[Print] Stacks — No Books, but Everything Else

c/o Katina Strauch 209 Richardson Avenue MSC 98, The Citadel Charleston, SC 29409 MLA, SLA, BOOK EXPO issue TM

volume 27, number 2 APRIL 2015

ISSN: 1043-2094 “Linking Publishers, Vendors and Librarians” Disappearing [print] Stacks — No Books, but Everything Else by Audrey Powers (Associate Librarian, University of South Florida)

hen the article “Save Our Stacks” the decision is to reconfigure the space for Studio; Tutoring appeared in Slate1 there was a flurry non-library programs and activities. Altering & Writing Ser- Wof email activity among academic the use of library space can become a conten- vices; SMART librarians. The article begins with a descrip- tious issue when the needs of the community Lab; Digital Me- tion of how Colby College moved 170,000 served are not taken into consideration. One dia Commons; books to storage to free up space in the library of the arguments used to justify these actions Office for Under- for administrative offices. At a time when is the increase in the procurement of electronic graduate Research; academic libraries are repurposing library resources which frees up floor space. As we Computing and Information Technology; Job space due to the diminishing footprint of print travel down the road of rightsizing2 library Shop; and of course, Starbucks. In order books, the article sparked a passionate outcry collections and retooling library spaces, it is to be positioned to achieve this, we began and allegiance from faculty and students at incumbent upon administrators to be cogni- collecting eJournals more than 15 years ago Colby College. The article points out that zant of the use of library resources, trends and concurrently discontinued print journals repurposing library space is a current trend in in publishing, current topics and initiatives whenever possible. More recently we weeded libraries; however, the underlying argument in collection development, management and the reference, ready reference, monograph for repurposing library space is complex, and assessment, staffing levels, funding, and most and serial collections and installed compact opposition can sometimes appear to be driven importantly, the needs of the community being shelving. These activities afforded the subject by the old guard protecting tradition. I don’t served. librarians the opportunity to be proactive in think this is the case. The academic library I work in is busy all collection management activities. Repurposing library spaces and reducing hours of the day and night. It continues to continued on page 14 the footprint of print books sparks controversy expand services for students by assimilating among faculty and students, particularly when these departments into the Library: the Writing What To Look For In This Issue: Wandering the Web – African American Vietnam Veterans...... 8 If Rumors Were Horses The Database Dance: Waltzing with a Big Budget Cut...... 12 nce again, lots has been Defined by Form...... 26 going on. O Classic Ethnographies...... 27 According to Laure Haak at ORCID there Establishing a State-Level Open-Access are two new ORCID team Journal: The Case of SC Libraries.....46 members: Alice Meadows is joining ORCID as Communica- Rational Individual Decisions that Lead tions Director and Douglas Wright as Membership Director, to Irrational Global Consequences.....52 both starting in May. Alice and Doug will be supported through Working Together to Move Titles to a grant to ORCID from the Helmsley Charitable Trust. Off-Site Storage...... 76 https://orcid.org/blog/2015/04/15/introducing-doug-wright-di- A Librarian Is Not Like A Bat...... 78 rector-membership And April is the month that the astute Dean Smith becomes Interviews Director of Cornell University Press. Smith succeeds John Heather Joseph...... 35 Debbie Vaughn has anoth- G. Ackerman, who retired in January 2014 after 33 years at er baby girl, Elizabeth Rose Jody Plank...... 38 the Press including 26 as director. Cornell University Press Crader. She was born on Jon Cawthorne...... 41 was established in 1869, the first university press formed in the Thursday, March 26th, weigh- United States, for a university whose founder, Ezra Cornell, ing in at 6 pounds 8 ounces was committed to inclusiveness: “I would found an institution and measuring 19.4 inches. where any person can find instruction in any study.” Congrats to Deb and her hus- http://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu. band, Bo! continued on page 6 1043-2094(201504)27:2;1-S 11115Ambassador2015Library_8.5x11_wBleed.indd 1 4/10/15 1:50 PM

