The Highwaterline ACTION GUIDE

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Highwaterline ACTION GUIDE The HighWaterLine/1B7=<5C723 0/A32=</>C0:71/@B>@=831B/22@3AA7<51:7;/B316/<53 0G3D3;=A63@ Presented by as part of an Art & Ecology Learning Guide Series addressing environmental issues through replicable social practice art projects Funded in part by The Compton Foundation ACTION GUIDE 1=<B3<BA • 5SbbW\UAbO`bSR ................................... 4-8 Overview .......................................................4 What participants will learn ......................................4 The Story of the artist and her project .............................5 Making it Local ..................................................8 AGENCY: Empowering Self & Community ..........................8 • 1ZW[ObSBW[SZW\S ...................................9 • 1ZW[ObS1VO\US ............................. 10-11 • AbOUSa ...........................................12-24 Stage 1: UNDERSTAND Climate Change .......................12-13 Research what climate change is and how it affects your community Stage 2: MAP the HighWaterLine .............................14-17 Map your community to determine the local impacts of climate change Stage 3: TAKE the HighWaterLine to the Streets ...............18-21 Mark the line in your community Stage 4: ADVOCATE for Climate Action ........................22-24 Document your experience and share with your community • Ac^^ZS[S\bOZ/QbWdWbWSaT]`9 ................ 25-31 Stage 1 Regional Research Station • Extreme Weather Station ...............26-27 Tidal Markers • HighWaterLine Blog Stage 2 Cartography Office • Topographic Experiments ...................28-29 Geo-cache the HighWaterLine • Performing the Water Table Stage 3 Climate Change TV • Mapping Bureau .........................30-31 Climate Change Design Lab Stage 4 Potluck Dinner • Story Bank ................................... 31 Common Core Standards ....................................... 31 • @Sa]c`QSa ...................................... 32-33 • Credits & Acknowledgments ....................... 34-35 53BB7<5AB/@B32 B63AB=@G=4B636756E/B3@:7<3 In 2007, visual artist Eve Mosher embarked on a the same area that Mosher demarcated in her art journey to map the areas in New York City predicted project was then flooded in 2012 by Hurricane =D3@D73E to be impacted by increased flooding due to Sandy, as was projected by many scientists. stronger storms fueled by climate change. Mosher The HighWaterLine ACTION GUIDE was developed to accommodate a wide range of participants researched climate science, spoke with climate Today, Mosher invites you to join her in creating scientists, and charted flood zones onto Google the HighWaterLine in your community – to mark a including nonprofit organizations, school groups, and individuals. It can easily be a weekend maps. She then spent six months using chalk and a flood zone or sea level rise in your neighborhood workshop, an entire semester, or annual project of research, production and presentation. sports field marker to draw the 10-foot above sea or region, and to develop strategies to engage in The project is considered a reproducible tool for anyone interested to take action addressing level or 100-year flood line on the city streets and dialogue about climate change and what we can sidewalks of lower Manhattan and Brooklyn. The do to address the inevitable threats of extreme climate change. line extended nearly 70 miles through coastline weather and other severe ecological impacts. communities that are now being impacted in this Although the range of impacts due to climate change are vast and include extreme weather, century by extreme weather and storms intensified drought, food shortages and more, the guide specifically focuses on educating and activating by climate change. 4W\RbVWaZW\Y]\g]cbcPSQ][ communities to reduce C02 emissions, and to advocate for adaptation, mitigation and Mosher named the project HighWaterLine and resiliency. Participants will begin to understand conceptually through active visualization how engaged people on the streets while marking the accelerated global warming will impact the people and the environment in their community. line. The act of physically marking the projected flood zone was a performative gesture, interrupting the routine of daily life in the city, while providing Activities found in the guide have been broken into STAGES, which can be executed individually a platform for dialogue about climate change or all together, and at the depth that makes sense with the learning goals of an organization and its local and global impacts. Melding science, or institution. Included in each stage are ACTION STEPS to create your own placed based art, data-visualization, and public education, this action invites a range of opportunities to engage HighWaterLine. At the end of the guide are