DOCSLIB.ORG

Empirical and Theoretical Effects of Masks

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Empirical and Theoretical Effects of Masks 1 AN EMPIRICAL AND THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION INTO THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF WEARING A MASK MICK COOPER 2 I hereby declare that this thesis has not been submitted, either in the same or different form, to this or any other University for a degree. ............................................ 3 PREFACE Whilst this thesis is wholly the original work of the author, there are a number of people whose time and support has been instrumental in bringing it about. Particular thanks go to Helen Cruthers, Peter Smith, Philip Dodgson, David Hitchin, and Peter Harris. I would also like to thank all the participants who took part in these studies for their time and enthusiasm. 4 UNIVERSITY OF SUSSEX Michael Barry Cooper D.Phil. AN EMPIRICAL AND THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION INTO THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF WEARING A MASK SUMMARY A review of the literature shows that the wearing of a mask has been hypothesised to bring about four main psychological effects: disinhibition, transformation, facilitation of the expression of aspects of the wearer’s Self, and various psycho-somatic changes. Several different explanations have been proposed as to why each of these effects come about. Using theoretical and empirical research, the thesis explores in detail the hypothesis that a mask can disinhibit its wearer, and that this disinhibition comes about because the mask-wearer feels less identifiable. The findings show that a mask can significantly reduces its wearer’s feelings of identifiability, and that it can also significantly reduce its wearer’s public self- awareness as a consequence of changes in attentional focus. However, the empirical evidence suggests that the mask’s disinhibiting effect is limited to situations in which an individual wants to behave in a particular way, but inhibits that behaviour out of a concern with ‘mask- able’ facets of their public self. Concomitantly, the findings suggest that, if an individual wants to behave in a way for which they require ‘mask-able’ facets of the public self, then the wearing of a mask may be experienced as inhibiting. This thesis also examines the hypothesis that a mask can transform its wearer, and that this occurs through the self-attribution process outlined by Kellerman and Laird (1982). The thesis provides strong empirical support for both these hypotheses, showing that the wearing of a mask can make individuals feel less like their usual self and more like the character represented in the mask. However, the empirical evidence suggests that this latter effect only occurs under conditions in which an individual is specifically focused on their masked appearance. 5 A final chapter discusses the theoretical and applied implications of these findings, with specific reference to the use of masks in therapeutic practice. 6 INDEX CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 12 1.1 DEFINITIONS 12 1.1.1 ‘Psychological’ 12 1.1.2 ‘Mask’ 12 1.1.3 ‘Wearing’ 14 1.2 RATIONALE 14 1.3 OUTLINE 15 CHAPTER TWO: THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECT OF WEARING A MASK: A LITERATURE REVIEW 17 2.1 DISINHIBITION 18 2.1.1 Anonymity 20 2.1.2 ‘Dramatic License’ 21 2.1.3 ‘Dramatic Distance’ 22 2.1.4 ‘Container’ 24 2.1.5 Increase in Facial Expressiveness 25 2.1.6 Reduction in Concern About Facial Vulnerability25 2.1.7 Pre-civilised appearance 26 2.1.8 Protection 26 2.1.9 Transformation 26 2.2 TRANSFORMATION 27 2.2.1 Non-physiological Transformations of the ‘Face’34 2.2.2 Physiological Transformations of the Face 36 2.2.3 ‘Unconscious’ Transformation 36 2.2.4 ‘Motors’ of the Mask 37 2.2.5 Observer Feedback 37 2.2.6 Disinhibition 