Arabia Saudita: Religione, Terrorismo E Riforme - Paper 2006

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Arabia Saudita: Religione, Terrorismo E Riforme - Paper 2006 CEMISS - ARABIA SAUDITA: RELIGIONE, TERRORISMO E RIFORME - PAPER 2006 Centro Militare di Studi Strategici Arabia Saudita: Religione, Terrorismo e Riforme - Emiliano Stornelli - Research Paper 2006 CEMISS - ARABIA SAUDITA: RELIGIONE, TERRORISMO E RIFORME - PAPER 2006 INDICE INTRODUZIONE..............................................................................................................pag. 1 Capitolo I - IL RADICALISMO RELIGIOSO SAUDITA 1. Il wahhabismo e lo status religioso dell’Arabia Saudita………………………...………pag. 2 2. La radicalizzazione dell’establishment religioso………………………………………..pag. 3 3. L’espansione del wahhabismo…………………………………………………………..pag. 5 4. Il risveglio islamico e Al Qaeda………………………………………………………...pag. 6 5. La formazione dell’ideologia di Al Qaeda……………………………………………...pag. 7 Capitolo II - IL TERRORISMO JIHADISTA E LA SICUREZZA INTERNA 1. L’ascesa di Al Qaeda………………..…………………………………………………..pag. 9 2. 11 settembre: Arabia Saudita sponsor passivo di Al Qaeda…………………………... pag. 11 3. 12 maggio 2003: l’11 settembre saudita………………………………………………..pag. 14 4. Al Qaeda nella Penisola araba (QPA) e la reazione saudita…………………………...pag. 15 5. L’attacco alle istituzioni………………………………………………………………...pag. 17 6. L’attacco alle installazioni petrolifere e la strategia petrolifera di Bin Laden……….....pag. 19 7. Bilancio provvisorio della guerra saudita al terrorismo………………………………...pag. 21 8. L’apparato di sicurezza……………………………………………………………….....pag. 22 9. Le misure antiterroristiche nel settore finanziario e il monitoraggio delle organizzazioni caritatevoli…………………………………………………………pag. 24 CEMISS - ARABIA SAUDITA: RELIGIONE, TERRORISMO E RIFORME - PAPER 2006 Capitolo III - VERSO LA MODERNITÀ: POLITICA, SOCIETÀ ED ECONOMIA 1. Il risveglio dei sahwa e il patto con la monarchia……………………….......................pag. 27 2. Il taqarub di Abdullah e il tawhid di Nayef: tra riformismo à la carte e Zio-Crusaderism………………………………………………………………………..pag. 29 3. Le elezioni municipali e l’allargamento della Majlis Al Shura…………………………pag. 32 4. L’ambigua riforma del sistema educativo, la mancanza di libertà religiosa e la condizione della donna……………………………………………………………..pag. 33 5. La nuova legge sulla successione al trono……………………………………………....pag. 35 6. Le riforme economiche, la politica energetica e la disoccupazione…………………….pag. 36 Capitolo IV - LA DIMENSIONE INTERNAZIONALE 1. La Guerra Fredda Islamica tra Arabia Saudita e Iran…………………………………..pag 39 2. Il fronte iracheno………………………………………………………………………...pag. 40 3. Il doppio fronte: Libano e questione israelo-palestinese………………………………..pag. 43 4. Il Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) e i rapporti con lo Yemen………………………...pag. 45 5. La prospettiva asiatica…………………………………………………………………..pag. 46 CONCLUSIONE…………………………………………………………………………pag. 48 BIBLIOGRAFIA…………………………………………………………………………pag. 50 CEMISS - ARABIA SAUDITA: RELIGIONE, TERRORISMO E RIFORME - PAPER 2006 Introduzione Due sono gli elementi che consentono all’Arabia Saudita di svolgere un ruolo di primo piano nel sistema internazionale: la religione e il petrolio. Custode dei luoghi sacri dell’Islam e stabilizzatore del mercato energetico, il Regno affronta oggi una delicata fase di transizione, in cui non può più sfuggire alle enormi contraddizioni che hanno caratterizzato la sua vicenda storica, portate irreversibilmente alla luce dagli attentati dell’11 settembre: l’identità islamica antioccidentale e la garanzia di sicurezza degli Stati Uniti, l’esportazione globale dell’estremismo religioso e la sfida sul terreno della legittimità posta dal clero radicale wahhabita e da Al Qaeda, la condizione di rentier state e la disoccupazione dilagante. A ciò si aggiunge la necessità di dare continuità nel tempo alla famiglia reale con l’avvicendamento tra la prima e ottuagenaria generazione dei discendenti di Ibn Saud, il fondatore, e la seconda. La monarchia è consapevole che una gestione efficace della trasformazione in atto, alla luce della situazione interna e internazionale, implica il superamento dei tradizionali metodi di governo, basati sulla cooptazione, sul consociativismo e sull’elargizione di benefici e ricchezze frutto dei petrodollari. In particolare, la minaccia apportata dal terrorismo di matrice jihadista richiede un intervento multidimensionale che interessi la politica, l’educazione e l’economia, non solo la sicurezza pubblica. Il terrorismo, infatti, ha molteplici cause che interagiscono nel quadro di uno spontaneo mutamento, alla ricerca di un nuovo assetto stabile e proiettato verso il futuro. Tuttavia, la strenua resistenza opposta dai leader religiosi, i principali responsabili dell’approccio estremista all’Islam e della cultura ultraconservatrice dominante, induce alla cautela nel realizzare l’opera di