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Macrocosmo .Com Macrocosmo .Com A PRIMEIRA REVISTA ELETRÔNICA BRASILEIRA EXCLUSIVA DE ASTRONOMIA ./.com . ■ Ano -1 - Edição n° 7 - Junho de 2004' Medindo* ; . ••distâncias v • • * estelares . 0 ♦ A- camada .de Diálogo' entre Ozônio Bellatrix e Betageuse revista macroCOS MO.com Ano I - E dnõo ns 7 — Junho de 2004 Editorial Redação [email protected] Ainda estamos longe de transpor as incríveis distâncias que separam os objetos do nosso Universo, Diretor Editor Chefe mas nos últimos anos a Astrometria, a ciência que se Hemerson Brandão ocupa do calculo das distâncias no espaço, tem [email protected] ampliado a nossa visão do Universo. Na astronomia utiliza-se a unidade anos-luz, que Revisão consiste na distância percorrida pela luz durante o Audemário Prazeres período de um ano, equivalendo cerca de 10 quatrilhões [email protected] de quilômetros. Um objeto, por exemplo, situado a 50 anos-luz da Terra, significa que a luz partiu desse há 50 WebMaster anos, e somente agora se torna visível. Desse modo, ao Hemerson Brandão [email protected] olharmos para o céu, estamos vendo o passado do nosso Universo. Redatores Funcionando como grandes máquinas do tempo, os Hélio “Gandhi” Ferrari telescópios permitem-nos ver objetos há mais de 13 [email protected] bilhões de anos, distância esta muito próxima do Laércio F. Oliveira horizonte visível do Universo. Não que exista um [email protected] Marco Valois Universo Invisível, mas alguns objetos estão tão [email protected] distantes, que ainda não deu tempo de sua luz nos Naelton M. Araujo alcançarem. [email protected] Calcular as distâncias no espaço é uma maneira de Paulo R. Monteiro [email protected] conhecer o passado do nosso Universo, quando ele Rosely Grégio possuía apenas alguns bilhões de anos de idade. Mas [email protected] como os astrônomos conseguem calcular quão distante está um objeto de nós? Quais os métodos e a precisão Colaborador desses cálculos? Isso que está tratado em nosso artigo Audemário Prazeres de capa, que traz ainda um interessante diálogo entre [email protected] Betelgeuse e Bellatrix, sobre a astronomia observacional, e também um alerta dos problemas Divulgação/Publicidade gerados pela intervenção humana no clima do nosso Lílian Luccas planeta. [email protected] Boa leitura e céus limpos sem poluição luminosa Parceiros para todos. Boletim Centaurus boletim_centaurus- [email protected] Hemerson Brandão Diretor Editor Chefe [email protected] 2 revista macroCOSMO.com | Junho de 2004 4 PLANETA TERRA I A camada de Ozônio 11 CAPA I Astrometria 13 ASTRONÁUTICA | Viver e morrer no espaço 21 EFEMÉRIDES | Agenda Diária 55 ASTRONOMIA OBSERVACIONAL | Diálogo entre Bellatrix e Betelgeuse 60 GUIA DIGITAL | Junho de 2004 © É permitida a reprodução total ou parcial desta revista desde que citando sua fonte, para uso pessoal sem fins lucrativos, sempre que solicitando uma prévia autorização à redação da Revista macroCOSMO.com. A Revista macroCOSMO.com não se responsabiliza pelas opiniões vertidas pelos nossos colaboradores. Versão distribuída gratuitamente na versão PDF em http://www.revistamacrocosmo.com t J H revista macroCOSMO.com | Junho de 2004 3 PLANETA TERRA A A camada de 4 revista macroCOSMO.com | Junho de 2004 PLANETA TERRA Estuda-se atualmente o buraco na camada compõem (03), causando desta forma, a de ozônio, o efeito estufa e o el nino como destruição dessa tão necessária camada da fenômenos de efetiva comprovação cientifica. atmosfera. Os seus efeitos danosos ao meio ambiente são Ao constatar-se ainda que a Terra ficava consideráveis, principalmente à saúde do mais fraca e vulnerável sem a sua proteção, homem. A indústria também Já vem cumprindo então, cedo, a extensão dos danos começará a a sua parte na medida em que vem ser mensurados. Assim, além da exposição aos contribuindo com uma ação ambiental efetiva, raios ultravioletas, com a o aumento do buraco diminuindo gradativamente os componentes na camada de ozônio, há um gradativo poluentes Jogados no ar. aumento à incidência de degelo nos pólos, em Com os estudos sistemáticos especial, causando o aumento do nível do mar empreendidos pelo constante rastreamento de em escala planetária. satélites em órbita, no espaço sideral sobre a Cedo, os pesquisadores começaram a Antártida, desde o inicio da década de 80, que promover e incentivar debates e conscientizar a a comunidade científica deu-se por ciente de população mundial e a crescente indústria que havia um drástico problema que estava mundial sobre os níveis alarmantes verificados, afetando a atmosfera do mundo inteiro, em mais precisamente sobre o continente gelado, especial a do continente gelado da Antártida. região mais fria do planeta. Ali, principalmente Ali, verificou-se que, em especial, a camada de