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Reducing Gun Violence: What Works, and What Can Be Done Now

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Reducing Gun Violence: What Works, and What Can Be Done Now CRITICAL ISSUES IN POLICING SERIES Reducing Gun Violence: What Works, and What Can Be Done Now PROVIDE SWIFT, CERTAIN, PROPORTIONAL CONSEQUENCES to deter illegal gun possession Keep guns out of the hands of people LEGALLY PROHIBITED from owning them SECURE GUNS in the home Remove guns from homes where they POSE AN EXTREME RISK Implement EVIDENCE-BASED policing strategies Target the small number of offenders RESPONSIBLE FOR MOST GUN VIOLENCE Collect BALLISTICS EVIDENCE in all shootings Run all ballistics evidence through NIBIN Utilize CRIME GUN INTELLIGENCE CENTERS Limit availability of HIGH-POWERED FIREARMS Limit capacity of AMMUNITION MAGAZINES Stop guns from entering the BLACK MARKET ASSESS THREATS to prevent mass shootings Expand gun violence RESEARCH CRITICAL ISSUES IN POLICING SERIES Reducing Gun Violence: What Works, and What Can Be Done Now March 2019 This publication was supported by the Motorola Solutions Foundation. The points of view expressed herein are the authors’ and do not necessarily represent the opinions of the Motorola Solutions Foundation or all Police Executive Research Forum members. Police Executive Research Forum, Washington, D.C. 20036 Copyright © 2019 by Police Executive Research Forum All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-934485-49-1 Graphic design by Dave Williams. Text photos by Greg Dohler. Contents Acknowledgments ...................................................... 1 Gun Violence Category #3: Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) ..........35 Executive Summary: Gun Violence Sidebar: 11 Questions in a Domestic Violence Is 4 Different Problems, Lethality Screen ................................................................ 38 with Different Causes and Solutions ......3 Sidebar: Protection Orders Restrict Gun Ownership by Domestic Violence Offenders ...................................... 39 An Action Plan: 9 Recommendations to Reduce Gun Violence ........................10 Gun Violence Category #4: Mass Shootings ......................................42 Sidebar: Extreme Risk Protection Orders: Gun Violence Category #1: Protecting Persons in Crisis, as Well as the Public .......... 44 Suicides with Firearms ..........................16 Sidebar: FBI’s Report on Pre-Attack Behaviors .............. 46 Sidebar: New NTAC Report: Police School Resource Gun Violence Category #2: Officers (SROs) Have a Key Role in Assessing Threats “Everyday” Homicides and Posed by Students ............................................................. 50 Nonfatal Shootings ................................19 Sidebar: Research on Gun Violence Policies Is Weak, New York City: A Focus on Neighborhood Policing, But Research on Programs Is Strong ................................ 52 Technology, and Partnerships with Prosecutors ...........19 Sidebar: NYPD Works Closely with Prosecutors Conclusion: What Works, and To Ensure that Gun Offenders What Can Be Done Now .......................54 Routinely Get Jail or Prison Time .................................... 21 New Orleans: Homicides Are Declining, Even Though the Criminal Justice Response About PERF ...............................................................56 to Gun Violence Is Weak ..................................................22 About the Motorola Solutions Foundation ...........57 Sidebar: Crime Gun Intelligence Centers Use Ballistic Evidence to Identify Homicide Suspects APPENDIX: Participants at the Critical Issues and Prevent Shootings ...................................................... 23 Meeting – Reducing Gun Violence: Chicago: Gun Violence Has Declined Since 2016 Following New Police Strategies and Focus ...................26 Focusing on What Works ........................................58 Washington, DC: Police Are Making Progress, But Other Criminal Justice Agencies Must Step Up .....30 Baltimore: Shootings Are Connected to Drugs and Gangs, and Large-Capacity Magazines Are Common .....................................................................32 6 Common Themes in New York City, New Orleans, Chicago, Washington, DC, Baltimore ............................34 Acknowledgments The scope of gun violence in the United Washington, DC on June 7, 2018 to explore issues of States is so extreme, it is difficult even to compre- gun violence. Much of this report reflects the think- hend it. ing of the people who participated in our conference. But here is one perspective to consider: Special thanks go to the five police executives who made presentations at our conference on gun • 2017 was the record year for fatalities in mass violence in their cities: New Orleans Police Super- shootings, with 117 deaths, including 58 fatali- intendent