37 2.3 FACILITATING THE EXPRESSION OF ‘ASPECTS OF THE SELF’ 38 2.3.1 Projection 38 2.3.2 Mask as Symbol 38 2.4 PSYCHO-SOMATIC CHANGES 40 2.4.1 Reduction in Facial Expression 40 2.4.2 ‘Body-image’ Stress 41 2.4.3 Miscellaneous Psycho-somatic Changes 41 2.5 SUMMARY 41 CHAPTER THREE. DISINHIBITION AND THE ANONYMITY- HYPOTHESIS: A LITERATURE REVIEW 43 3.1 THE DISINHIBITION HYPOTHESIS 43 3.2 THE ANONYMITY HYPOTHESIS 48 3.2.1 Mask-wearing and Anonymity 48 3.2.2 Anonymity and Disinhibition 50 3.2.2.1 Deindividuation 50 7 3.2.2.2 Self-awareness as mediating variable 53 3.2.2.3 Criticisms of differential self-awareness theory 56 3.2.2.3.1 Public self-awareness as focus of attention 57 3.2.2.3.2 Is the public self ideal and identifiability always inhibiting? 58 3.2.2.3.3 Social identity theory 59 3.2.2.3.4 Individual differences 61 3.3 SUMMARY 63 CHAPTER FOUR: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION INTO THE EFFECT OF WEARING A MASK ON FEELINGS OF IDENTIFIABILITY, PUBLIC SELF-AWARENESS AND INHIBITION 65 4.1 INTRODUCTION 65 4.1.1 Aims 65 4.1.2 Methodological Issues 65 4.1.2.1 Experimental or non-experimental design? 65 4.1.2.2 Laboratory- or Field-experiment? 68 4.1.2.3 Qualitative or quantitative measures? 71 4.1.2.4 Self-reports or observational measures? 75 4.1.2.5 Between-participant or within-participant design? 76 4.1.2.6 Demand characteristics and deception 78 4.1.2.7 Experimenter-expectancy effects 83 4.2 METHOD 85 4.2.1 Design 85 4.2.2 Participants 86 4.2.3 Apparatus and Materials 86 4.2.4 Procedure 90 4.2.5 Methods of Analysis 94 4.2.5.1 Quantitative 94 4.2.5.2 Qualitative 98 4.3 RESULTS 101 4.3.1 Quantitative 101 4.3.2 Qualitative 106 4.3.2.1 Identifiability 106 4.3.2.2 Public self-awareness 109 4.3.2.3 Inhibition 116 4.3.2.4 Transformation 120 4.3.2.5 Miscellaneous Effects 121 4.3.2.6 Not much difference 122 4.3.2.7 Experimental design 122 4.3.2.8 Expectations 122 4.4 DISCUSSION 124 4.4.1 Hypothesis one: The wearing of a mask, under conditions in which an individual’s identifiability is dependent on ‘immediate’ facial recognition, will lead to a reduction in feelings of identifiability 124 4.4.2 Hypothesis two: The wearing of a mask, under conditions in which it reduces an individual’s 8 identifiability, and under conditions in which positive external events are not forthcoming, will contribute to a reduction in feelings of public self- awareness 126 4.4.3 Hypothesis three: The wearing of a mask, under conditions in which it reduces an individual’s public self-awareness, and under conditions in which an individual wishes to behave in ways that are contrary to their public self-standard, will have a disinhibiting effect 131 4.4.4 Other Findings 135 4.4.5 General Methodological Issues 137 4.5 SUMMARY 142 CHAPTER FIVE. MASKING, INHIBITION AND DISINHIBITION: A WORKSHOP STUDY 143 5.1 INTRODUCTION 143 5.1.1 Aims 143 5.2 METHOD 144 5.2.1 Design 144 5.2.2 Participants 144 5.2.3 Apparatus and Materials 144 5.2.4 Procedure 146 5.2.5 Method of Analysis 148 5.2.5.1 Quantitative 148 5.2.5.2 Qualitative 148 5.3 RESULTS 148 5.3.1 Quantitative 148 5.3.2 Qualitative 151 5.3.2.1 Inhibition 151 5.3.2.2 Transformation 153 5.3.3.3 Other Findings 155 5.4 DISCUSSION 155 5.4.1 Hypothesis one: If an individual has a desire to behave in a particular way, but inhibits that 155 behaviour out of a concern for mask-able facets of their public self, then the wearing of a mask, under conditions in which it reduces those concerns, can be predicted to have a disinhibiting effect. However, if an individual wishes to behave in a way for which they ‘require’ mask-able facets of their public self, then the wearing of a mask can be predicted to have an inhibiting effect 155 5.4.2 Transformation 159 5.4.3 Other Findings 160 5.4.4 General Methodological Issues 161 5.5 SUMMARY 162 CHAPTER SIX: TRANSFORMATION AND SELF-PERCEPTION 164 6.1 TRANSFORMATION 164 