DOCSLIB.ORG

Agricultural Scenariosto Reduce the National Phosphorus Surplus in the Netherlands

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Agricultural Scenariosto Reduce the National Phosphorus Surplus in the Netherlands Agricultural scenariosto reduce the national phosphorus surplus in the Netherlands A.J. de Buck1, W. van Dijk1, J.C. van Middelkoop2, A.L. Smit3, H. van Reuler1 and A. Evers2 Praktijkonderzoek Plant & Omgeving, onderdeel van Wageningen UR Business Unit Akkerbouw, Groene Ruimte en Vollegrondsgroenten PPO nr. 466 July 2012 Agricultural scenarios to reduce the national phosphorus surplus in the Netherlands A.J. de Buck1, W. van Dijk1, J.C. van Middelkoop2, A.L. Smit3, H. van Reuler1 and A. Evers2 In dit vlak wordt door de drukker de foto(’s) geplaatst 1 Applied Plant Research 2 Livestock Research 3 Plant Research International Praktijkonderzoek Plant & Omgeving (Applied Plant Research), part of Wageningen UR Business Unit AGV PPO no. 466 July 2012 © 2012 Wageningen, Foundation Stichting Dienst Landbouwkundig Onderzoek (DLO) research institute Praktijkonderzoek Plant & Omgeving. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the DLO, Praktijkonderzoek Plant & Omgeving (Applied Plant Research), Business Unit AGV. The Foundation DLO is not responsible for any damage caused by using the content of this report. PPO Publication no. 466 This project is funded by: Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation Project no. 32 501161 11 Applied Plant Research (Praktijkonderzoek Plant & Omgeving), part of Wageningen UR Business Unit AGV Address : P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands : Wageningen Campus, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, The Netherlands Tel. : +31 320 29 11 11 Fax : +31 317 41 80 94 E-mail : [email protected] Internet : www.ppo.wur.nl © Praktijkonderzoek Plant & Omgeving 2 Table of contents page SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................. 5 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 9 2 PHOSPHORUS FLOWS IN 2005 AND 2008 ....................................................................... 11 2.1 National balance ..................................................................................................... 11 2.2 Arable land ............................................................................................................. 13 2.3 Grassland and maize ............................................................................................... 13 2.4 Grazing livestock ..................................................................................................... 14 2.5 Intensive livestock ................................................................................................... 14 2.6 Industry .................................................................................................................. 15 2.7 Households ............................................................................................................ 16 2.8 Waste and waste industry ........................................................................................ 16 3 SCENARIOS ................................................................................................................... 19 3.1 Application standards 2013/15 ................................................................................ 19 3.1.1 Goal ................................................................................................................ 19 3.1.2 Description ...................................................................................................... 19 3.1.3 Changes in phosphorus flows ............................................................................ 21 3.2 Mining .................................................................................................................... 24 3.2.1 Goal ................................................................................................................ 24 3.2.2 Description ...................................................................................................... 24 3.2.3 Changes in phosphorus-flows ............................................................................ 25 3.3 Decrease phosphorus excretion livestock ................................................................. 27 3.3.1 Goal ................................................................................................................ 27 3.3.2 Description ...................................................................................................... 27 3.3.3 Changes in phosphorus flows ............................................................................ 29 4 DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................. 33 5 CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................................. 37 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................... 39 GLOSSARY ........................................................................................................................... 41 APPENDIX ............................................................................................................................ 