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A Case Against the GOT' O William a . Wulf, Carnegie-Mellon Universit Y
A Case Against the GOT' O William A . Wulf, Carnegie-Mellon Universit y ABSTRAC T suggestion to ban the goto appears to have been a part of the computing folklore for several years , It has been proposed, by E . W . Dijkstra and others , to this author's knowledge the suggestion wa s that the goto statement in programming language i s first made in print by Professor E . W . Dijkstra i n a principal culprit in programs which are diffi- a letter to the editor of the _Communications o f cult to understand, modify, and debug . More cor- the ACM in 1968 (1) . rectly, the argument is that it is possible t o In this paper we shall examine the rational e use the goto to synthesize program structures wit h for the elimination of the Soto in programin g these undesirable properties . Not all uses of th e languages, and some of the theoretical and practi- goto are to be considered harmful ; however, it i s cal implications of its (total) elimination . further argued that the "good" uses of the got o fall into one of a small number of specific case s RATIONAL E which may be handled by specific language con- structs . This paper summarizes the arguments i n At one level, the rationale for eliminatin g favor of eliminating the goto statement and som e the poto has already been given in the introduc- of the theoretical and practical implications o f tion . Namely, it is possible to use the goto in a the proposal . manner which obscures the logical structure of a program to a point where it becomes virtually im- KEY WORDS AND PHRASES : programming, programmin g possible to understand (1,3,4), It is not claimed languages, goto-less programming, structured pro- that every use of the goto obscures the logica l grammin g structure of a program ; it is only claimed that i t CR CATEGORIES : 4 .2, 4 .22, 5 .2 4 is possible to use the Soto to fabricate a "rat' s nest" of control flow which has the undesirabl e INTRODUCTION properties mentioned above . -
1.Operating Systems Overview
OPERATING SYSTEMS OVERVIEW Contents O.S.Functions The Evolution of O.S. Characteristics of O.S. Basic hardware elements 1 Contents O.S.Components System calls O.S.Structure USER 1 USER 2 USER 3 USER n compiler text interpreter database editor system operating system computer hardware 2 Programming system components compilers loader linker comand interpreter (shell) … O.S. purposes to make a computer more convenient and easier to use to allow more efficient operations of the whole computer system 3 To simplify the program development The O.S. masks the details of the hardware from the programmer and provides the programmer with a convenient interface for using system resources (system calls) To simplify the program development Definition of an extended (virtual) machine 4 VIRTUAL MACHINE ES: DISK CONTROLLER commands: read, write, head motion, ecc… parameters: sector address, number of sectors for each track, ecc… state and error conditions 5 Hardware resource allocation Access to system resources must be controlled and conflicts for resource contention resolved Hardware resource allocation Any user should be provided with required resources, by following suitable policies 6 The details for the management of hardware resources must be hidden to users System calls provide the interface between the application programs and the O.S. 7 THE EVOLUTION OF O.S. Serial processing No O.S. Control by console Scheduling Setup time 8 Simple batch systems Monitor Resident in main memory Control of the program execution “batch” solution -
Does the Seventh Amendment Compel Fact-‐Finding Before
HAVE WE GONE TOO FAR: DOES THE SEVENTH AMENDMENT COMPEL FACT-FINDING BEFORE REACHING A DECISION ON PATENT- ELIGIBLE SUBJECT MATTER? JESSE D.H. SNYDER* I. INTRODUCTION Something seems amiss. Settled notions of what can be Patenta- ble are changing.1 To complicate matters further, so far, neither the SuPreme Court nor the Federal Circuit has addressed whether the in- quiry into Patent-eliGible subject matter is factual, legal, or both. And while the scoPe of Patentable subject matter is understandably con- strictinG, the end result may not be coterminous with the SuPreme Court’s Guidance in Alice Corporation Party Limited v. CLS Bank.2 Under Alice, which built uPon the Patent-eliGible subject matter frameworks of Prior cases, for those Patent claims that are directed to a Patent- ineligible concePt (e.G., abstract ideas), Patentability turns on whether an “inventive concePt” exists to “‘transform the nature of the claim’ into a Patent-eliGible aPPlication.”3 The lower courts have seized on the Alice holding, inhuming Pa- tents whose subject-matter failures render them invalid as a matter of law. But what if the means adoPted by the lower courts to reach that leGal conclusion also sidestePs certain constitutional guarantees? What if they are simPlifyinG the analysis at a facial level when a more granular investigation is required? What if, at the motion to dismiss staGe, fact-findinG is still required to determine whether a Patent is * 2015-2016 term law clerk to the Honorable Jimmie V. Reyna of the U.S. Court of APPeals for the Federal Circuit. I earned my J.D., summa cum laude, from Texas Wesleyan School of Law and my B.S. -
8 Highly Effective Habits That Helped Make Bill Gates the Richest Man on Earth