6.1.1 Direct Empirical Support 164 9 6.1.2 Facial Coverings 166 6.1.3 Transformations of the Face Which do not Directly Involve Physiological Feedback 170 6.1.4 Clothes 172 6.1.5 Transformations of the Face Which Do Directly Involve Physiological Feedback 174 6.1.6 Summary 175 6.2 TRANSFORMATION AND SELF-PERCEPTION 175 6.2.1 Self-attribution and Facial Feedback 176 6.2.2 Facial-feedback and Mask-feedback 178 6.2.3 Situational Variables 179 6.2.4 Individual Difference Variables 180 6.3 SUMMARY 182 CHAPTER SEVEN: AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION INTO THE TRANSFORMATIVE EFFECT OF WEARING A MASK 183 7.1 INTRODUCTION 183 7.1.1 Aims 183 7.1.2 Methodological Issues 183 7.2 METHOD 187 7.2.1 Design 187 7.2.2 Participants 187 7.2.3 Apparatus and Materials 188 7.2.4 Procedure 193 7.2.5 Methods of Analysis 194 7.2.5.1 Quantitative 194 7.2.5.2 Qualitative 195 7.3 RESULTS 197 7.3.1 Quantitative 197 7.3.2 Qualitative 203 7.4 DISCUSSION 206 7.4.1 Hypothesis one: The wearing of a mask, under conditions in which an individual is aware of their ‘facial’ appearance, will lead to a transformation in the direction represented by the mask 206 7.4.2 Hypothesis two: The wearing of a mask, under conditions in which an individual is aware that their face is no longer their ‘face’, will lead to a transformation away from the usual ‘self’ 212 7.4.3 Hypothesis three: Individuals reliant on self- produced cues will experience a greater degree of transformation when wearing a mask than individuals reliant on situationally-produced cues 214 7.4.4 Hypothesis four: Individuals high in public self-consciousness will experience a greater degree of transformation when wearing a mask than individuals low in public self-consciousness 215 7.4.5 Other Findings 216 7.4.4 General Methodological Issues 217 7.4.5 SUMMARY 221 10 CHAPTER EIGHT: CHANGES IN OTHER-PERCEPTION AS A FUNCTION OF THE OTHER WEARING A MASK 222 8.1 INTRODUCTION 222 8.2 METHOD 222 8.2.1 Design 222 8.2.2 Participants 223 8.2.3 Materials 223 8.2.4 Procedure 224 8.3 RESULTS 225 8.4 DISCUSSION 226 8.4.1 Hypothesis one: The wearing of a mask will transform how that mask-wearer is perceived, such that observers
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Thinking About “I”
    THINKING ABOUT “I” Compiled and Edited by Andrew S. Curtis Copyright 2007 For In-house Use Only by The Synthesis Center 274 N. Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01002 (413) 256-0772 WHAT IS THE PERSONAL SELF/“I”? 1. The Lower Unconscious 2. The Middle Unconscious 3. The Higher Unconscious or Superconscious 4. The Field of Consciousness 5. The Conscious “self” or “I” 6. The Higher “Self” 7. The Collective Unconscious Assagioli's Egg Diagram • “At the heart of the self there is both an active and a passive element, an agent and a spectator. Self- consciousness involves our being a witness – pure, objective, loving witness – to what is happening within and without. In this sense, the self is not a dynamic in itself but is a point of witness, a spectator, an observer who watches the flow. But there is another part of the inner self – the will-er or directing agent – that actively intervenes to orchestrate the various functions and energies of the personality, to make commitments and to instigate action in the external world. So, at the center of the self, there is unity of . will and love, action and observation” (Assagioli w/ Keen as quoted by Brown in Unfolding Self, 2004). “Self-expression or Self-realization refer to the expression of Self through the personality (with “I” acting as administrative agent [through awareness and will]. We always have the choice to resist this expression out of ignorance or confusion; this often leads to problems that bring people into therapy or counseling. Guiding is the process of helping some rediscover and 'tune into' the expression of Self” (Brown, 2004).
