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Arid Lands Newsletter-31.Pdf Arid Lands Newsletter Vol. 31 (Fall/Winter 1991) Item Type text; Newsletter Authors University of Arizona. Office of Arid Lands Studies. Publisher Office of Arid Lands Studies, College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ) Download date 29/09/2021 20:44:58 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/228186 Fall/Winter 1991 Volume 31 THE UNIVERSITY OF Office of Arid Lands Studies ARIZONA TUCSON ARIZONA IN MEMORIAM. MARK BARRINGTON LYNHAM JANUARY 2, 1939 - JULY 31, 1991 ARID LANDS RESEARCHERS HAVE mittees concerned with watershed man- lost a valued friend and colleague. Mark agement, irrigation development, and ru- Lynham, a Research Associate with the Of- ral and agricultural development. fice of Arid Lands Studies, died this summer In Mauritania, as Chief of Party for an in Tucson, Arizona. AID - funded project, he developed a work- Mr. Lynham was born in Kinshasa, ing strategy and a five -year plan for the Zaire, where he received his early schooling. Mauritanian national agronomic research He later attended Dover College in England center (CNRADA) and was charged with and Ecole Cantonale d'Agriculture, Grange- institutionalizing Farming Systems Re , . Verney, in Switzerland. Twenty years with search -Extension methodology in that the British American Tobacco Company country. Ltd., in capacities ranging from Junior Leaf Wherever he traveled, he worked with Extension Manager to Regional Leaf Devel- local farming communities to spread the opment Manager, intervened before he took word about sustainable agricultural meth- up his studies anew at The University of ods in arid lands; he conducted laboratory Arizona. He earned a Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and on -farmresearch, established extension programs, and Economics from the University in 1981, a Master of Science in organized reforestation projects. the same discipline in 1983, and was a doctoral candidate in Arid Always, his eye was on the future. Lands Sciences at the time of his death. Somehow, he managed to pursue a full personal life, too, His work for British American Tobacco's Leaf Department finding time to paint, to sculpt, to make photographs, to talk took him to the United Kingdom, El Salvador, Panama, Venezu- late into the night of ideas and dreams. ela, Nigeria, Zimbabwe, Kenya, and Bangladesh. His research On May 19, 1964, he married Glenna Jean Schuler of St. and consulting work took him to Venezuela, Mauritania, Senegal, Paul, Minnesota. She and their children, Karl and Kirsten, The Gambia, Burkina Faso, and Madagascar. survive him. They have asked that anyone wishing to honor Mr. As he traveled from post to post, his advice in matters Lynham's memory in a tangible way contribute to the Mark agricultural was sought by presidents and their advisers, by Lynham Endowment Fund for African Students at The Univer- governors and their ministers, and by local villagers. sity of Arizona, by making a check payable to the University of In Kenya, Mr. Lynham served on local and regional corn- Arizona Foundation /Agriculture/Lynham Fund. Remembering This issue of the Arid Lands Newsletter is about remembering of the most basic sort. It's about remembering those;who came before and their ways of doing things. Without this base we cannot gain true knowledge. Ethnobiology embodies this fundamental kind of remembering: How did our ancestors use this plant or thatanimal? What were the benefits they derived from them? Maybe we haveforgotten too much. And so we present here some information that has been remembered in the hope that it will remind all of us of this basic truth: To have a balancedperspective we must integrate the wisdom of those who have gone before with the pursuits of those working onthe cutting edge. On a personal note, with this issue of the Arid Lands Newsletter I am bidding farewell and remembering,with fondness, my association with the Office of Arid Lands Studies and my time as editor of the Newsletter. I thankOALS and the Newsletter's founding editor, Patricia Paylore, for the opportunity to store up so many fine memories. -- Emily E. (Whitehead)Sherbrooke ALM LIS, itRY COPY ARID LANDS Fall/Winter 1991 NEWSLETTER Volume 31 CONTENTS Editor 3Gila River Dietary Reconstruction by Amadeo M. Rea Emily E. (Whitehead) Sherbrooke The diet of the Gila River Pima of Arizona has changed radically since World War II,from one based primarily on gathered foods to one dominated by Associate Editor John M. Bancroft purchased processed foods. The result has been detrimental to their health. Design 11 Desert Legumes as a Nutritional Intervention for Diabetes Diedre L. Muns by Gary Paul Nabhan Paul M. Mirocha A great variety of modern desert dwellers,including the Gila River Pima, suffer from an elevated incidence of adult -onset diabetes. Something protected Circulation genetically susceptible individuals from this disease when they were on their Robert S. Breckenridge traditional diets. The question is, What was that