8 Highly Effective Habits That Helped Make Bill Gates the Richest Man on Earth Adopting these habits may not make you a billionaire, but it will make you more effective and more successful. By Minda Zetlin, Co-author of 'The Geek Gap' How did Bill Gates get to be the richest person in the world, with a net worth around $80 billion? Being in the right place with the right product at the dawn of the personal computer era certainly had a lot to do with it. But so do some very smart approaches to work and life that all of us can follow. The personal finance site GOBankingRates recently published a list of 10 habits and experiences that make Gates so successful and helped him build his fortune. Here are my favorites. How many of them do you do? 1. He's always learning. Gates is famous for being a Harvard dropout, but the only reason he dropped out is that he and Paul Allen saw a window of opportunity to start their own software company. In fact, Gates loves learning and often sat in on classes he wasn't signed up for. That's something he had in common with Steve Jobs, who stuck around after dropping out of Reed College, sleeping on floors, so that he could take classes that interested him. 2. He reads everything. "Just about every kind of book interested him -- encyclopedias, science fiction, you name it," Gates's father said in an interview. Although his parents were thrilled that their son was such a bookworm, they had to establish a no-reading-at-the-dinner-table rule. -
Microsoft Quiz: Questions and Answers
kupidonia.com Microsoft Quiz: questions and answers Microsoft Quiz: questions and answers - 1 / 4 kupidonia.com 1. When was Microsoft founded? 1976 1975 1977 2. Where was Microsoft founded? Old Mexico Washington New Mexico 3. Who is the founder of Microsoft? Bill Gates Mark Gates Lebron Gates 4. Where are the headquarters of Microsoft? Washington New York Mexico 5. Who has been the CEO of Microsoft since 2014? Satya Nadella Steve Jobs Microsoft Quiz: questions and answers - 2 / 4 kupidonia.com Tim Cook 6. How many stocks of the company does Bill Gates own? 7.5% 50% 70% 7. Which OS was developed by Microsoft company? Mac OS Linux Windows 8. Which company Microsoft had tried to buy in 2008 but didn't succeed? Yahoo! Google Apple 9. When did Microsoft buy Skype Limited? 1998 2011 2018 10. When did Paul Allen leave the Microsoft? 1983 1996 2002 Microsoft Quiz: questions and answers - 3 / 4 kupidonia.com Microsoft Quiz: questions and answers Right answers 1. When was Microsoft founded? 1975 2. Where was Microsoft founded? New Mexico 3. Who is the founder of Microsoft? Bill Gates 4. Where are the headquarters of Microsoft? Washington 5. Who has been the CEO of Microsoft since 2014? Satya Nadella 6. How many stocks of the company does Bill Gates own? 7.5% 7. Which OS was developed by Microsoft company? Windows 8. Which company Microsoft had tried to buy in 2008 but didn't succeed? Yahoo! 9. When did Microsoft buy Skype Limited? 2011 10. When did Paul Allen leave the Microsoft? 1983 Microsoft Quiz: questions and answers - 4 / 4 Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org). -
Shri Vaishnav Vidyapeeth Vishwavidyalaya, Indore
SHRI VAISHNAV VIDYAPEETH VISHWAVIDYALAYA, INDORE Memories are special moments that tell our story SMRITI मृत ALUMNI DIRECTORY 2020 The rising flame epitomises leadership through enlightenment The bright orange colour represents brilliance and colour blue reflects serenity and infinity तमसो मा योतगमय Lead me from darkness to light ABOUT UNIVERSITY Shri Vaishnav Vidyapeeth Vishwavidyalaya is a state private university established under Madhya Pradesh Niji Vishwavidyalaya (Sthapana Avam Sanchalan) Adhiniyam in 2015 at Indore, MP(India). The University has been established with a vision to be a leader in shaping better future for mankind through quality education, training and research. It shall pursue the mission to make a difference in sustaining the growth of global societies by developing socially responsible citizens. Value based education being at the helm, the University offers degree and diploma programs through 13 constituent institutes and schools, besides Faculty of Doctoral Studies and Research. Some of the objectives of the University are as under: • To provide teaching and training in higher education and make provision for research as well as advancement and dissemination of knowledge. • To ensure world class quality in its offerings and create higher levels of intellectual abilities. • To create centres of excellence for research and development for sharing knowledge and its applications. Shri Vaishnav Vidyapeeth Vishwavidyalaya at Indore is a multi-disciplinary university focusing on the needs of various segments of the society. FROM THE DESK OF CHANCELLOR “To emerge as a winner, learn to balance relaxation and action” Shri Vaishnav Vidyapeeth Vishwavidyalaya was conceived as an institution of higher learning for imparting quality education to the young and experienced learners alike. -
The UNIX Time- Sharing System