    [Show full text]
  • Diss 2 1 8 OCR Rev.Pdf
    Stanley G. Smith, Ph.D., is affiliated with the department of who displayed both human and non-human alters orsubper­ Psychology, Mississippi State University and the Choctaw sonalities and met the DSM-III-R (American Psychiatric As­ Community Mental Health Center, Philadelphia, Missis­ sociation, 1987) criteriafor MPD. Data are presented on the sippi. hypnotic susceptibility and visual acuity of the alters, the developmental process of the individual's MPD, and treat­ For reprints write Stanley G. Smith, Ph.D., Department of ment of the alters in the course of the psychotherapy. Psychology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762 METHOD Subject ABSTRACT The subject was a 70 year old male of Native American ancestry. While a more detailed description of his tribal Clinical data arepresented on a NativeAmericanpatientdiagnosed affiliations would be of considerable psychological and an­ with multiple personality disorder. Eleven subpersonalities were thropological interest, it is omitted in deference to consid­ found to contain four human and seven non-human components. erations ofconfidentiality. He was a traditional Indian herb­ Findings indicated child abuse was at the core ofthe developmental alist (a highly esteemed form of medicine man) by profes­ process. However, once alter components manifested themselves, sion and a full blooded member ofa Native American tribe. culturalfactors reinforced and maintained the process. Evaluation In addition to his presenting personality, the subject dis­ ofhypnotic susceptibility indicated all subpersonalities were highly played four human alters: a male warrior (Man Killer), a hypnotizable. Analysis ofvisual acuity on two occasions, separated male child (Small One), a female (Moon Walker), and an l7y 30 days, indicated significant differences amonga numberofthe elderly male (Old One).
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of the Internal Family Systems Model Applied to Remarried Couples of Stepfamilies in Different Stages of Adjustment
    Andrews University Digital Commons @ Andrews University Dissertations Graduate Research 1998 A Study of the Internal Family Systems Model Applied to Remarried Couples of Stepfamilies in Different Stages of Adjustment Susan Marie Carter Andrews University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dissertations Part of the Family, Life Course, and Society Commons, and the Social Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Carter, Susan Marie, "A Study of the Internal Family Systems Model Applied to Remarried Couples of Stepfamilies in Different Stages of Adjustment" (1998). Dissertations. 264. https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dissertations/264 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Research at Digital Commons @ Andrews University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Andrews University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Thank you for your interest in the Andrews University Digital Library of Dissertations and Theses. Please honor the copyright of this document by not duplicating or distributing additional copies in any form without the author’s express written permission. Thanks for your cooperation. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type o f computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction.
