Evaluation of Anti-Microbial, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti
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ition & F tr oo u d N f S o c Muleya et al., J Nutr Food Sci 2014, 4:6 l i e a n n c r e DOI: 10.4172/2155-9600.1000312 u s o J Journal of Nutrition & Food Sciences ISSN: 2155-9600 Research Article Open Access Evaluation of Anti-Microbial, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Oxidative Properties Artemisia afra, Gunnera perpensa and Eucomis autumnalis Muleya E1*, Ahmed AS2, Sipamla AM1, Mtunzi FM1 and Mutatu W3 1Department of Chemistry, University of Technology, P. Bag 021, Vanderbijlpark, 1900 South Africa 2Phytomedcine Programme, University of Pretoria, P. Bag X04, 0110 Onderstepoort, South Africa 3Midlands State University, Department of Chemical Technology, P. Bag 9055, Gweru, Zimbabwe Abstract Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging activities of crude root extract fractions from Artemisia afra, Gunnera perpensa and Eucomis autumnalis were determined. Minimum inhibitory concentration was determined by using micro dilution method. In order to assess antioxidant scavenging capacity of plant extracts and fractions, 2, 2-di (4-tert-octylphenyl)-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2, 2´-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic was used as substrate. Anti-inflammatory activity of the plant extracts against 15-soybean lipoxygenase enzyme was evaluated by measuring change in absorbance at 234 nm using linoleic acid as substrate. The highest activity was obtained from methanol fraction of Gunnera perpensa with EC50 value of 1.069 µg/ml against 2,2-di (4-tert-octylphenyl)-1- picrylhydrazyl. Eucomis autumnalis crude and acetone fraction displayed DPPH• free radical scavenging activity of EC50 of 2.891 µg/ ml and 2.41 µg/ ml respectively. Artemisia afra crude fraction and fractions of acetone and • methanol displayed activity (EC50 for DPPH radical, 2.113 µg/ ml with crude 4.393 µg/ ml with acetone fraction, 4.715 µg/ ml, with methanol fraction and with ABTS•+ radical cation, 6.447 µg/ ml and 6.208 µg/ ml from crude and methanol fraction respectively). The antioxidant properties of the extracts increased with the polarity of the fractions. Gunnera perpensa crude extract and fractions displayed antimicrobial properties with the methanol fraction being the most active with an EC50 of 80 µg/ ml, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and EC50 of 160 µg/ml against Candida albicans. Artemisia afra acetone and methanol fractions displayed inhibitory activities of 20 µg/ml against Escherichia coli and good-moderate activity ranging 160-320 µg/ml for the crude extract. Eucomis autumnalis had activities ranging 160- 320 µg/ml by the crude extract and fractions against the organisms tested except for crude extract activity against Escherichia coli of 630 µg/ml. The activities validate claims by the traditional healers use for cure offering possible alternative as dietary supplements to the management of inflammation related conditions. Keywords: Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC); Reactive [8].The beneficial medicinal effects of plant phytochemicals typically oxygen species (ROS); Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) result from the synergism of secondary products present in the plant [9]. Abbreviations: ABTS•+: 2,2´-Azinobis(3-ethylBenzothiazoline)- 6-Sulfonic acid radical; DPPH•: 2,2-Di(4-tert-octylPhenyl)-1- Infection is usually accompanied by microbial invasion followed PicrylHydrazyl radical; 15-LOX: 15-Soybean Lipoxygenase by the occurrence of oxidative stress and serious inflammation [7]. Activation and proliferation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in Introduction respiratory epithelial cells and macrophages are down regulated Infectious disease is an illness resulting from the invasion of the by supplying and maintaining sufficient levels of exogenous and host species by a pathogenic microbial agent, and outcome of the endogenous antioxidants [10]. disease depends on the degree of success of the invading pathogen and Phytochemicals from medicinal plants have provided unlimited immune system of the host [1]. They are considered a major threat opportunities for new drug discoveries because of their inherent to human health, because of the unavailability of vaccines or limited chemical diversity, which has prompted a continuous search for plant chemotherapy even in the developed parts of the world, although sources with medicinal value [11,12]. Artemisia afra Jacq. ExWilld. developing countries are carrying the major part of the burden Sub (Asteraceae), Gunnera perpensa L. (Gunneraceae) and Eucomis Saharan African countries, including South Africa are mostly affected autumnalis (Mill) (Hyacinthaceae) Chitt are medicinal plants mainly by respiratory infections, diarrhea, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria used in the Mabandla village of