something? Publisher Office of Arid Lands Studies 14 Native California Plants: Potential Treatment for Diabetes College of Agriculture by Michael Winkelman The University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona 85719 USA Medicinal plants are important resources for the future both of industrialized nations, where biomedicine is a fact of life,and of those less -developed nations that rely primarily upon traditional plant medicines. The Arid Lands Newsletter is published semiannually by the Office of Arid 18 Wild Plant Management: Cross -Cultural Examples of the Lands Studies, University of Arizona, and is distributed worldwide without Small Farmers of Jaumave, Mexico, and the Southern charge. The purpose of the Newsletter Miwok of the Yosemite Region is to inform readers of current activities of interest to arid lands by Kat Anderson researchers worldwide. When quoting items from the Newsletter we would The wildlands surrounding households in both areas contribute valuable food appreciate appropriate recognition. supplements,medicines,and more. We'd like to hear from you. Address letters of comment, requests for future 24Yucca baccata: From the Beginning by Gayle Potter -Basso mailing, and items about projects that may be of interest to our readers to: This modest plant may be the most indispensable wilding in the Western Apache horticultural world. Editor, Arid Lands Newsletter Office of Arid Lands Studies University of Arizona 30 1991 William G. McGinnies Scholar Named 845 North Park Avenue Tucson, Arizona 85719 USA DEPARTMENTS On the cover: Yucca, by Paul 30 Publications Mirocha; detail from the second poster 32 Call for Papers in the plant folklore series Singing 33 Conferences Down Roots. 34 Visitors 35 An Important Word To Our Readers Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction Amadeo M. Rea The Gila River Pima, or the Gileños, as they were known in Hispanic colonial times, are the northernmost group of Tepiman- speaking people; they inhabit lands from northern Jalisco in Mexico to the Phoenix region in Arizona. Their self -designation is Akimel O'odham, or River People. Their Piman relatives in the United States are various dialectical groups comprising the Tohono O'odham (Papago) in southwestern Arizona and the now extinct Sobaipuri in southeastern Arizona. This desert riparian people made a livelihood of gathering, farming, fishing, and hunting. Their agriculture was dependent on the biannual rise in the Gila flow: the first in the spring with the melting snow in the Gila headwaters, and the second with the advent of summer monsoonal storms from the south. Water at these times was diverted by brush weirs into an elaborate system of ditches that irrigated the nutrient -rich lower terraces of the river. It is not known for certain when the Gileños arrived at their riverine oases, but all versions of the Pima Creation Epic, as well as their oral history, tell of a Piman conquest of a puebloid people who were already living in these desert valleys. Archaeologists call the earlier people the Hohokam. The last evidence of the distinctive Hohokam culture, with its hundreds of miles of irrigation canals, characteristic ceramics, and complex of meso- American elements, disappears from the archaeological record by A.D. 1400 -1450. The new people, coming from somewhere in the Piman heartland, were culturally preadapted to use the flora and fauna at the northern fringes of the Sonoran Desert. And in spite of what appears to the outsider to be a rigorous environment, the Gila River Pima maintained a stable culture in their desert riparian ecosystem for at least four centuries. We know that it was stable and well within the local carrying capacity from numerous documentary accounts. Both Jesuit and Franciscan travelers in the Hispanic period marveled at the industrious and provident people they encountered on the Gila. Early in the Anglo period, the Gileños were able to respond to the needs of military and civilian Anglo immigrants, producing prodigious amounts of grain and other supplies far in excess of their own needs, for commerce. At least 95 biological species of plants entered the dietary of the Gila River Pima. Thirty of these are post- contact species (16 introduced annual crops and 14 fruit trees; this list excludes crops and products that were not named, such as olives, pepper, and okra, but that were occasional dietary items.) This leaves nearly 65 native plants known to have been eaten at some time during the River People's annual cycle. The Gila River Pima and their kinfolk, the Salt River Pima, are now best known not for their highly successful adaptation to desert living, but rather for having the highest known incidence of adult -onset diabetes of any ethnic group in the world. This condition was virtually unknown early in the century, but by World War II significant changes had occurred in Pima environment, culture, and eating habits. The ecological conditions that support desert rivers form a fabric that is easily damaged.
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