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Burial History, Thermal Maturity, and Oil and Gas Generation History of Source Rocks in the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming and Montana

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Burial History, Thermal Maturity, and Oil and Gas Generation History of Source Rocks in the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming and Montana Burial History, Thermal Maturity, and Oil and Gas Generation History of Source Rocks in the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming and Montana Scientific Investigations Report 2008–5037 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Photographs by R.C. Johnson, U.S. Geological Survey, Energy Team Burial History, Thermal Maturity, and Oil and Gas Generation History of Source Rocks in the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming and Montana By Laura N.R. Roberts, Thomas M. Finn, Michael D. Lewan, and Mark A. Kirschbaum Scientific Investigations Report 2008–5037 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Mark D. Myers, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2008 About USGS Products For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Suggested citation: Roberts, Laura N.R., Finn, Thomas M., Lewan, Michael D., and Kirschbaum, M.A., 2008, Burial History, Thermal Maturity, and Oil and Gas Generation History of Source Rocks in the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming and Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008–5037, 28 p. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report. iii Contents Abstract ...........................................................................................................................................................1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................1 Methods—Burial History..............................................................................................................................5 Age ..........................................................................................................................................................5 Thickness and Lithology ......................................................................................................................5 Stratigraphic Intervals .........................................................................................................................5 Unconformities ......................................................................................................................................5 Post-Middle Eocene Deposition and Erosion ..................................................................................5 Methods—Thermal History........................................................................................................................11 Methods—Petroleum Generation History ...............................................................................................11 Gas-Prone Source Rocks ..................................................................................................................11 Oil-Prone Source Rocks ....................................................................................................................11 Results—Burial History ..............................................................................................................................12 Emblem Bench, Red Point/Husky, and Sellers Draw ....................................................................12 Amoco BN 1 .........................................................................................................................................12 Santa Fe Tatman ..................................................................................................................................19 McCulloch Peak ..................................................................................................................................19 Dobie Creek..........................................................................................................................................19 Doctor Ditch .........................................................................................................................................19 Results—Maturation History .....................................................................................................................19 Results—Petroleum Generation History .................................................................................................19 Gas Generation from Source Rocks ................................................................................................24 Oil Generation from Source Rocks ..................................................................................................24 Oil Cracking to Gas .............................................................................................................................24 Summary........................................................................................................................................................24 References Cited..........................................................................................................................................25 iv Figures 1. Base map of Bighorn Basin, Wyoming and Montana, showing eight burial history locations and structure contours on top of the Cloverly Formation. ....................................2 2. Generalized stratigraphic chart of Pennsylvanian (part) through middle Tertiary (part) rocks in the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming and Montana ...................................................4 3. Maps and cross section showing method used to estimate post-middle Eocene deposition and erosion in the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming and Montana. A, trend surface using elevations of erosion surfaces described in Hagen and Surdam (1984) and Roberts and others (2007) and locality of Miocene vertebrates at Darton’s Bluff. B, cross section showing estimated basin fill. C, isopach map of estimated post-middle Eocene erosion ..............................................................................10 4. Burial history curves at eight locations in the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming and Montana. A, locations where source rocks were most deeply buried. B, locations where source rocks were buried to intermediate depths, C, locations where source rocks were buried to shallowest depths ......................................................14 5. Timing of gas generation from Type-III source rocks for each source rock and burial history location in the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming and Montana. ..............................22 6. Timing of oil and gas generation from Type-II source rocks for each source rock and burial history location in the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming and Montana .......................23 Tables 1. Information on wells used for burial history curves, Bighorn Basin, Wyoming and Montana .................................................................................................................................3 2. Data used to generate burial history curves for eight locations, Bighorn Basin, Wyoming and Montana ...............................................................................................................6 3. Present-day depth, calculated maximum depth of burial, and calculated temperature at maximum depth of burial for base of source rock intervals and for Phosphoria/Park City Formation from burial history reconstructions, Bighorn Basin, Wyoming and Montana ..................................................................................13 4. Timing of gas generation for Type-III source rocks at burial history locations, Bighorn Basin, Wyoming and Montana ..................................................................................20 5. Timing of oil generation for Type-II source rocks and timing of oil cracking to gas, Bighorn Basin, Wyoming and Montana .....................................................................21 Burial History, Thermal Maturity, and Oil and Gas Generation History of Source Rocks in the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming and Montana By Laura N.R. Roberts, Thomas M. Finn, Michael D. Lewan, and Mark A. Kirschbaum Abstract Introduction Burial history, thermal maturity, and timing of oil and gas The Bighorn Basin is a large Laramide (Late Creta- generation were modeled for seven key source-rock units at ceous through Eocene) structural and sedimentary basin that eight well locations throughout the Bighorn Basin in Wyoming encompasses about 7,500 mi2 in north-central Wyoming and and Montana. Also modeled was the timing of cracking to south-central Montana (fig. 1). The basin boundaries are gas of Phosphoria Formation-sourced oil in the Permian Park defined by fault- and fold-bounded Laramide uplifts that sur- City Formation reservoirs at two well locations. Within the round it except in the northernmost part where the basin is basin boundary, the Phosphoria is thin and only locally rich in bounded by the northwest-trending Nye-Bowler Lineament. organic carbon; it is thought that the Phosphoria oil produced Adjacent mountain ranges include the Beartooth Mountains to from Park City and other reservoirs migrated from the Idaho- the northwest, the Absaroka Mountains to the west, the Owl Wyoming thrust
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