no mês de setembro, quase a metade da ozônio estava sendo afetada pelos gases concentração de ozônio é drasticamente emitidos pela crescente produção industrial, "retirada" da atmosfera. Com tal processo em principalmente a do final do século XX. verificação, descobriu-se ainda que a extensão Para se ter uma idéia expressiva da dos efeitos danosos do CFC chegavam a níveis extensão do problema, pesquisadores do alarmantes. Na sua maior plotagem Já foi mundo inteiro começaram a estudar as verificado que existia uma área de cerca de 31 possíveis causas da destruição de uma das milhões de quilômetros quadrados, extensão camadas da atmosfera mais importantes para a essa, igual a toda a América do Sul. Entretanto, proteção do ser humano: a camada de ozônio. não há motivos de grandes preocupações no Esta, a exemplo de uma "cúpula protetora", tocante a área, mas principalmente pela evita que a radiação ultravioleta penetre na quantidade de poluentes que são lançados na Terra. Com sua função natural sendo atmosfera do continente latino-americano. constantemente atingida pelos gases poluentes Acontece que o Brasil, por ter uma indústria produzidos pela indústria, a Terra fica frágil, emergente, ainda não chega a ser considerado causando como conseqüência, diversas um grande poluidor da camada de ozônio. doenças, destacando-se o câncer de pele, Depois, quanto à queima de combustíveis entre outras anomalias. fósseis, é sabido que expressivas parcelas de Com o passar do tempo, verificou-se que veículos automotores são ainda impelidos por existia um elemento químico necessário ao combustível a álcool. processo de produção industrial em geral, Mesmo assim, a presença do CFC, em destacando-se os contidos nos aparelhos de especial em geladeiras e aerosóis, (sprays), é ar-condicionado, nas geladeiras, nos aerossóis um problema ainda difícil de ser equacionado (sprays), esses de uso doméstico, além dos pelos cientistas. O fato é que desde a industriais, tais como a emissão de poluentes descoberta dos seus efeitos preJudiciais à provenientes dos aviões, veículos automotores, saúde, a concentração de CFC na camada de fábricas e indústrias. O efeito poluidor foi Ozônio Já diminuiu de 3% a 7% em termos identificado como sendo o clorofluorcarboneto globais, graças à conscientização gradativa da (CFC). Este, ao atingir a camada de ozônio, humanidade. Assim, também se verificou que destrói completamente as moléculas que a os EUA, sendo o maior produtor industrial do revista macroCOSMO.com | Junho de 2004 5 planeta, passou a trabalhar conJuntamente com os cientistas do mundo inteiro, visando eliminar o clorofluorcarboneto (CFC) da sua indústria. Ambientalistas de todas os países, Juntamente com cientistas, pesquisadores e o povo em geral, começaram a perscrutar sobre a sua substituição, fato que vem ocorrendo e modificando os meios de produção dos mercados industriais, no que vem fomentando uma sensível melhora para o meio ambiente. Esses números tendem a diminuir efetivamente, principalmente nos produtos contidos nós Já mencionados aerosóis e em outros produtos industrializados, a exemplo da fabricação de automóveis em escala de protótipos, esses movidos à energia elétrica, hidrogênio, baterias, como os ainda impelidos à luz solar. A resultante dessas modificações para melhorar as condições atmosféricas tem sido discutidas em fóruns de debates internacionais e animando sobremaneira as pesquisas na área. Essa maciça e incessante luta em prol da extinção do clofuorcarbaneto, como é esperado, alcança alguns resultados positivos. Primeiro, estabeleceu-se que deveria ser dado um prazo de uma década para que a indústria encontrasse um substituto capaz de eliminar os níveis crescentes de poluição. Também houve a concordância em retirar de todos os produtos do tipo aerosol, o CFC, além de destacar na embalagem dos mesmos, a condição de uma mercadoria livre desse elemento químico. Dessa forma, atualmente, verifica-se ainda a obrigatoriedade de uma explicação em todos os seus congêneres industrializados, onde se lê o alerta de que "Este produto não contém CFC nocivo ao meio ambiente". Esse foi um grande progresso para a luta em termos mundiais, para a diminuição do buraco da camada de ozônio, empreendido no mundo inteiro e que vem alcançando resultados. Na verdade, as indústrias não querem ver seus nomes estampados na mídia como causadores de poluição ambiental, e logo, começaram a atender aos reclamos e demandas da população mundial. Entretanto, é importante destacar que, o CFC ainda continua sendo © Activeset 6 revista macroCOSMO.com | Junho de 2004 PLANETA TERRA uma ameaça para a humanidade, visto que Entretanto, existe também a reação que ainda não existe efetivamente um produto que beneficia a camada de
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