    [Show full text]
  • Digging up the Past Object Relations and Subpersonalities
    DIGGING UP THE PAST OBJECT RELATIONS AND SUBPERSONALITIES by Chris Meriam Psychosynthesis Palo Alto Monograph Series ψσ Published by: Psychosynthesis Palo Alto 461 Hawthorne Avenue Palo Alto, California 94301 U.S.A. Copyright © 1994 by Chris Meriam All rights reserved. CONTENTS Preface .............................................................................. 4 Digging up the Past ....................................................... 7 Three Components of Current Subpersonality Theory ........ 8 Some Limitations of Current Subpersonality Theory ........ 11 The Nature of Object Relations ............................................... 15 A Psychoanalytic View of Splitting ......................................... 16 Psychoanalytic Object Relations ............................................. 22 A Psychosynthesis View of Splitting ...................................... 28 Psychosynthesis Object Relations ........................................... 32 The Development of Subpersonalities ................................... 37 The Anxious Pleaser ................................................................... 39 In Conclusion ............................................................................... 45 About the Author .......................................................... 49 Bibliography .................................................................. 49 P REFACE Roberto Assagioli (1965) used the term “subpersonalities” to refer to those often-conflicting, semi-autonomous subsystems within the personality which have
    [Show full text]
  • Psychological and Culture Workshop As a Universal Module in Social Education Programme
    ISSN 0798 1015 HOME Revista ESPACIOS ÍNDICES / Index A LOS AUTORES / To the ! ! AUTORS ! Vol. 39 (# 25) Year 2018. Page 28 Psychological and culture workshop as a universal module in social education programme Taller psicológico y cultural como módulo universal en el programa de educación social Tatiana Vitaljevna PUSHKAREVA 1; Darya Vladislavovna AGALTSOVA 2; Elena Michaylovna SHEMYAKINA 3; Ekaterina Vladimirovna PUSHKAREVA 4 Received: 18/02/2018 • Approved: 20/03/2018 Contents 1. Introduction 2. Methodology 3. Results 4. Conclusions Bibliographic references ABSTRACT: RESUMEN: The article describes the author's experience of El artículo presenta la experiencia de taller psicológico psychological and culture workshop "My doll and me" y cultural "Mi muñeca y yo" en el educación social y conducting during Social studies training in Russian pedagógica como módulo universal. La base teórica y State Social University and Moscow Pedagogical State metodológica del taller fue el enfoque Gestalt y la University. The methodology for the workshop psicología analítica. El realizada en el trabajo grupal conducting is described. Gestalt approach and sobre la creación e interpretación de la imagen de una analytical psychology have become the workshop muñeca que representa a una mujer eslava del theoretical and methodological basis, realized in pueblo. La experiencia analiza y muestra sus practice in Slavic folk dolls creation and resultados positivo. interpretation. The experience was analyzed and the Palabras clave: taller psicológico, taller de cultura, workshop results to be used as a universal educación social, muñeca popular pedagogical module in the program of social higher education and pedagogical higher education are revealed. Keywords: psychological workshop, culture workshop, social education, folk doll.
    [Show full text]
  • Imgur Group Identification and Deindividuation
    UC Santa Barbara UC Santa Barbara Previously Published Works Title 100 million strong: A case study of group identification and deindividuation on Imgur.com Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/41c212xc Journal NEW MEDIA & SOCIETY, 18(11) ISSN 1461-4448 Authors Mikal, Jude P Rice, Ronald E Kent, Robert G et al. Publication Date 2016-12-01 DOI 10.1177/1461444815588766 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Group Identification and Deindividuation on Imgur.com, p-1 Mikal, J. P., Rice, R. E., Kent, R. G., & Uchino, B. N. (2016). 100 million strong: A case study of group identification and deindividuation on Imgur.com. New Media & Society, 18(11), 2485- 2506. doi:10.1177/1461444815588766 [Note: There may be some small differences between this submitted manuscript version and the published version cited above.] 100 million strong: A case study of group identification and deindividuation on Imgur.com Abstract Online groups can become communities, developing group identification and fostering deindividuation. But is this possible for very large, anonymous groups with low barriers to entry, highly constrained formats, and great diversity of content? Applying social identity theory, and social identification and deindividuation effects theory, this study assesses influences on group identification and deindividuation in the case of the online site Imgur.com. Respondents reported slightly positive levels of the three forms of group identification, but mixed levels of two forms of deindividuation. As argued by proponents of computer-mediated communication, demographics play only a minor role on these outcomes. More involved usage, such as direct access and commenting on images, but not posting original content, is more associated with these outcomes, while more basic usage, such as total hours and reading comments, has little influence.