RESOURCES and SUPPLEMENTAL ACTIVITIES citizens in conversations on climate change and E/B16B67AD723=7<B@=2C1B7=< sections that can be aligned with Common Core Standards. how we can adapt to the changes in our natural and built environments. The project garnered Eve Mosher’s HighWaterLine global media attention for its simple yet powerful A film by Cicala Filmworks and The Canary Project statement in visualizing climate change impacts: For more about the project visit the site: first when it was created in 2007 and later when highwaterline.org/nyc /0=CBB63/@B7AB(3D3;=A63@ New York-based artist has received grants from New York State Council >O`bWQW^O\baeWZZbOYSOQbW]\W\bVST]ZZ]eW\UO`SOa( Eve Mosher creates on the Arts and New York Department of Cultural work that investigates Affairs both through the Brooklyn Arts Council, • Climate change research • Navigating public space landscape as a starting The Compton Foundation, Invoking the • Storm surge mapping • Sharing information and stories point for audience Pause, 11th Hour Project, and The City Parks exploration of urban Foundation. She holds a Masters of Fine Art issues. Her public works from Pratt Institute in Brooklyn with a major raise issues of concern in sculpture and a minor in photography, and a for public/private space Bachelors of Environmental Design from Texas use, history of place, cultural and social issues, A & M University with a major in architecture and and understanding of an urban ecosystem. a minor in photography. Eve Mosher is currently Mosher’s visualization methodology is her a consultant and leader for the Professional medium. Out in the public sphere, armed Development Program at Creative Capital and with scientific research, she makes visible the is an Assistant Professor at Parsons the New interstices of nature and human activity. Mosher School for Design, both in New York City. 53BB7<5AB/@B32 4 53BB7<5AB/@B32 5 67BB7<51:=A3B=6=;3(6c``WQO\SAO\Rg In New York City where Eve Mosher performed the of the storm surge – over 13 feet at The Battery. HighWaterLine in 2007, city streets and subways According to a research assessment being produced were inundated with floodwaters from Atlantic by the Earth System Research Laboratory at the hurricane Sandy on October 29th, 2012. It was the National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, largest hurricane on record in diameter with winds “It is very likely that further sea level rise will spanning 1,100 miles, and the second costliest contribute to increased coastal high water levels in hurricane ($75 billion) behind Katrina that hit the future, conditions that led to Sandy’s primary Dear Friends, New Orleans in 2005. Sandy affected 24 states impacts on coastal New York and New Jersey.” including the entire eastern seaboard from Florida to Maine and west across the Appalachian Mountains I am so glad that you are considering the HighWaterLine as a project to undertake in your to Michigan and Wisconsin with particularly community. When I started the project in 2006, I didn’t really understand how meaningful it severe damage in New Jersey and New York. would be to go out and draw the line. Over the course of the project, I learned so much about my watershed and how it might be affected in the face of climate change. Hurricane Sandy was intensified in part because of changing climate and weather patterns. Warmer seas provided energy and allowed the hurricane Doing this project gave me the opportunity to have amazing conversations with people living to travel farther north than usual. Sea level rise in New York City about what could happen in the event of sea level rise and increased storm was one of the contributors to the extreme height intensity. Taking action changed the way I viewed my community and it gave me a voice in the global conversation on climate change. 7<3D3@E/<B32B=03@756B/`SÀSQbW]\Pg3dS;]aVS` Now, more than ever, the effects are all around us: decreased snow-cover, rising sea levels, intense I didn’t set out to be a prophet(ess). I never want- almost 70 miles of Brooklyn and Lower Manhattan heat, drought, and stronger more frequent storms. Climate change is real, and the recent extreme ed it to happen. I only took the published facts coastline. I got to know the people who lived, and translated them into a physical and visual worked and played in those communities… At weather and “superstorms” are predicted to get much worse over the next century. We all play indicator. In fact, I was hoping that I could bring the time I sought to get climate change and its a part in contributing to climate change, but we can also do a number of things to increase the conversation to light in order that we might potential impacts to be a part of the conversation awareness, and change our own habits and actions when addressing
Recommended publications
  • Chartmaking in England and Its Context, 1500–1660