1. Introduction There have been three versions of UNIX. The earliest version (circa 1969–70) ran on the Digital Equipment Cor- poration PDP-7 and -9 computers. The second version ran on the unprotected PDP-11/20 computer. This paper describes only the PDP-11/40 and /45 [l] system since it is The UNIX Time- more modern and many of the differences between it and older UNIX systems result from redesign of features found Sharing System to be deficient or lacking. Since PDP-11 UNIX became operational in February Dennis M. Ritchie and Ken Thompson 1971, about 40 installations have been put into service; they Bell Laboratories are generally smaller than the system described here. Most of them are engaged in applications such as the preparation and formatting of patent applications and other textual material, the collection and processing of trouble data from various switching machines within the Bell System, and recording and checking telephone service orders. Our own installation is used mainly for research in operating sys- tems, languages, computer networks, and other topics in computer science, and also for document preparation. UNIX is a general-purpose, multi-user, interactive Perhaps the most important achievement of UNIX is to operating system for the Digital Equipment Corpora- demonstrate that a powerful operating system for interac- tion PDP-11/40 and 11/45 computers. It offers a number tive use need not be expensive either in equipment or in of features seldom found even in larger operating sys- human effort: UNIX can run on hardware costing as little as tems, including: (1) a hierarchical file system incorpo- $40,000, and less than two man years were spent on the rating demountable volumes; (2) compatible file, device, main system software. -
Allen Discovery Centers: Communications Toolkit
The Paul G. Allen Frontiers Group Allen Discovery Centers: Communications Toolkit 2019 The Paul G. Allen Frontiers Group Communications Toolkit for Allen Discovery Centers About this Toolkit This toolkit is designed to provide direction on how to tell The Paul G. Allen Frontiers Group story as well as guidance on how to include and integrate information about the Allen Discovery Centers (ADC) across multiple communications channels, such as your website, press releases, biography, articles and social media. Overview of The Paul G. Allen Frontiers Group For more than a decade, Paul G. Allen made awards to support extraordinary scientific minds and spark new directions in bioscience research. To date over $200M in research awards have been made, and with the 2016 launch of The Paul G. Allen Frontiers Group, a division of the Allen Institute, the award mechanisms have grown to include both Allen Distinguished Investigators as well as Allen Discovery Centers. The Frontiers Group continues to identify and foster ideas that will change the world and increase creative dialogue and pioneering approaches, through its ever-growing network of Allen awardees. We strive to have such efforts lay the foundation for a new era in biology, shaping how science can be done both here at the Allen Institute and across the globe. We are committed to a continuous conversation with the scientific community that allows us to invest in the people and approaches at the very frontiers of science and accelerate our understanding of biology. Our Mission The mission of The Paul G. Allen Frontiers Group is to uncover and make visible the emerging frontiers of science, identify pioneering explorers to create new knowledge, and produce important solutions that make the world better. -
Tops-10 Monitor Calls Manual, Vol. 1
TOPS-10 Monitor Calls Manual Volume 1 AA-097 4G-TB October 1988 This manual describes the functions that the monitor performs to service monitor calls from assembly language programs. The TOPS-10 Monitor Calls Manual Is divided Into two volumes: Volume 1 covers the facilities and functions of the monitor; Volume 2 describes the- monitor calls, calling sequences, symbols, and GETTAB tables. This manual supe-rsedes the previous manual of the same name, SOC order number AA-0974F-TB. Operating System: . TOPS-10 Version 7.04 Software: GALAXY Version 5.1 digital equipment corporation maynard, massachusetts First Printing, November 1975 Revised, May 1977 Revised, January 1978 Revised, August 1980 Revised, February 1984 Revised, April 1986 Revised, October 1988 The information in this document is subject to change without notice and should not be construed as a commitment by Digital Equipment Corporation. Digital Equipment Corporation assumes no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this document. The software described in this document is furnished under a license and may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of such license. No responsibility is assumed for the use or reliability of software on equipment that is not supplied by Digital Equipment Corporation or its affiliated companies. Copyright © 1975, 1984, 1988 Digital Equipment Corporation All Rights Reserved. Printed in U.S.A. The Reader's Comments form on the last page of this document requests the user's critical evaluation to assist in preparing future documentation. The following are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation: CI DECtape LA50 SITGO-10 DDCMP DECUS LN01 TOPS-10 DEC DECwriter LN03 TOPS-20 DECmail DELNI MASSBUS TOPS-20AN DECnet DELUA PDP UNIBUS DECnet-VAX HSC PDP-11/24 UETP DECserver HSC-50 PrintServer VAX DECserver 100 KA10 PrintServer 40 VAXNMS DECserver 200 KI Q-bus VT50 DECsystem-10 KL10 AeGIS DECSYSTEM-20 KS10 RSX ~BmBDmDTM CONTENTS PREFACE CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO MONITOR CALLS 1.1 MONITOR CALL SYMBOLS . -