43 © Praktijkonderzoek Plant & Omgeving 3 © Praktijkonderzoek Plant & Omgeving 4 Summary The national phosphorus balance can be made more sustainable by reducing the accumulation of phosphorus in agricultural soils and by increasing recycling from waste streams. In this study we investigated different scenarios for reduction of the national soil surplus on agricultural land. The focus was on scenarios that will not compel agriculture in the Netherlands to change radically e.g. reduction of phosphorus fertilisation levels and reducing animal phosphorus excretion by improving feeding efficiency while maintaining national milk and meat production levels. The national phosphorus flows in 2008 were taken as the reference situation. For this purpose the earlier assessed flow scheme of 2005 was updated. The 2008 flow scheme includes the initial years after introduction of new mineral legislation in 2006 that is based on maximum allowed application standards for nitrogen and phosphorus instead of maximum allowed surpluses (Minas). Differences phosphorus flows 2005 and 2008. The national phosphorus surplus in 2008 decreased by 9 Mkg P in comparison to 2005 (values for 2005 and 2008 were 60 and 51 Mkg P, respectively) (Table S1). This was mainly due to a reduction in use of mineral fertilisers (9 Mkg P), an increased manure export (6 Mkg P) alongside a net import increase of the industry (6 Mkg P). The latter was due to an increase in feed phosphorus import while the net food phosphorus import decreased. The decrease in the use of mineral phosphorus fertilisers will probably be due to the change in legislation in 2006 as from that year mineral phosphorus fertilisers were included. The phosphorus surplus is accumulated on agricultural land, sequestered in waste and leached to ground and surface water. Phosphorus accumulation on agricultural land decreased by 12 Mkg P (values for 2005 and 2008 were 31 and 19 Mkg P, respectively). This reduction was mainly on grassland and maize fields. The phosphorus sequestered in waste increased by 3 Mkg P (values for 2005 and 2008 were 21 and 25 Mkg P, respectively). The amount of phosphorus leaching to ground and surface water decreased slightly mainly due to cleaner effluent from wastewater treatment plants (values for 2005 and 2008 were 7 and 6 Mkg P, respectively). Table S1. National phosphorus budget in 2005 and 2006 in the Netherlands (Mkg P/a). Subsystem Products 2005 2008 Import Agriculture Fertiliser 21.0 12.0 Living animals1 0.2 0.2 Industry Feed 50.4 60.1 Food 28.0 31.1 Non-food 1.4 3.3 Feed additives 7.2 8.1 Total import 108.2 114.8 Export Agriculture Manure 7.0 12.8 Industry Food 37.5 47.6 Non-Food 1.3 1.2 Waste Waste 2.7 2.0 Total export 48.5 63.6 Surplus 59.7 51.2 1 veal production © Praktijkonderzoek Plant & Omgeving 5 Scenarios to reduce the national phosphorus surplus Phosphorus Application standards 2013 en 2015 The legislation with regard to the Nitrate Directive (fourth and fifth Nitrate Action Program) contains application standards for nitrogen and phosphorus. The application standard gives the maximum allowed fertilisation level with manure and mineral fertilisers. Reduction of the phosphorus application standards to guideline levels for 2013 and 2015 will decrease the phosphorus surplus on agricultural land from 22 Mkg P in 2008 to 13 Mkg P in 2013 and 10 Mkg P in 2015 (Table S2). For grassland and maize these surpluses are 8 (2013) and 7 Mkg P (2015), for arable land 5 (2013) and 3 Mkg P (2015). In the calculations it is assumed that for 2013 and 2015 fertilisation levels equal the application standards. The decrease of the application standards increases the manure surplus. This is the amount of manure phosphorus that cannot be applied on agricultural land. Besides the application standards, the manure surplus also depends on the acceptance grade of manure. The acceptance grade is defined as the percentage of the phosphorus application standard that is used for manure phosphorus. On grassland and maize and on arable land on sandy soils it is expected that manure acceptance will become 100% as
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Annual Policy Report 2008
    Annual Policy Report 2008 produced by the European Migration Network March 2011 The purpose of EMN Annual Policy Reports is to provide an overview into the most significant political and legislative (including EU) developments, as well as public debates, in the area of asylum and migration, with the focus on third-country nationals rather than EU nationals. This EMN Synthesis Report summarises the main findings of National Reports produced by twenty-three of the EMN National Contact Points (EMN NCPs) from Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. The EMN Synthesis Report, as well as the twenty-three National Reports upon which the synthesis is based, may be downloaded from http://emn.intrasoft- intl.com/Downloads/prepareShowFiles.do;?entryTitle=02. Annual Policy Report 2008 Several of the National Reports are also available in the Member States‟ national language, as well as in English. EMN Synthesis Report – Annual Policy Report 2008 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Methodology followed ........................................................................................ 7 2. POLITICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENTS ........................................ 9 2.1 General political developments ...........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • REPORT to the EMCDDA by the Reitox National Focal Point the NETHERLANDS DRUG SITUATION 2010