    58 • Chartmaking in England and Its Context, 1500 –1660 Sarah Tyacke Introduction was necessary to challenge the Dutch carrying trade. In this transitional period, charts were an additional tool for The introduction of chartmaking was part of the profes- the navigator, who continued to use his own experience, sionalization of English navigation in this period, but the written notes, rutters, and human pilots when he could making of charts did not emerge inevitably. Mariners dis- acquire them, sometimes by force. Where the navigators trusted them, and their reluctance to use charts at all, of could not obtain up-to-date or even basic chart informa- any sort, continued until at least the 1580s. Before the tion from foreign sources, they had to make charts them- 1530s, chartmaking in any sense does not seem to have selves. Consequently, by the 1590s, a number of ship- been practiced by the English, or indeed the Scots, Irish, masters and other practitioners had begun to make and or Welsh.1 At that time, however, coastal views and plans sell hand-drawn charts in London. in connection with the defense of the country began to be In this chapter the focus is on charts as artifacts and made and, at the same time, measured land surveys were not on navigational methods and instruments.4 We are introduced into England by the Italians and others.2 This lack of domestic production does not mean that charts I acknowledge the assistance of Catherine Delano-Smith, Francis Her- and other navigational aids were unknown, but that they bert, Tony Campbell, Andrew Cook, and Peter Barber, who have kindly commented on the text and provided references and corrections.
    [Show full text]
  • 3B – a Guide to Pictograms
    3b – A Guide to Pictograms A pictogram involves the use of a symbol in place of a word or statistic. Why would we use a pictogram? Pictograms can be very useful when trying to interpret data. The use of pictures allows the reader to easily see the frequency of a geographical phenomenon without having to always read labels and annotations. They are best used when the aesthetic qualities of the data presentation are more important than the ability to read the data accurately. Pictogram bar charts A normal bar chart can be made using a set of pictures to make up the required bar height. These pictures should be related to the data in question and in some cases it may not be necessary to provide a key or explanation as the pictures themselves will demonstrate the nature of the data inherently. A key may be needed if large numbers are being displayed – this may also mean that ‘half’ sized symbols may need to be used too. This project was funded by the Nuffield Foundation, but the views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Foundation. Proportional shapes and symbols Scaling the size of the picture to represent the amount or frequency of something within a data set can be an effective way of visually representing data. The symbol should be representative of the data in question, or if the data does not lend itself to a particular symbol, a simple shape like a circle or square can be equally effective. Proportional symbols can work well with GIS, where the symbols can be placed on different sites on the map to show a geospatial connection to the data.
    [Show full text]
  • 1) Key Words 2) Tally Charts 3) Pictograms 4) Block Graph 5) Bar
    KS2 1) Key Words 2) Tally Charts 3) Pictograms 4) Block Graph 5) Bar Graphs 6) Pie Charts 7) Grouped Tally Charts (KS2/3 analysis) 8) Grouped Frequency Diagrams 9) Frequency Polygons 10) Line Graphs 11) Scatter Diagrams 12) Cumulative Frequency Diagrams 13) Box Plots 14) Histograms KS4 15) Grouped Tally Charts (KS4 analysis) 16) What Makes A Good Graph * Analysing Data Key words Axes Linear Continuous Median Correlation Origin Plot Data Discrete Scale Frequency x -axis Grouped y -axis Interquartile Title Labels Tally Types of data Discrete data can only take specific values, e.g. siblings, key stage 3 levels, numbers of objects Continuous data can take any value, e.g. height, weight, age, time, etc. Tally Chart A tally chart is used to organise data from a list into a table. The data shows the number of children in each of 30 families. 2, 1, 5, 0, 2, 1, 3, 0, 2, 3, 2, 4, 3, 1, 2, 3, 2, 1, 4, 0, 1, 3, 1, 2, 2, 6, 3, 2, 2, 3 Number of children in a Tally Frequency family 0 1 2 3 4 or more Year 3/4/5/6:- represent data using: lists, tally charts, tables and diagrams Tally Chart This data can now be represented in a Pictogram or a Bar Graph The data shows the number of children in each family. 30 families were studied. Add up the tally Number of children in a Tally Frequency family 0 III 3 1 IIII I 6 2 IIII IIII 10 3 IIII II 7 4 or more IIII 4 Total 30 Check the total is 30 IIII = 5 Year 3/4/5/6:- represent data using: lists, tally charts, tables and diagrams Pictogram This data could be represented by a Pictogram: Number of Tally Frequency