Michael Harrison, Chicago Police Super- ties at just one tragedy, the slaughter at the country intendent Eddie Johnson, D.C. Metropolitan Police music concert in Las Vegas on October 1.1 Chief Peter Newsham, New York City Police Com- • But on average, every day in 2017 there were missioner James O’Neill, and Baltimore Police Com- 105 gun fatalities in “everyday” homicides and missioner Gary Tuggle. suicides.2 While each of these cities faces unique chal- lenges with respect to gun violence, many of them So in terms of gun fatalities, every day in had elements in common, such as criminal offend- America is almost as bad as the worst year we have ers’ easy access to firearms, and a lack of consistent ever had with mass shooting deaths. consequences for many gun offenses. I am grateful to all of the PERF members and Because PERF wanted to look at gun violence in other experts who helped PERF to study this critical its totality, we had to go outside our typical range of issue of gun violence and police strategies for reduc- law enforcement experts to explore the terrible role ing it. that firearms have in facilitating suicides. More than Our first step in this project was to send an email half of all suicides are committed with guns, and sui- to all PERF members who serve as police chiefs, cides account for about half of all gun deaths in the sheriffs, and other heads of agencies. We asked them United States. Dr. Jerry Reed, Senior Vice President to share their views with us, especially regarding the at the Educational Development Center (EDC), pro- types of laws, policies or programs that they believe vided valuable insights into the nature of firearm sui- would have the greatest impact in reducing fatalities. cides and what law enforcement can do to intervene This questionnaire served as the basis for much of in some cases. He was assisted by Dr. Heidi Kar, a the work described in this report. I’m thankful to violence prevention expert at EDC. all our members who took the time to complete our On the topic of domestic violence and guns, Dr. survey and share their expertise with us. Andrea Cimino of the Johns Hopkins University I’m also grateful to the 175 police chiefs, sher- School of Nursing presented the latest research and iffs, federal agency executives, other law enforcement promising approaches to reduce deaths. leaders, and subject matter experts who gathered in And Dr. Lina Alathari, Chief of the National 1. “Mass Casualty Shootings.” U.S. Department of Justice, Office for Victims of Crime. https://ovc.ncjrs.gov/ncvrw2018/info_flyers/ fact_sheets/2018NCVRW_MassCasualty_508_QC.pdf 2. “CDC Wonder: Underlying Cause of Death, 1999-2017 Results. Firearm deaths by intent, 1999-2017.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://wonder.cdc.gov/controller/saved/D76/D48F344 Acknowledgments — 1 Threat Assessment Center at the U.S. Secret Service, Finally, thanks go to PERF’s staff members who reviewed the latest data on active shooter incidents organized this project, conference, and report. Kevin and mass attacks, and how threat assessments and Morison, PERF’s Chief Operations Officer, leads the training can help law enforcement agencies inter- Critical Issues in Policing initiative. He did another vene before an attack occurs. masterful job of planning this project and ensur- PERF is also grateful to Deputy Director Tom ing that all of the pieces came together. Four PERF Brandon of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Fire- staff members had responsibility for conducting arms and Explosives for his support of this project. background research and drafting sections of the Director Brandon participated in the entire confer- report: Sean Goodison, Deputy Director of Applied ence, offering his unique insights and answering Research and Management; Research Associates questions from others. Before the meeting, he and Matt Harman and Sarah Mostyn; and Project Assis- his leadership team spent an afternoon with PERF tant Nora Coyne. Sean also made a presentation at staff and myself at ATF headquarters, reviewing cur- the conference on the latest research on gun violence. rent data on gun sales, seizures, and thefts, and dis- Sarah and Nora oversaw meeting planning and logis- cussing the strategies ATF is employing (such as the tics, assisted by PERF Intern Kyle Groves. Meeting National Integrated Ballistic Information System and registration and participant communications were the Crime Gun Intelligence Centers) to help local handled by Membership Coordinator Balinda Cock- police in combating gun violence. rell and Assistant Communications Director James This report is the 36th publication in PERF’s McGinty. James also designed and executed audio- Critical Issues in Policing series, which is made pos- visuals and graphics at the meeting. sible by the generous support of the Motorola Solu-
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