    REPORT TO THE EMCDDA by the Reitox National Focal Point THE NETHERLANDS DRUG SITUATION 2010 FINAL VERSION As approved by the Scientific Committee of the Netherlands National Drug Monitor (NDM) on the 22nd of December 2010 1 This National Report was supported by grants from the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport (VWS), and the Ministry of Security and Justice. This report was written by Margriet van Laar1 Guus Cruts1 André van Gageldonk1 Marianne van Ooyen-Houben2 Esther Croes1 Ronald Meijer2 Toine Ketelaars1 1Trimbos Institute (Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction). 2Scientific Research and Documentation Centre (WODC), Ministry of Security and Justice. 2 Members of the Scientific Committee of the Netherlands National Drug Monitor (NDM) Mr. prof. dr. H.G. van de Bunt, Erasmus University Rotterdam Mr. prof. dr. H.F.L. Garretsen, Tilburg University (chair) Mr. dr. P.G.J. Greeven, Novadic-Kentron Mr. prof. dr. R.A. Knibbe, Maastricht University Mr. dr. M.W.J. Koeter, Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research (AIAR) Mr. prof. dr. D.J. Korf, Bonger Institute of Criminology, University of Amsterdam Ms. prof. dr. H. van de Mheen, Addiction Research Institute Rotterdam (IVO) Mr. dr. C.G. Schoemaker, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) Mr. A.W. Ouwehand, Organization Care Information Systems (IVZ) Mr. mr. A.W.M van der Heijden, MA, Public Prosecution Service (OM) Observers Mrs. mr. R. Muradin, Ministry of Security and Justice Mrs. drs. W.M. de Zwart, Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport Additional consultant Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Dutch Business Opportunities in the Turkish Biodiesel Sector
    LEI develops economic expertise for government bodies and industry in the field of food, agriculture and the natural environment. By means of independent research, LEI offers its customers a solid basis for socially and strategically justifiable policy choices. LEI is part of Wageningen University and Research Centre, forming the Social Sciences Group with the department of Social Sciences Dutch business opportunities in the Turkish More information: www.lei.wur.nl biodiesel sector Report 09ĉ016 Dutch business opportunities in the Turkish biodiesel sector Rolien Wiersinga Gulden Yilmaz (AFSG) Wolter Elbersen (AFSG) Report 09ĉ016 May 2009 LEI Wageningen UR, The Hague Dutch business opportunities in the Turkish biodiesel sector. Rolien C. Wiersinga, Gulden Yilmaz and Wolter Elbersen Report 09ĉ016 This report has been prepared for the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality. © LEI, 2009 Reproduction of contents, either whole or in part, permitted with due reference to the source. LEI is ISO 9000 certified. 2 Contents Summary 4 1 Introduction 5 2 The Turkish economy and agricultural sector 6 2.1 General and agricultural policy 6 2.2 Economy 7 2.3 Agriculture 11 3 Turkish biodiesel sector 14 3.1 Biodiesel policies 14 3.2 Biodiesel production and trade 15 3.3 Sustainability 17 3.4 SWOT of biodiesel production in Turkey 18 4 Analysis of Dutch opportunities in the Turkish biodiesel sector 20 5 Conclusions and recommendations 21 References 22 Appendix 1 Unstructured questionnaire for analysis of biodiesel market in Turkey 24 3 Summary To research possibilities for Dutch businesses to be involved in the Turkish biodiesel sector, a short literature study and unstructured interviews with sector stakeholders were performed.
    [Show full text]
  • Gibson-Et-Al-Netherlands.Pdf
    Fisheries Centre The University of British Columbia Working Paper Series Working Paper #2015 - 46 Preliminary reconstruction of total marine fisheries catches for the Netherlands in the North Sea (1950-2010) Darah Gibson, Kyrstn Zylich and Dirk Zeller Year: 2015 Email: [email protected] This working paper is made available by the Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada. PRELIMINARY RECONSTRUCTION OF TOTAL MARINE FISHERIES CATCHES FOR THE NETHERLANDS IN THE NORTH SEA (1950-2010) Darah Gibson, Kyrstn Zylich and Dirk Zeller Sea Around Us, Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] ABSTRACT Dutch marine fisheries are reconstructed from 1950-2010 within its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) equivalent waters in the North Sea. The International Council for the Exploration of the Seas (ICES) publically available electronic data are used a ‘reporting’ baseline for the reconstruction. Data and information from ICES stock assessments, peer-reviewed literature, grey literature and local experts are used to estimate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) catch. Estimates of IUU catch are made in terms of discards, unreported, over-reported, and recreational and subsistence catch and are used to improve the reported baseline. Our preliminary reconstructed catch within Dutch EEZ equivalent waters is nearly 2 times the reported baseline catch. The reconstructed catch slightly decreases from a catch of 233,000 t in 1950 to 176,000 t in 2010 with a peak of nearly 500,000 t in 1985.