    [Show full text]
  • 2021 Garmin & Navionics Cartography Catalog
    2021 CARTOGRAPHY CATALOG CONTENTS BlueChart® Coastal Charts �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 04 LakeVü Inland Maps �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 06 Canada LakeVü G3 �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 08 ActiveCaptain® App �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 09 New Chart Guarantee� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 10 How to Read Your Product ID Code �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 10 Inland Maps ��������������������������������������������������� 12 Coastal Charts ������������������������������������������������� 16 United States� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 18 Canada ���������������������������������������������������� 24 Caribbean �������������������������������������������������� 26 South America� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 27 Europe����������������������������������������������������� 28 Africa ����������������������������������������������������� 39 Asia ������������������������������������������������������ 40 Australia/New Zealand �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 42 Pacific Islands �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �
    [Show full text]
  • 1. What Is a Pictogram? 2
    Canonbury Home Learning Year 2/3 Maths Steppingstone activity Lesson 5 – 26.06.2020 LO: To interpret and construct simple pictograms Success Criteria: 1. Read the information about pictograms 2. Use the information in the Total column to complete the pictogram 3. Find some containers around your house and experiment with their capacity – talk through the questions with someone you live with 1. What is a pictogram? 2. Complete the pictogram: A pictogram is a chart or graph which uses pictures to represent data. They are set out the same way as a bar chart but use pictures instead of bars. Each picture could represent one item or more than one. Today we will be drawing pictograms where each picture represents one item. 2. Use the tally chart to help you complete the pictogram: Canonbury Home Learning Year 2/3 Maths Lesson 5 – 26.06.2020 LO: To interpret and construct simple pictograms Task: You are going to be drawing pictograms 1-1 Success Criteria: 1. Read the information about pictograms 2. Task 1: Use the information in the table to complete the pictogram 3. Task 2: Use the information in the tally chart and pictogram to complete the missing sections of each Model: 2. 3. 1. What is a pictogram? A pictogram is a chart or graph which uses pictures to represent data. They are set out the same way as a bar chart but use pictures instead of bars. Each picture could represent one item or more than one. Today we will be drawing pictograms where each picture represents one item.
    [Show full text]
  • Visualization
    Visualization Computer Graphics II University of Missouri at Columbia Visualization •• “a“a picturepicture sayssays moremore thanthan aa thousandthousand words”words” Computer Graphics II University of Missouri at Columbia Visualization •• “a“a picturepicture sayssays moremore thanthan aa thousandthousand numbers”numbers” Computer Graphics II University of Missouri at Columbia Visualization •• VVisualizationisualization cancan facilitatefacilitate peoplepeople toto betterbetter understandunderstand thethe informationinformation embeddedembedded inin thethe givengiven dataset.dataset. •• TThehe mergemerge ofof datadata withwith thethe displaydisplay geometricgeometric objectsobjects throughthrough computercomputer graphics.graphics. Computer Graphics II University of Missouri at Columbia Data •2•2DD ddaattaasseett –– BBarar chart,chart, piepie chart,chart, graph,graph, stocks.stocks. –– IInformationnformation visualizationvisualization •3•3DD ddaattaasseett –– SScalarcalar datadata –V–Veeccttoorr ddaattaa –T–Teennssoorr ddaattaa Computer Graphics II University of Missouri at Columbia Data •2•2DD ddaattaasseett –– BBarar chart,chart, piepie chart,chart, graph,graph, stocks.stocks. –– IInformationnformation visualizationvisualization •3•3DD ddaattaasseett –– SScalarcalar datadata –V–Veeccttoorr ddaattaa –T–Teennssoorr ddaattaa Computer Graphics II University of Missouri at Columbia Data •2•2DD ddaattaasseett –– BBarar chart,chart, piepie chart,chart, graph,graph, stocks.stocks. –– IInformationnformation visualizationvisualization •3•3DD
    [Show full text]
  • Infographic Designer Quick Start