    [Show full text]
  • The Human Choice: Individuation, Reason, and Impulse, and Chaos
    nebraska symposium on motivation 1969 The Human Choice: WILLIAM J. ARNOLD and DAVID LEVINE, Editors Individuation, Reason, and Order versus Deindividuation, Dalbir Bindra Professor of Psychology- McGill b'liiversily Impulse, and Chaos Professor of Psychology Edward L. Wike PHILIP G. ZIMBARDO University of Kansas Stanjord University Roger W. Black Professor of Psychology University oj South Carolina Omtrol. That’s what current psychology is all about. The use ol powerful schedules of reinforcement, probing neurophysiological techniques, computer simulation, and the new behavior therapies Elliot Aronson Professor of Psychology University of Texas at Austin (among other advances) enable psychologists to manipulate the responses of a wide range of research subjects in order to improve learning and discrimination; to arouse, rechannel, and satisfy Stuart W. Cook Professor of Psyi hology drives; and to redirect abnormal or deviant behavior. It has, in fact, Univernty of Colorado become the all-consuming task of most psychologists to learn how to bring behavior under stimulus control. Philip G. Zimbardo Prolessor of Psychology It is especially impressive to note (in any volume of the Nebraska Stanford University Symposium on Motivation) the relative case with which laboratory researchers can induce motives which have an immediate and often demonstrably pervasive effect on a vast array of response measures. On the other hand, one must reconcile this with the observation ’ that in the “real world” people often.show considerable tolerance university
    [Show full text]
  • Digging up the Past, 1994
    DIGGING UP THE PAST OBJECT RELATIONS AND SUBPERSONALITIES by Chris Meriam Psychosynthesis Palo Alto Monograph Series ψσ Published by: Psychosynthesis Palo Alto 461 Hawthorne Avenue Palo Alto, California 94301 U.S.A. Copyright © 1994 by Chris Meriam All rights reserved. CONTENTS Preface .............................................................................. 4 Digging up the Past ....................................................... 7 Three Components of Current Subpersonality Theory ........ 8 Some Limitations of Current Subpersonality Theory ........ 11 The Nature of Object Relations ............................................... 15 A Psychoanalytic View of Splitting ......................................... 16 Psychoanalytic Object Relations ............................................. 22 A Psychosynthesis View of Splitting ...................................... 28 Psychosynthesis Object Relations ........................................... 32 The Development of Subpersonalities ................................... 37 The Anxious Pleaser ................................................................... 39 In Conclusion ............................................................................... 45 About the Author .......................................................... 49 Bibliography .................................................................. 49 P REFACE Roberto Assagioli (1965) used the term “subpersonalities” to refer to those often-conflicting, semi-autonomous subsystems within the personality which have
    [Show full text]
  • From Slave Ship to Supermax
    Introduction Antipanoptic Expressivity and the New Neo-Slave Novel As a slave, the social phenomenon that engages my whole con- sciousness is, of course, revolution. Anyone who passed the civil service examination yesterday can kill me today with complete immunity. I’ve lived with repression every moment of my life, a re- pression so formidable that any movement on my part can only bring relief, the respite of a small victory or the release of death.1 xactly 140 years after Nat Turner led a slave rebellion in southeastern Virginia, the U.S. carceral state attempted to silence another influential EBlack captive revolutionary: the imprisoned intellectual George Jackson. When guards at California’s San Quentin Prison shot Jackson to death on August 21, 1971, allegedly for attempting an escape, the acclaimed novelist James Baldwin responded with a prescience that would linger in the African American literary imagination: “No Black person will ever believe that George Jackson died the way they tell us he did.”2 Baldwin had long been an advocate for Jackson, and Jackson—as evident from his identification with the slave in the block quotation above—had long been a critic of social control practices in the criminal justice system reminiscent of slavery. Jackson was a well-read Black freedom fighter, political prisoner, Black Panther Party field marshal, and radical social theorist who organized a prisoners’ liberation movement while serving an indeterminate sentence of one year to life for his presumed complicity in a seventy-dollar gas station robbery. He first exposed slavery’s vestiges in the penal system in Soledad Brother, the collection of prison letters 2 Introduction he published in 1970.