riforma: cambiamenti troppo repentini e radicali potrebbero avere effetti controproducenti, nel senso di un rafforzamento di Al Qaeda a danno della sicurezza interna, per quanto a frenare la spinta innovatrice sia la stessa Casa reale, che non ha alcuna intenzione di cedere il monopolio della sovranità, aprendo veramente alla partecipazione politica, e di mettere a repentaglio la sua investitura a protettrice dell’Islam e dei musulmani di tutto il mondo, con provvedimenti non in sintonia con l’orientamento degli ulema wahhabiti e con la sensibilità dell’umma. In attesa di scoprire quale sarà lo sbocco concreto della via saudita alla modernità, il presente scritto si sofferma, in primo luogo, sulle radici storiche e culturali del radicalismo religioso saudita e di Al Qaeda; prosegue con le dinamiche che caratterizzano lo scontro interno tra il governo e l’organizzazione di Bin Laden, senza trascurare il processo di riforma, le sue linee evolutive e la configurazione dell’attuale scenario politico-religioso. Infine, viene presa in esame la dimensione regionale in cui l’Arabia Saudita è collocata, in riferimento alle crescenti tensioni con l’Iran, alle crisi in Iraq e Libano, alla questione arabo-israeliana, ai rapporti con le restanti monarchie del Golfo e alle nuove partnership con Cina e India; particolare attenzione è riservata alle relazioni con gli Stati Uniti. L’intento è di natura divulgativa e vuole offrire un contributo, per quanto limitato, alla conoscenza di un paese che, in virtù del doppio primato religioso ed energetico, è di cruciale importanza per gli equilibri mondiali e può svolgere un ruolo decisivo nella risoluzione delle crisi che affliggono il Medio Oriente e l’area del Golfo. 1 CEMISS - ARABIA SAUDITA: RELIGIONE, TERRORISMO E RIFORME - PAPER 2006 Capitolo I - Il radicalismo religioso saudita - 1. Il wahhabismo e lo status religioso dell’Arabia Saudita. Il wahhabismo è una corrente dell’Islam risalente all’antica scuola hanbalita1 e prende il nome da Muhammad ibn Adb Al Wahhab, predicatore che nel 1745 strinse un patto con il capo tribù Muhammad Ibn Saud per la formazione di uno stato regolato dai principi del wahhabismo e la conseguente spartizione delle sfere istituzionali di competenza su base familiare: ai Saud e ai loro discendenti gli affari economici, il mantenimento dell’ordine sociale e la sicurezza; agli Al Sheikh 2, gli sceicchi, la stirpe Al Wahhab, gli affari religiosi e l’educazione. Il patto, attraversando innumerevoli e alterne vicissitudini storiche, è giunto intatto fino al 1932, anno di nascita dell’odierna Arabia Saudita, di cui costituisce il fondamento storico e il presupposto teologico. Re Abd Al Aziz ibn Saud (1932-1953) riuscì, “parte con la diplomazia, parte con le minacce” 3, a conquistare il predominio sulle numerose tribù e famiglie rivali che vivevano e vivono ancora oggi nella penisola arabica, offrendo al wahhabismo un grande Stato esteso ai luoghi santi dell’Islam in cui trovare piena realizzazione. Il wahhabismo contribuì al successo con la sua spinta culturale e fece da collante ideologico dell’unificazione territoriale. Il patto è tuttora valido nei medesimi termini della stipula originaria. Oggi come nel 1745, il wahhabismo, nel rispetto dell’unicità di Dio, il tawhid, e della religione che ne discende, quella musulmana, rifiuta il pluralismo settario, si considera il vero e unico Islam e propone di sradicare le dottrine alternative (in particolare sciismo e sufismo) che con la loro esistenza negano il tawhid e allontanano i fedeli dall’Islam puro, quello delle origini e degli “antenati pii”, i salf saleh o salafiti 4. L’obiettivo è la riaffermazione dell’interpretazione letterale dei testi sacri in modo da rendere il codice giuridico e i modelli comportamentali conformi alle due principali fonti del diritto, la sharia, la legge sacra rivelata da Allah nel Corano, e la sunna, la tradizione profetica. È compito di chi governa lo Stato wahhabita (gli Al Saud) garantire che la Legge islamica sia applicata e che riceva obbedienza assoluta. La politica, pertanto, è la dimensione di governo della religione; tra agenda politica e agenda religiosa deve esserci corrispondenza assoluta. Di qui l’asimmetricità del patto: i leader religiosi, gli sceicchi e gli ulema (i dotti negli studi islamici), tengono sotto schiaffo il ceto politico che opera nel timore di perdere la legittimità a governare e di essere conseguentemente rovesciato, qualora dovesse prendere 1 Il fondatore della scuola teologica giuridica hanbalita nel 9° secolo d.c. è stato l’imam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal. Il predicatore Ibn Taymiyyah (1263-1328), di scuola hanbalita, uno dei massimi teologi e giuristi della storia dell’Islam, è un altro ispiratore del wahhabismo. 2 Letteralmente “quelli della famiglia dello Sheikh” (D. Thomas, Il Corano e la spada: istituzioni
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