    [Show full text]
  • Vitamin D and Cancer
    WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER Vitamin D and Cancer IARC 2008 WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER IARC Working Group Reports Volume 5 Vitamin D and Cancer - i - Vitamin D and Cancer Published by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France © International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2008-11-24 Distributed by WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; email: [email protected]) Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturer’s products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this publication. The International Agency for Research on Cancer welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full.
    [Show full text]
  • RIVM Rapport 270051011 Dare to Compare! Benchmarking Dutch Health with the European Community Health Indicators (ECHI)
    Dare to Compare! Benchmarking Dutch health with the European Community Health Indicators (ECHI) How does public health in the Netherlands compare to public health in other European Union (EU) countries? Are we among the top five or lagging behind? Does the picture change when focusing on specific subjects? This report compares the Netherlands to EU countries along a set of more than eighty European health indicators on, for example, disease, lifestyle and prevention. This is the first time that the indicators that make up the so-called ECHI (European Community Health Indicator) shortlist are used for benchmarking Dutch public health. This shortlist has been adopted by the EU to assist health policy makers in identifying common challenges, priorities and opportunities, and to learn from other countries’ experiences. The systematic benchmark approach also provides a detailed view on the actual availability, comparability and quality of data sets, both within the Netherlands and throughout the EU. It becomes apparent that EU-funded projects and Eurostat activities increasingly contribute to better data quality and more valid comparisons, but much work is still to be done. Dare to Compare! Given the ambition of the Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport to get the Netherlands back into the top five of the healthiest European countries, a benchmark is a good exercise to identify possibilities for improvement and issues that require policy attention. This report was commissioned by the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport. Harbers MM | Van der Wilk EA | Kramers PGN | Kuunders MMAP | Verschuuren M | Eliyahu H | Achterberg PW Dare to Compare! RIVM Benchmarking Dutch health with the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment European Community Health Indicators (ECHI) Centre for Public Health Forecasting PO Box 1 3720 BA Bilthoven The Netherlands www.rivm.nl/ With respect to the front cover: In English the idiom ‘comparing apples and oranges’ is commonly used to indicate that some items have not been validly compared.
    [Show full text]
  • Irregular Migrants in Belgium and the Netherlands
    15 mm back 153 mm 8 14,4 mm 8 front 153 mm 15 mm 15 mm IMISCOE RESEARCH IMISCOE RESEARCH Van Meeteren Van Van Meeteren takes irregular migrants’ aspirations as a starting point of analysis, proposing an empirically grounded theoretical critique of the dominant research practice that focuses on ‘survival strategies’. Drawing on participant observation and more than 200 in-depth interviews, she develops much-needed contextualised insights and sheds new light on this top-of the-agenda subject area. Masja van Meeteren is an assistant professor in the Department of Criminology at Leiden University, the Netherlands. Her research interests include intersections of migration, migration policy, informal social structures, crime and criminalization. She has published in journals such as Current Sociology, Global Networks, International Migration Review and Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. A full overview of her publi- cations is available at www.masjavanmeeteren.nl. Irregular Migrants in Belgium and the Netherlands “In this ground-breaking study, Masja van Meeteren shows how the focus of previous research on structures and control has led to misleading views on Masja van Meeteren irregular migration. She proposes instead a focus on migrants’ aspirations, and her original research shows how this helps to explain the persistence of irregular migration as a global reality.” Irregular Migrants in Belgium — Stephen Castles, University of Sydney 240 mm and the Netherlands “A solid and valuable book, a major addition to the literature of a topic which commands increasing attention in Western societies.” — Joaquín Arango, Complutense University of Madrid “Van Meeteren develops an unusual typology of irregular migrants based Aspirations and Incorporation on their aspirations ..