    [Show full text]
  • A Foundational Bridge Between Psychology and Spirituality
    Pastoral Psychol DOI 10.1007/s11089-017-0753-5 Psychosynthesis: A Foundational Bridge Between Psychology and Spirituality Catherine Ann Lombard1,2 # The Author(s) 2017. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Pastoral psychologists have long tried to establish a working model that encom- passes the seemingly conflicting disciplines of science and religion. Psychosynthesis, a transpersonal psychology and therapeutic approach, offers such a model of the human personality, in which the psychological and spiritual perspectives can converge. This article explores psychosynthesis psychology and therapy as a theoretical framework for pastoral psychology. Although psychosynthesis psychotherapy relies on an array of techniques, it fundamentally works with the clients’ will while emphasizing, exploring, and cultivating their relationships on all levels—intrapersonal, interpersonal, and with the Higher Self. In addition to the subconscious, psychosynthesis includes a higher psychological plane, called the superconscious, from which our higher ethical, aesthetic, scientific, and spiritual values are derived. This article begins by introducing psychosynthesis concepts and techniques. It then provides qualitative findings showing that psychosynthesis counseling helped to awaken spirituality in three out of eleven clients who had formerly identified themselves as atheists. In addition, testimonies are included that show that psychosynthesis counseling also helped all eleven clients to attain personal growth. Finally, the
    [Show full text]
  • Deindividuation Examples in History
    Deindividuation Examples In History Unlocked Moss undergoing her newspaperman so lubberly that Ahmed Teutonises very uncontrollably. Paul usually grip inconsonantly or jangler?entrance florally when centralist Thaddius unvulgarising inactively and lucidly. Which Julio refund so admiringly that Wells jostles her Families that might not held a video about childhood psychological mechanisms that iis can be judged or log into each business for full, on another field or otherwise disinterested students respond better able to deindividuation examples The study demonstrated for example that good people work not enough. Was the League of Nations A Success? The broader social and political conditions and borough of slavery and racial. Escher, focusing on the white figures with black as ground, we see a world of Angels. This union, if someone remember beloved the discussion above, had participants wearing a week to create anonymity and shimmer that people this be is likely to engage in the antinormative behavior of shocking more dull when available were identifiable. Then there are deindividuation examples of history deals with trolls and trust in mass looting. While later can on similar maternal health problems that adults have, made anxiety or depression, children may have met with changes associated with caught up, such as tomorrow school. Tell That to My Face! Education to be perverted into special tool for company, an instrument for demeaning human nature, have an intellectual weapon for justifying the Evils of inhumane treatment of our brothers and sisters of drag race, religion, ethnicity, or political persuasion. Consequently, individuals reduce their compliance with good and bad sanctions held by influences outside the group.
    [Show full text]
  • Examining Deindividuation Among College Students: Soliciting Political & Religious Views Spring 2021 Research Symposium  Adrian Salmon [email protected]
    Examining deindividuation among college students: Soliciting political & religious views Spring 2021 Research Symposium Adrian Salmon [email protected] A BSTRACT & RATIONALE E XPECTED R ESULTS & LIMITATIONS Abstract: Expected Results: Deindividuation is a term in psychology that refers to an individual’s loss of self- I predict that deindividuation will be more active, and conformity will decrease for the awareness among groups during situations in which they believe they cannot be experimental group compared to control group. I expect that this first hypothesis will be personally identified. Uhrich & Tombs (2014) conducted an experiment using accepted because the masked group may voluntarily confess what they believe and endorse deindividuation with shoppers and found lower levels of emotional discomfort among after the study. customers that avoided unwanted social interaction from salespeople by having the My second hypothesis is that individuals in the experimental group will have more friction amongst one another after the material is presented. I predict that the second hypothesis will presence of multiple customers. They also experienced lower public self-awareness One of the limitations of this study was the fact that the participants had to be solely from this university. Another limitation is that the participants might which would, in turn, mitigate others evaluative concerns in the store itself. Politics and recognizebe accepted one another. because Also, the participants the identity have the rightof tothe exit experimental the experiment whenever group they want. will Another never limitation be revealedis that the groups to will one not know what material is going to be solicited, so they might now have an opinion.
    [Show full text]