Kunstfeld Und Künstlerhabitus in Südafrika Zu Beginn Des 20

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Kunstfeld Und Künstlerhabitus in Südafrika Zu Beginn Des 20 Kunstfeld und Künstlerhabitus in Südafrika zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie im Fachbereich Neuere Philologien der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität zu Frankfurt am Main vorgelegt von Sandra Börngen aus: Wolfen 2017 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Frank Schulze-Engler 2. Gutachterin: Apl. Prof. Dr. Ute Röschenthaler Danksagung In den verschiedenen Phasen der Arbeit an dieser Dissertation bekam ich Anregungen und Hilfen, für die ich mich hier ganz herzlich bedanken möchte. Meinem Doktorvater Herrn Professor Frank Schulze-Engler gilt mein ganz besonderer Dank. Er übernahm ein bereits begonnenes Projekt und half mir in einer kritischen Phase, den Weg durch die Fülle an Quellenmaterial zu finden. Er begleitete mein Projekt intensiv, professionell und warmherzig. Seine Anregungen und kritischen Kommentare haben zum guten Gelingen und schließlich erfolgreichen Abschluss dieser Arbeit beigetragen. Für die Übernahme des Zweitgutachtens geht mein Dank an Frau Professorin Ute Röschenthaler, die wichtige Fragen aufwarf und hilfreiche Hinweise vermittelte. Das Doktorandenkolloquium der Abteilung Neue Englischsprachige Literaturen und Kulturen an der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt bot mir ein aufmerksames Forum für die Diskussion inhaltlicher und methodischer Fragen. Mein Dank gilt hier besonders Karsten Levihn-Kutzler, dessen Hinweise meinen Blick für die Struktur meiner Arbeit schärften. Besonders danken möchte ich auch dem International Graduate Centre for the Study of Culture (GCSC) an der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, das mir mit einem Stipendium ermöglichte, mein Promotionsprojekt zu beginnen. Es bot mir den Rahmen für die wissenschaftliche Weiterbildung, einen breiten wissenschaftlichen Austausch und förderte meine beiden Forschungsreisen nach Südafrika. Für die Finanzierung meiner Forschungsreise nach Südafrika danke ich ebenso dem DAAD für die Verleihung eines Doktoranden-Kurzstipendiums. Der Vereinigung von Freunden & Förderern der Goethe-Universität danke ich für die finanzielle Unterstützung meiner Konferenzreisen. In Südafrika bin ich besonders den freundlichen Mitarbeiterinnen des Archivs der South African National Gallery in Kapstadt zu Dank verpflichtet, die unermüdlich Quellenmaterial für mich heraussuchten und mich wie ein Teammitglied behandelten. Den folgenden Archiven danke ich ebenso für die Einsicht in umfangreiches Quellenmaterial: Archive of the University of Cape Town; Killie-Campbell-Archive, Durban. Professorin Lize van Robbroek von der Stellenbosch-University danke ich für ihre wertvollen Anregungen, die im frühen Stadium des Projektes zur Eingrenzung des Dissertationsthemas beigetragen haben. Chris Silverston vom Potter’s Workshop in Kapstadt danke ich dafür, dass sie mir während meiner Forschungsreisen ihr Zuhause öffnete, Kontakte vermittelte sowie mich in Notfällen rettete. Schließlich und keineswegs zuletzt möchte ich meiner Familie danken: meinen Eltern für Ihre Unterstützung und ihr vorbehaltloses Vertrauen; meinem Mann und meiner Tochter für ihre Geduld. 3 Inhaltsverzeichnis Danksagung 3 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 6 A Südafrikanische Kunstgeschichte als Verflechtungsgeschichte 7 1. Forschungsstand 10 2. Theoretischer Zugang 15 2.1 Werkzeug: Bourdieus Feldanalyse 15 2.2 Theoriediskussion: Das kulturelle Feld 18 2.3 Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Übertragbarkeit von Bourdieus Feldtheorie 22 3. Eingrenzungen, Terminologie und Aufbau 24 B Südafrikas Feld der Kunstproduktion: Entstehungsgeschichte eines autonomen Feldes 31 1. Wurzeln des südafrikanischen Kunstfeldes in der Kapkolonie 32 2. Erste Künstlervereinigung: South African Society of Artists 36 3. Kunstmuseen und Kunstammlungen vor 1910 41 4. Entstehungsgeschichte der Nationalgalerie Südafrikas 43 5. Entwicklung des Kunstfeldes in Natal 49 5.1 Gründung der Durban Art Gallery 49 5.2 Gründung der Tatham Art Gallery 52 5.3 Natal Society of Artists 54 5.4 Leo Francois und die National Academy of Arts 56 6. Entwicklung des Kunstfeldes im Transvaal 62 6.1 Entstehung des Kunstfeldes in Pretoria 63 6.2 Entstehung des Kunstfeldes in Johannesburg 67 7. Gesellschaftliche Bedeutung: Öffentliche Kunst- und Naturgeschichtliche Sammlungen im Vergleich 82 8. Künstlerschaft zur Jahrhundertwende 86 9. Kontext „schwarzer“ Künstler im frühen 20. Jahrhundert 88 9.1 „Schwarze“ Künstler auf dem Land 91 9.2 „Schwarze“ Künstler in der Stadt 98 10. Professionalisierung der Künstler 107 10.1 Dilettant vs. Professioneller Künstler 107 10.2 Kunstunterricht an Schulen 112 10.3 Höhere Kunstausbildung 116 10.4 Fallstudie: Durban School of Art 123 10.5 Kunstausbildung in Übersee 128 11. Aushandlungsprozesse