    Infographic Designer Quick Start Infographic Designer is a Power BI custom visual to provide infographic presentation of data. For example, using Infographic Designer, you can create pictographic style column charts or bar charts as shown in Fig. 1. Unlike standard column charts or bar charts, they use a single icon or stacked multiple icons to constitute a column or bar. Icons convey the data concepts in concrete objects, and the size and number of icons can represent data quantities intuitively. Research reveals that such infographics can improve the effectiveness of visualizations by making data quickly understood and easily remembered. As a result, they are getting popular and have been widely adopted in the real world. Now with Infographic Designer, you are able to create infographic visuals in Power BI easily. (A) (B) (C) (D) Fig. 1. Example infographics created by Infographic Designer Overview Infographic Designer visual is structured as a small multiple, where each individual view is a chart of a particular chart type (Fig. 2). Currently it supports column chart, bar chart, and card chart. More chart types (line chart, scatter chart, etc.) will be added in the future. In Fig. 2, A is a small multiple of card chart, and B is a small multiple of column chart. As a special case, when a small multiple comes to 1X1, it is identical to a single chart (see the charts in Fig. 1). (A) (B) Fig. 2. Infographic Designer small multiples For the individual views of the small multiple, Infographic Designer allows you to customize the chart marks to achieve beautiful, readable, and friendly visualizations.
    [Show full text]
  • Data-Driven Guides: Supporting Expressive Design for Information Graphics
    Data-Driven Guides: Supporting Expressive Design for Information Graphics Nam Wook Kim, Eston Schweickart, Zhicheng Liu, Mira Dontcheva, Wilmot Li, Jovan Popovic, and Hanspeter Pfister 300 240 200 300 240 200 120 80 60 120 80 60 '82est '82est '80 '80 300 '78 '78 '76 '76 '74 '74 1972 1972 240 200 120 80 300 300 60 '82est 240 '80 240 '78 120 '76 200 200 '74 120 80 1972 60 '82est 80 60 '80 '82est '78 '80 '76 '78 '74 '76 1972 '74 1972 Fig. 1: Nigel Holmes’ Monstrous Costs chart, recreated by importing a monster graphic (left) and retargeting the teeth of the monster with DDG (middle). Taking advantage of the data-binding capability of DDG, small multiples are easily created by copying the chart and changing the data for each cloned chart (right). Abstract—In recent years, there is a growing need for communicating complex data in an accessible graphical form. Existing visualization creation tools support automatic visual encoding, but lack flexibility for creating custom design; on the other hand, freeform illustration tools require manual visual encoding, making the design process time-consuming and error-prone. In this paper, we present Data-Driven Guides (DDG), a technique for designing expressive information graphics in a graphic design environment. Instead of being confined by predefined templates or marks, designers can generate guides from data and use the guides to draw, place and measure custom shapes. We provide guides to encode data using three fundamental visual encoding channels: length, area, and position. Users can combine more than one guide to construct complex visual structures and map these structures to data.
    [Show full text]
  • The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Coronavirus Graphs Jürgen Symanzik Utah State University Logan, UT, USA [email protected]
    The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Coronavirus Graphs Jürgen Symanzik Utah State University Logan, UT, USA [email protected] http://www.math.usu.edu/~symanzik Southwest Michigan Chapter of the American Statistical Association (ASA), Virtual January 7, 2021 Contents Motivation “How to Display Data Badly” The Bad and the Ugly Ones The Good Ones Summary & Discussion Bad Graphs Collections on the Web Sources for Constructing Better Graphs Motivation From: Zelazny, G. (2001), Say it with Charts: The Executive's Guide to Visual Communication (Fourth Edition), McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. Motivation As an expert in statistical graphics, it hurts to see bad graphs in the news, on the web, and produced by students. Even worse are bad graphs in science (including those from articles in peer-reviewed journals). As the former chair of a task force of the Statistical Graphics Section of the American Statistical Association (ASA), we reevaluated the winning posters of the annual ASA poster competition for children from kindergarten to grade 12 – and noticed many bad graphs, even among the winners. I am permanently on the lookout for bad graphs. “How to Display Data Badly” “How to Display Data Badly” From: Wainer, H. (1997), Visual Revelations: Graphical Tales of Fate and Deception from Napoleon Bonaparte to Ross Perot, Copernicus/Springer, New York, NY: “The aim of good data graphics is to display data accurately and clearly. […] Thus, if we wish to display data badly, we have three avenues to follow. – A. Don't show much data. – B. Show the data inaccurately. – C. Obfuscate the data.” [i.e., show the data unclearly] A.
