. Neglected diseases. 3. Regional health planning. I. World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific. ISBN 978 92 9061 603 0 (NLM Classification: WC 680) © World Health Organization 2013 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization are available on the WHO web site (www.who.int) or can be purchased from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: [email protected]). -
Predisposing Effect of Immature Amphistomiasis in the Incidence Of
Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2019; 7(6): 98-101 E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 Predisposing effect of immature amphistomiasis JEZS 2019; 7(6): 98-101 © 2019 JEZS in the incidence of haemorrhagic septicaemia in Received: 19-09-2019 Accepted: 22-10-2019 cross bred dairy cattle Dr. A Arulmozhi Department of Veterinary Pathology, Veterinary College Dr. A Arulmozhi, Dr. M Sasikala, Dr. P Anbarasi, Dr. P Sumitha and and Research Institute Dr. GA Balasubramaniam Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India Dr. M Sasikala Abstract Department of Veterinary A Holstein Friesian cross bred dairy cow was brought to Veterinary College and Research Institute Pathology, Veterinary College hospital with the history of severe watery diarrhoea and bloat. Blood and serum samples of the animal and Research Institute revealed severe anaemia, hyponatremia and hypokalemia. In spite of the treatment, the animal died on the Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India same day. The carcass was referred to Department of Veterinary Pathology for post-mortem examination. Grossly, there were ecchymotic haemorrhage in epicardium, marbling of lungs due to severe edema and Dr. P Anbarasi fully packed rumen with whitish flukes. The gravid uterus contained five months old female foetus and Department of Veterinary ecchymotic haemorrhage seen over neck and thigh regions of the foetus. The heart blood and lung swabs Pathology, Veterinary College of both dam and foetus were positive for Pasteurella multocida and were further confirmed by and Research Institute Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India biochemical tests. The worms collected from the rumen were identified as immature amphistomes based on the morphometry and morphological characters. -
Passive Surveillance on Occurrence of Deadly Infectious, Non-Infectious and Zoonotic Diseases of Livestock and Poultry in Bangladesh and Remedies
SAARC J. Agri., 16(1): 129-144 (2018) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v16i1.37429 PASSIVE SURVEILLANCE ON OCCURRENCE OF DEADLY INFECTIOUS, NON-INFECTIOUS AND ZOONOTIC DISEASES OF LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY IN BANGLADESH AND REMEDIES M.G.A. Chowdhury1, M.A. Habib1, M.Z. Hossain1, U.K. Rima1, PC Saha1, MS Islam1, S. Chowdhury2, K.M. Kamaruddin2, S.M.Z.H. Chowdhury 3, M.A.H.N.A. Khan1* 1Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh 2Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Chittagong, Bangladesh 3Livestock Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council, Farmgate, Dhaka, Bangladesh ABSTRACT Passive surveillance system was designed with the data (102,613 case records) collected from the Government Veterinary Hospitals, Bangladesh and frequency distribution of diseases was calculated during July 2010 to June 2013. Frequently occurring diseases/ disease conditions reported in livestock were fascioliasis (10.66%), diarrhoea (7.92%), mastitis (7.42%), foot and mouth disease (6.42%), parasitic gastroenteritis (6.31%), coccidiosis (5.5%), Peste des petits ruminants (PPR,5.32%), anthrax (4.19%) and black quarter (3.74%). Diarrhoea and coccidiosis were reported to occur throughout the year. The frequency of fascioliasis appeared higher in buffaloes (34%) followed by sheep (22%), goats (13%) and cattle (11%). PPR is a deadly infectious disease of goats and sheep, accounted for 20% and 13% infectivity in respective species. In chicken the most frequently occurring diseases reported were Newcastle disease (28%), fowl cholera (19%) and coccidiosis (11%). In ducks, duck viral enteritis (28%), duck viral hepatitis (17%), diarrhoea (15%), coccidiosis (10%) and intestinal helminthiasis (10%) were the commonest diseases reported in Bangladesh.