Against The Grain Against the Grain (USPS 012-618) (ISSN 1043-2094) is TABLE OF CONTENTS published six times a year in February, April, June, Sep- tember, November, and December/January by Against the v.27 #2 February 2015 © Katina Strauch Grain, LLC, 209 Richardson Ave., MSC 98, The Citadel, Charleston, SC 29409. Subscription price per year is $50 ISSUES, NEWS, & GOINGS ON U.S. ($60 Canada, $85 foreign, payable in U.S. dollars). Periodicals postage paid at Charleston, SC. Postmaster: Rumors...... 1 Letters to the Editor...... 6 Send change of address to Against the Grain, LLC, 209 Rich- ardson Ave., MSC 98, The Citadel, Charleston, SC 29409. From Your Editor...... 6 Deadlines...... 6 Editor: Katina Strauch (College of Charleston) FEATURES Associate Editors: The Disappearing [print] Stacks Rosann Bazirjian (UNC-Greensboro) Guest Editor, Audrey Powers Cris Ferguson (Murray State) Tom Gilson (College of Charleston) No Books, but Everything Else...... 1 The Joe and Rika Mansueto Library at John Riley (Consultant) by Audrey Powers — This issue has several the University of Chicago...... 22 Research Editors: Judy Luther (Informed Strategies) articles and opinion pieces about the disap- by Andrea Twiss-Brooks — “Mass digiti- pearance of print materials from academic Assistants to the Editor: zation leads users to collections; it does not Ileana Strauch library collections. take their place.” This is a quote from Judith Toni Nix (Just Right Group, LLC) Books Do Furnish a Room...... 16 Nadler, the previous library director at the Editor At Large: by Ann Okerson — Ann takes issue with the University of Chicago. Dennis Brunning (Arizona State University) Slate article which led to this series of thoughts Remote Storage and Pritzker Legal Contributing Editors: and opinions. Rick Anderson (University of Utah) Research Center – Figuring Out How Sever Bordeianu (U. of New Mexico) A Case for the Use of Collection Analysis to Do More with Less...... 23 Todd Carpenter (NISO) Bryan Carson (Western Kentucky University) Tools in Deselection...... 16 by Eric C. Parker and Maribel Hilo Nash Eleanor Cook (East Carolina University) by Cris Ferguson — Cris advocates use of — Contains some nitty gritty specifics about Anne Doherty (Choice) collection analysis tools to speed up the dese- preparing weekly shipments for storage. Anthony Ferguson Ruth Fischer (R2 Consulting Services) lection process. Galter Library’s Disappearing Michelle Flinchbaugh (U. of MD Baltimore County) Disappearing Stacks? What is Stacks...... 24 Joyce Dixon-Fyle (DePauw University) Laura Gasaway (UNC, Chapel Hill) Appropriate is Still the Issue...... 19 by Heidi Nickisch Duggan, Mark Berendsen, Chuck Hamaker (UNC, Charlotte) by Jack Montgomery — Jack advocates and Mary Anne Zmaczynski — This group William M. Hannay (Schiff, Hardin & Waite) focusing on five areas that he believes are kept fewer than 20,000 volumes in the print Mark Herring (Winthrop University) collection. Donna Jacobs (MUSC) important for managers in making deselection Lindsay Johnston (IGI Global) decisions. Op Ed — Defined by Form...... 26 Myer Kutz (Myer Kutz Associates, Inc.) Tom Leonhardt Update on the Welch Medical by Michael P. Pelikan — Michael talks Rick Lugg (R2 Consulting Services) Library...... 22 about the Apple Watch, wearable devices, Jack Montgomery (Western Kentucky University) by Sue Woodson and Blair Anton — At the and if network administrators will be able to Bob Nardini (Coutts Information Services) 2010 Charleston Conference, attendees heard keep networks up and running if these devices Rita Ricketts (Blackwell’s) become ubiquitous Peter Shepherd (Project COUNTER) about Welsh’s journey to an online collection. Kristen Stauffer (IGI Global) Here is a brief update five years later. Back Talk...... 78 Greg Tananbaum (Consultant) Jared Seay (College of Charleston) A Librarian Is Not Like A Bat by Jim Deborah Vaughn O’Donnell — Jim thinks that he will need librarians now more than ever. Graphics: Bowles & Carver, Old English Cuts & Illustrations. Grafton, More Silhouettes. Ehmcke, Graphic Trade ATG INTERVIEWS Symbols By German Designers. Grafton, Ready-to-Use Old-Fashioned Illustrations. The Chap Book Style. Heather Joseph...... 35 Blurring Lines...... 41 Production & Ad Sales: Executive Director, SPARC An Interview with Jon Cawthorne, Dean of Toni Nix, Just Right Group, LLC., P.O. Box 412, Libraries at West Virginia University Cottageville, SC 29435, phone: 843-835-8604 Jody Plank...... 38 fax: 843-835-5892 Product Manager, Research Square Advertising information: Toni Nix, phone: 843-835-8604, fax: 843-835-5892 REVIEWS Send ad materials to: Collecting to the Core...... 27 From the Reference Desk...... 31 Attn: Toni Nix, Just Right Group, LLC 398 Crab Apple Lane, Ridgeville, SC 29472 Classic Ethnographies by Janet L. Steins Reviews of Reference Titles by Tom Gilson — Books we need to keep in our collections. — Tom reviews Asian American Society: An Publisher: A. Bruce Strauch Book Reviews...... 