    [Show full text]
  • Which Chart Or Graph Is Right for You?
    Which chart or graph is right for you? Tracy Rodgers, Product Marketing Manager Robert Bloom, Tableau Engineer You’ve got data and you’ve got questions. You know there’s a chart or graph out there that will find the answer you’re looking for, but it’s not always easy knowing which one is best without some trial and error. This paper pairs appropriate charts with the type of data you’re analyzing and questions you want to answer. But it won’t stop there. Stranding your data in isolated, static graphs limits the number and depth of questions you can answer. Let your analysis become your organization’s centerpiece by using it to fuel exploration. Combine related charts. Add a map. Provide filters to dig deeper. The impact? Immediate business insight and answers to questions that actually drive decisions. So, which chart is right for you? Transforming data into an effective visualization (any kind of chart or graph) or dashboard is the first step towards making your data make an impact. Here are some best practices for conducting meaningful visual analysis: 2 Bar chart Bar charts are one of the most common data visualizations. With them, you can quickly highlight differences between categories, clearly show trends and outliers, and reveal historical highs and lows at a glance. Bar charts are especially effective when you have data that can be split into multiple categories. Use bar charts to: • Compare data across categories. Bar charts are best suited for data that can be split into several groups. For example, volume of shirts in different sizes, website traffic by referrer, and percent of spending by department.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Spot a Misleading Graph - Lea Gaslowitz.Mp4
    How to spot a misleading graph - Lea Gaslowitz.mp4 [00:00:07] A toothpaste brand claims their product will destroy more plaque than any product ever made. A politician tells you their plan will create the most jobs. We're so used to hearing these kinds of exaggerations, and advertising, and politics that we might not even bat an eye. [00:00:22] But what about when the claim is accompanied by a graph? After all, a graph isn't an opinion. It represents cold, hard numbers. And who can argue with those? [00:00:32] Yet, as it turns out, there are plenty of ways graphs can mislead and outright manipulate. Here are some things to look out for. [00:00:40] In this 1992 ad, Chevy claimed to make the most reliable trucks in America, using this graph. Not only does it show that 98 percent of all Chevy trucks sold in the last 10 years are still on the road, but it looks like they're twice as dependable as Toyota trucks. That is, until you take a closer look at the numbers on the left and see that the figure for Toyota is about 96.5 percent. The scale only goes between 95 and 100 percent. If it went from zero to 100, it would look like this. [00:01:12] This is one of the most common ways that graphs misrepresent data by distorting the scale. [00:01:18] Zooming in on a small portion of the Y-axis exaggerates a barely detectable difference between the things being compared.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Data Visualization Techniques Using Microsoft Excel 2013 & Web-Based Tools
    Tufts Data Lab Introduction to Data Visualization Techniques Using Microsoft Excel 2013 & Web-based Tools Revised by Carolyn Talmadge and Jonathan Gale on January 28, 2016 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 CHOOSING THE MOST APPROPRIATE TYPE OF CHART OR GRAPH FOR DATA VISUALIZATION ........................................................... 1 I. SUMMARY TABLES ............................................................................................................................................................................ 2 II. BAR CHARTS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 BAR GRAPHS FOR CATEGORICAL DATA ........................................................................................................................................ 3 BAR GRAPHS FOR LONGITUDINAL DATA ...................................................................................................................................... 4 STAKED BAR CHARTS VS CLUSTERED BAR CHARTS ....................................................................................................................... 4 III. PIE CHARTS .....................................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]