UMzimkhulu Local Municipality, [2,3] The continued resurfacing of antibiotic- resistant infections drives research to produce better drugs to combat the more resistant pathogens [4]. Auto immune diseases such as lupus are becoming a *Corresponding author: Muleya E, Midlands State University, Department of major concern in both the developed and third world countries [5]. Chemical Technology, P. Bag 9055 Gweru. Zimbabwe, Tel: +263 778 739 201; Investigating plants that could be included in affected people’s diet E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] would assist in managing such diseases. Received July 07, 2014; Accepted September 22, 2014; Published September Fighting infections with natural products will be more 27, 2014 advantageous and affordable in the southern African context over the Citation: Muleya E, Ahmed AS, Sipamla AM, Mtunzi FM, Mutatu W (2014) conventional drugs to most patients since they are readily available in Evaluation of Anti-Microbial, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Oxidative Properties Artemisia afra, Gunnera perpensa and Eucomis autumnalis. J Nutr Food Sci 4: the environment in which they live and some are cultivated to ensure 312. doi: 10.4172/2155-9600.1000312 product quality and safety [6]. Antimicrobials of plant origin have enormous therapeutic potential in the treatment of infectious diseases Copyright: © 2014 Muleya E, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted [7]. They are effective as well as have the advantage of mitigating many use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and of the side effects that are often associated with synthetic antimicrobials source are credited. J Nutr Food Sci, an open access journal ISSN: 2155-9600 Volume 4 • Issue 6 • 1000312 Citation: Muleya E, Ahmed AS, Sipamla AM, Mtunzi FM, Mutatu W (2014) Evaluation of Anti-Microbial, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Oxidative Properties Artemisia afra, Gunnera perpensa and Eucomis autumnalis. J Nutr Food Sci 4: 312. doi: 10.4172/2155-9600.1000312 Page 2 of 6 Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa for the treatment of infectious and extract was concentrated. The concentrated slurry was dried at room some inflammatory mediated diseases (Table 1). Therefore, it is of temperature in the fume hood. The crude plant extract was stored in interest to observe if these plant extracts can affect these mechanisms the fridge at 4°C. Fractions of different polarities were then produced of pathogenic changes that lead to diseases, if over-expressed. This by solvent/ solvent extraction from the crude extracts as shown in the study focuses on the antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory protocol in Figure 1. Percentage yields for the crude, and the different properties of selected plant extracts, namely their ability to directly fractions were reported in Table 2. scavenge free radicals; their effects on soya bean derived 15 LOX inhibitory activities and inhibition of microbial growth (Staphylococcus Quantitative evaluation of the biological activities of the aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia Coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa plant extracts Aspergillus fumigatus, and Candida albicans). Determination of antimicrobial activity: The following Material and Methods microorganisms were used as test organisms in the screening: two Gram- positive reference strains (Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213) and Plant selection and collection Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212)), and two Gram-negative reference strains (Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), and Escherichia coli Artemisia afra, Gunnera perpensa and Eucomis autumnalis (Table 1) from Mabandla village of UMzimkhulu Local Municipality, KwaZulu- Natal, and South Africa were used for the study. They were identified and collected by the aid of the head of traditional healers from the Plant dry powder village (Mr. Sanoyi Paulos Dlamini, Traditional healer, KwaZulu- Acetone extract Natal 2009). Authentication of plants was carried out at South Africa Drying using rotary National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria and their voucher specimens evaporator Dried extract were deposited in the Pretoria National Herbarium. Plant treatment Dissolve in 70% acetone Fractionation with solvent of different polarities Plant root and bulb materials were washed in water, air dried at room temperature for three weeks and ground to powder using a Lasec Hexane fraction Dichloromethane Ethyl acetate Residual water Polymix PX-MFC 90D crusher. The dried pulverized material was fraction fraction fraction stored in glass containers in a cool dry place. The extraction was carried out by shaking the powder (200 g) in a ratio of 1 g to 10 ml solvent for Acetone soluble fraction Methanol soluble fraction 6 h on a Remi R S-12R shaker (Rajendra Electrical India Ltd, India) at Figure