im Kunstfeld Südafrikas: Vorstellungen und Zuschreibungen 133 11.1 Wertschätzung von Kunst durch die Öffentlichkeit 134 11.2 „Schwarze“ Künstler und ihre Kunst in der öffentlichen Wahrnehmung 146 11.3 Streben nach einer nationalen Kunst 152 11.4 Verbindung von Landschaftsmalerei und Nationalismus 160 11.5 Afrikanische Kultur als Inspiration für eine nationale Kunst 165 11.6 „Schwarze“ Künstler im Dienste des Afrikaner-Nationalismus 172 4 C Fallstudien: Stellung von Künstlerakteuren im Kunstfeld Südafrikas 176 1. Hezekiel Ntuli (1912-1973) 177 1.1 „Native Artist“ Ntuli: „Natürliches Künstler-Genie“ 177 1.2 Ntulis Erfolgsrezept: Eigene Persönlichkeit und VIPs als Multiplikatoren 183 2. Jacobus Hendrik Pierneef (1886-1957) 187 2.1 Pierneef als Kunst- und Kulturvermittler: Indigenisierung als Mittel zu einer einseitigen nationalen Kunst 189 2.2 Pierneef als Gefangener der eigenen Propaganda 197 2.3 Pierneefs Ausweg: Entscheidung gegen Modernes Künstlerdasein 202 3. Gerard Bhengu (1910-1990) 207 3.1 Ethnologe als Mäzen: Dr. Max Joseph Kohler führt Bhengu in die Kunst ein 208 3.2 Kirche als Mäzen: Bischof Fleischer beauftragt Bhnegu mit der Fertigung religiöser Kunst 214 3.3 Regierungsbeamte als Mäzene: Malcom & Dent organisieren Bhengus Ausbildung 215 3.4 Kunsthandel als Vermittler: Zusammenarbeit mit Warenhaus Payne Brothers 218 3.5 Kulturvermittlerin & Ethnologin Dr. Killie Campbell als Mäzenin 222 3.6 Afrikanische Kunden: Edward Gwazindoda Tembe & Dhlomo-Brüder 224 3.7 Bhengu: ein Künstler in der Nische 228 4. Irma Stern (1894-1966) 231 4.1 Persönliche und künstlerische Prägung in Deutschland 232 4.2 Enttäuschte Erwartungen: Eintritt in das Kunstfeld Südafrikas 237 4.3 Suche nach dem „primitiven“ Afrika: Flucht, Inspiration & Metamorphose 241 4.4 Vom Enfant terrible zur VIP: Das Unternehmen Irma Stern 245 4.5 Zwischen Kulturen: Stern als Kulturaneignende und Kulturvermittlerin 252 4.6 Aufrütteln des Feldes: Diskurse um Irma Stern 261 4.7 Irma Stern: Erste moderne Künstlerin Südafrikas 266 5. George Milwa Mnyaluza Pemba (1912-2001) 268 5.1 Einstieg in den Künstlerberuf: Englischer Einfluss 270 5.2 Zugang zum Kunstfeld: Kontakt & Umgang mit Grenzen & Barrieren 273 5.3 Große Reise: Suche nach dem Künstler-Ich 276 5.4 Vollzeit-Künstler: Erster Versuch 283 5.5 Streben nach Anerkennung: Vollzeitkünstler im Alter 285 5.6 George Pemba: Moderner Abenteurer in Kunstfeld 289 D Zusammenfassung & Ausblick 293 E Literatur- und Quellenverzeichnis 307 1. Allgemeine Bibliografie 307 2. Zeitungen, Zeitschriften, Archivmaterial 314 2.1 Zeitschriften 314 2.2 Zeitungen mit Autor 316 2.3 Zeitungen ohne Autor 316 2.4 Archivquellen 319 3. Filme/Videos 324 4. Kunstwerke 324 F Lebenslauf 325 G Erklärungen 328 5 Abkürzungsverzeichnis JAG Johannesburg Art Gallery KCA Killie Campbell Archiv KCC Killie Campbell Collection NSA Natal Society of Artists SA South African SADC South African Drawing Club SAIA South African Institute of Art SANG South African National Gallery SANL South African National Library SANU South African National Union SASA South African Society of Artists 6 A Südafrikanische Kunstgeschichte als Verflechtungsgeschichte Im Jahr 2010 sorgte Riason Naidoo1 in seiner Rolle als Direktor der Nationalgalerie Südafrikas für eine Kontroverse, als er entschied, 80 Gemälde des Sir Abe Bailey Nachlasses aus der Dauerausstellung zu entfernen und den Platz stattdessen zeitgenössischer Kunst, u.a. Bildern des Ponte City Gebäudes in Johannesburg des Fotografen Mikhael Subotzky und Mary Sibandes lebensgroßem Kunstwerk Conversation with Madam CJ Walker (2008), zu widmen. Naidoo kommentierte das zeitgenössische Kunstfeld zu dieser Zeit wie folgt: The art world in South Africa has been largely white […] Cape Town is known to be quite colonial. So apart from being a new director, I’m also the first black director in a museum where there have never been black curators. There is definitely resistance to change.2 Er rechtfertigte seine Entscheidung mit der Aussage: We all acknowledge that there has been colonialism. The National Gallery is a product of this colonial past as many other museums around the country are. It's not to deny this history at all, but so has there been Dutch history, a bit of French history as well. The question is what percentage of space do we allocate this history and how are all the other histories represented at the same time. South Africa has 11 official languages; how do their stories compare with these stories that have been shown for this amount of time? Has there been equal attention given to indigenous cultures, for example, or new black artists working in western style?3 Die beiden Zitate Naidoos deuten mehrere Aspekte an, die für die vorliegende Arbeit von Bedeutung sind. Zum einen verweisen sie auf den kolonialen Entstehungskontext des südafrikanischen Kunstfeldes, der im Zentrum dieser Arbeit steht und stark
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