Bill Gates and Paul Allen on Aprildream 4, 1975
WELCOME Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational software corporation headquartered in Redmond, Washington that develops, manufactures, licenses, and supports a wide range of products and services related to computing. How it all Started ?? The company was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen on AprilDream 4, 1975. of having a PC on every desktop • Microsoft is founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen; they sell BASIC, the first PC 1975 computer language program to MITS Computer, Microsoft's first customer. • Microsoft, Inc. is incorporated; IBM uses Microsoft's 16-bit operating system 1981 for its first personal computer. • Paul Allen resigns as executive vice-president but remains on the board; Jon Shirley is made president of Microsoft (he later becomes CEO); Microsoft 1983 introduces the Microsoft Mouse and Word for MS-DOS 1.00. • Microsoft and IBM forge a joint development agreement. They launch Windows 1.0 ( first window based OS) and after that in 1986 Bill gates 1985 become youngest billionaire at the age of just 31. • Microsoft co-develop SQL server 1.0. 1989 • Jon Shirley retires as president and CEO; Michael R. Hallman is promoted in Shirley's place; the 1990 company becomes the first PC software firm to surpass $1 billion of sales in a single year. • The company introduces Windows 3.1. Windows now has over 25 million licenced users. 1992 • In this year Microsoft released Windows NT. 1994 • In, 1995 Microsoft launch windows 95 and sell 1 million copies in 4 days. 1995 • The Justice Department alleges that Microsoft violated a 1994 consent decree concerning licensing the 1997 Windows operating system to computer manufacturers • First beta of .NET framework released. -
The UNIX Time-Sharing System
1. Introduction ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles There have been three versions of UNIX. The earliest Yorktown Heights, N.Y.: October, 1963 version (circa 1969-70) ran on the Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-7 and -9 computers. The second ver. sion ran on the unprotected PDP.~~'20 computer. hi^ paper describes only the PDP-ll 40 and .'45 [I] system System The UNIX Time- since it is more modern and many of the diferences The UNMO Time-Sharing between it and older UNlx systems result from redesign Dennis M. Ritchie and Ken Thompson Sharing System of features found to be deficient or lacking. Since PDP-l l UNIX became operational in February July, 1974 Dennis M. Ritchie and Ken Thompson 1971, about 40 installations have been put into service; Volume 17, Number 7 Bell Laboratories they are generally smaller than the system described here. Most of them are engaged in applications such as pp. 365-375 the preparation and formatting of patent applications and other textual material, the collection and processing of trouble data from vartous switching machines within the Bell System, and recording and checking telephone service orders. Our own installation is used mainly machines, most notably the PDP-I1 family. for research in operating systems, languages, com- UNIPhas become one of the most widely puter networks, and other topics in computer scienc', known and imitated operating systems of all The genius of Ritchie and Thompson is in UNIX is a general-purpose, multi-user, interactive and also for document preparation. time. Ken Thompson, in working on a pro- their selection of a subset of the most pow- operating system for the Digital Equipment Corporation Perhaps the most important achievement of L.NIX PDP-II/~Oand 11/45 computers. -
Openvms I/O User's Reference Manual
OpenVMS I/O User’s Reference Manual Order Number: AA–PV6SD–TK April 2001 This manual contains the information necessary to interface directly with the I/O device drivers supplied as part of the Compaq OpenVMS operating system. Several examples of programming techniques are included. This document does not contain information on I/O operations using the OpenVMS Record Management Services. Revision/Update Information: This manual supersedes the OpenVMS I/O User’s Reference Manual, OpenVMS Alpha Version 7.2, OpenVMS VAX Version 7.2 Software Version: OpenVMS Alpha Version 7.3 OpenVMS VAX Version 7.3 Compaq Computer Corporation Houston, Texas © 2001 Compaq Computer Corporation Compaq, VAX, VMS, and the Compaq logo Registered in U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. OpenVMS and Tru64 are trademarks of Compaq Information Technologies Group, L.P in the United States and other countries. Microsoft, MS-DOS, Visual C++, Windows, and Windows NT are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and other countries. Intel, Intel Inside, and Pentium are trademarks of Intel Corporation in the United States and other countries. Motif, OSF/1, and UNIX are trademarks of The Open Group in the United States and other countries. All other product names mentioned herein may be trademarks of their respective companies. Confidential computer software. Valid license from Compaq required for possession, use, or copying. Consistent with FAR 12.211 and 12.212, Commercial Computer Software, Computer Software Documentation, and Technical Data for Commercial Items are licensed to the U.S. Government under vendor’s standard commercial license. Compaq shall not be liable for technical or editorial errors or omissions contained herein.