    [Show full text]
  • Leaving-Home Patterns Among the Turkish and Moroccan Second Generation and Dutch Young Adults
    Leaving home among Turkish and Moroccan second-generation and Dutch young adults: The influence of parent-child and peer relations Tom Kleinepier Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute (NIDI) Helga A.G. de Valk Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute (NIDI), and Vrije Universiteit Brussel INTRODUCTION Leaving the parental home is a major event in the life course. It involves essential changes for young people and their parents. For children in Western societies, moving out of the parental home is part of the process of becoming an independent adult. It is closely linked to other key events in the transition to adulthood, such as union formation and entry into the labor market or higher education (Billari, Philipov & Baizan, 2001; Goldscheider, Thornton & Young- DeMarco, 1993). When and why young people leave home has therefore been studied extensively (Rusconi, 2004; Bernhardt, Gähler & Goldscheider, 2005; Blaauboer & Mulder, 2010). Much of this research suggests that home-leaving behavior depends on the opportunities and constraints of the environment that the young adult faces. These can be socio-demographic and economic characteristics of the parental home (Murphy & Wang, 1998), as well as institutional factors, such as the situation on the labor and housing market (Ermisch, 1999; Mulder & Hooimeijer, 2002) or the availability and location of educational institutions (Cook & Furstenberg, 2002). Apart from these opportunities and constraints, leaving home is also a function of the preferences of the young adults and their parents (De Jong Gierveld, Liefbroer & Beekink 1991; Billari & Liefbroer, 2007), which can vary significantly over time and across cultural contexts (Billari et al., 2001). Despite these numerous studies on the leaving-home process of young adults, research that pays attention to patterns of leaving home among children from migrant families in Europe is still limited (see De Valk & Billari, 2007; Windzio, 2011; Zorlu & Mulder, 2011 for exceptions).
    [Show full text]
  • Islamophobia from the Inside: How Turkish Immigrants Responded to the Securitization of Integration in Germany and the Netherlan
    ISLAMOPHOBIA FROM THE INSIDE: HOW TURKISH IMMIGRANTS RESPONDED TO THE SECURITIZATION OF INTEGRATION IN GERMANY AND THE NETHERLANDS by Esref ERTURK A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-Newark Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Global Affairs written under the direction of Dr. Ariane Chebel d’Appollonia and approved by Dr. Teri G. Lindgren Dr. Jyl Josephson Dr. Oğuzhan Ömer Demir Newark, New Jersey October, 2014 ©2014 Esref ERTURK ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Islamophobia from the Inside: How Turkish Immigrants Responded To the Securitization of Integration in Germany and the Netherlands By Esref ERTURK Dissertation Director: Dr. Ariane Chebel d’Appollonia Although there is a vast literature on the securitization and Islamophobia phenomena in Western societies, there is relatively less research about the perceptions and mobilization of Muslim immigrants in the West, especially Turks, with respect to these phenomena. Therefore, the research set out to explore whether there has been any change in the forms of mobilization of Turkish immigrants in Germany and the Netherlands after 9/11 as a response to the securitization of integration. The present comparative study identified not only the changes after 9/11, but also the main similarities and differences between the two cases. Characteristics of Turkish immigrants and the context of reception, as well as the subjective aspects (such as perceptions, feelings, emotions, and so on) related to the issue were taken into account in the study. From the methodological perspective, the study employed a mixed methods research approach by including interviews, participant observation, and a quantitative analysis of population and political representation data.
    [Show full text]
  • Funding for Public Health in Europe in Decline?
    Health Policy 123 (2019) 21–26 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Health Policy j ournal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/healthpol Funding for public health in Europe in decline? Bernd Rechel European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, WC1H 9SH, London, United Kingdom a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Concerns have been raised in recent years in several European countries over cutbacks to funding for Received 28 May 2018 public health. This article explores how widespread the problem is, bringing together available informa- Received in revised form tion on funding for public health in Europe and the effects of the economic crisis. It is based on a review 23 November 2018 of academic and grey literature and of available databases, detailed case studies of nine European coun- Accepted 24 November 2018 tries (England, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Slovenia, Sweden, Poland, and the Republic of Moldova) and in-depth interviews. The findings highlight difficulties in establishing accurate estimates Keywords: of spending on public health, but also point to cutbacks in many countries and an overall declining share Public health of health expenditure going to public health. Public health seems to have been particularly vulnerable to Health expenditures Europe funding cuts. However, the decline is not inevitable and there are examples of countries that have chosen Financial crisis to retain or increase their investment in public health. © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction the brunt of cuts after 2007 [13].
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Zoltan J. Acs – László Szerb the Global Entrepreneurship and Development Index for the Netherlands the Analysis of The
    Zoltan J. Acs – László Szerb The Global Entrepreneurship and Development Index for the Netherlands The analysis of the entrepreneurial position of the Netherlands 1 Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. The basic characteristics of the Netherlands 3. The small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) sector in the Netherlands 4. The global entrepreneurship and development index 4.1 Definitions 4.2 The structure of the index 5. The position of the Netherlands in the GEINDEX and in the sub-index levels 6. The position of the Netherlands on the pillar level 7. The position of the Netherlands on the variable level 8. The policy applicability of the GEINDEX 9. The evolution of entrepreneurship policy in the Netherlands 10. Challenging areas in entrepreneurial activity 10.1 Firm growth 10.2 Labour force 10.3 Education system 10.4 Innovation 11. Policy recommendation 11.1 Firm growth 11.2 Labour force 11.3 Education system 11.4 Innovation 12. Conclusion References Appendix A • Table A.1: The Description of the Individual Variables Used in the GEINDEX • Table A.2: The Description of the Institutional Variables Used in the GEINDEX Appendix B • Table B.1: The Global Entrepreneurship Sub-Index Rank of the Countries • Table B.2: Entrepreneurial Attitudes Index and Pillar Values • Table B.3: Entrepreneurial Activity Index and Pillar Values • Table B.4: Entrepreneurial Aspirations Index and Pillar Values 2 3 1. Introduction The development of the global entrepreneurship index The discovery of the importance of knowledge in economic growth has unleashed an unprecedented interest in entrepreneurship. It is suggested by endogenous growth theory that knowledge in the hands of agents is exploited through the firm formation process and turned into innovations.
    [Show full text]
  • The Netherlands on the European Scale 2016
    The Netherlands on the European scale 2016 scale European the on Netherlands The The Netherlands on the European scale 2016 Hoofdstuktitel 3 The Netherlands on the European scale 2016 Explanation of symbols Empty cell Figure not applicable Publisher . Figure unknown, insufficiently Statistics Netherlands reliable or confidential Henri Faasdreef 312, 2492 JP The Hague * Provisional figure www.cbs.nl ** Revised provisional figure 2014–2015 2014 to 2015 inclusive Prepress: Statistics Netherlands, Studio BCO 2014/2015 Average for 2014 to 2015 inclusive Printed by: Tuijtel, Hardinxveld-Giessendam 2014/’15 Crop year, financial year, school year, Design: Edenspiekermann etc., beginning in 2014 and ending in 2015 Information 2012/’13–2014/’15 Crop year, financial year, etc., 2012/’13 Telephone +31 88 570 70 70 to 2014/’15 inclusive Via contact form: www.cbs.nl/information Due to rounding, some totals may not correspond to the sum of the separate figures. Where to order The Netherlands on the European scale 2016 can be ordered via www.cbs.nl. Price € 10.00 (excluding postage) ISBN 978-90-357-1708-4 © Statistics Netherlands, The Hague/Heerlen/Bonaire, 2016. Reproduction is permitted, provided Statistics Netherlands is quoted as the source. Foreword ‘Europe’ is becoming an increasingly important than people in other countries. They are also concept in the Netherlands: for decision-makers, one of the richest countries in Europe, although researchers, producers and consumers. Together economic growth was lower than average in with Eurostat and the other national statistical the EU in 2014. The Netherlands ranks lowest in institutes in the European Union, Statistics terms of the share of science and technology Netherlands is working towards comparability graduates, however, and has one of the lowest of national data and a consistent European scores in the EU for the share of renewable statistical system.
    [Show full text]