30 Encyclopedia, The Encyclopedia of Educa- tion Economics and Finance and many more. Send correspondence, press releases, etc., to: Monographic Musings by Deb Vaughn — Katina Strauch, Editor, Against the Grain, LLC, Booklover...... 34 209 Richardson Ave., MSC 98, The Citadel, This month, consider the evolution of library Charleston, SC 29409. phone: 843-723-3536, services and city planning. Freedom of Speech by Donna Jacobs — fax: 843-805-7918. Donna has been reading Suspended Sentences: Against the Grain is indexed in Library Literature, LISA, Three novellas and contemplating Modiano Ingenta, and The Informed Librarian. and the Charlie Hebdo shooting. Authors’ opinions are to be regarded as their own. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This issue was produced on an iMac using Microsoft Word, INTERNATIONAL DATELINE and Adobe CS6 Premium software under Mac OS X Mountain Lion. A People’s Palace, Ring the Changes...... 66 Against the Grain is copyright ©2015 by Rita Ricketts — This is an account of the opening of the Weston Library (once known as by Katina Strauch the New Bodleian) which is open to all. 4 Against the Grain / April 2015 MLA, SLA, Book expo Issue ATG SPECIAL REPORTS “Linking Establishing a State-Level Open-Access Journal: The Case of South Carolina Publishers, Vendors Libraries...... 46 and Librarians” by Rachel Elrod and Brent Appling — This article provides information on the benefits and challenges faced during the creation of a state-level, open-access journal. LEGAL ISSUES Edited by Bryan Carson, Bruce Strauch, and Jack Montgomery Cases of Note...... 44 Questions and Answers...... 45 Copyright Preempts Invasion of Privacy by Copyright Column by Laura N. Gasaway — Uncommon ... Bruce Strauch — Debra Laws vs. Sony Music Lolly answers many intriguing questions. One Against the Grain is your key to Entertainment, Inc., dba Epic Records. is about defining electronic materials. the latest news about libraries, PUBLISHING publishers, book jobbers, and subscription agents. ATG is a unique Optimizing Library Services...... 49 And They Were There...... 54 collection of reports on the issues, Academic Libraries in the 21st Century: Reports of Meetings — The second install- literature, and people that impact Adapting Services to Fit Digital Resources ment of 2014 Charleston Conference reports the world of books, journals, and by Jennifer Joe — Discusses services and by Ramune Kubilius and her crack team of electronic information. resources that academic libraries should be reporters. offering as the 21st century progresses. Don’s Conference Notes...... 59 Unconventional ... The Scholarly Publishing Scene...... 51 by Donald T. Hawkins — In this issue Don ATG is published six times a year, Professional, Scholarly and Other Mag- reports on two meetings, Data Infrastructure: in February, April, June, September, azines by Myer Kutz — Myer takes many The Importance of Quality and Integrity – A November, and December/January. magazines, most in print. CENDI/NFAIS Workshop and Charleston A six-issue subscription is available for only $55 U.S. ($65 Canada, $90 Random Ramblings...... 52 Seminar – Being Earnest With Our Collec- tions: Determining Key Challenges and Best foreign, payable in U.S. dollars), Rational Individual Decisions that Lead Practices. making it an uncommonly good buy to Irrational Global Consequences by Bob for all that it covers. Make checks Holley — Bob says that when making rational payable to Against the Grain, LLC individual decisions one shouldn’t worry about and mail to: diffuse global consequences. Katina Strauch BOOKSELLING AND VENDING 209 Richardson Avenue MSC 98, The Citadel Collection Management Matters...... 12 Biz of Acq...... 69 Charleston, SC 29409 The Database Dance: Waltzing with a Big Cooperative Collection Development Among Budget Cut by Glenda Alvin — Glenda eluci- Michigan’s Public Universities by Joe Ba- *Wire transfers are available, email dates the three components she finds necessary dics — Read about Michigan’s approach to for details and instructions. in evaluating databases. cooperative acquisitions, very different from Bet You Missed It...... 12 Maryland’s. by Bruce Strauch — What do coloring books Little Red Herrings...... 71 and ghastly tales have in common? Read The Moving Finger…Blinks, and Having about it here! Blinked, Blinks On by Mark Y. Herring — Notes from Mosier...... 43 Citing a recent article by Michael S. Rosen- wals, Mark asserts that no one prefers online Now on to Bridgeton by Steven Chase and reading when reading difficult text. Scott Alan Smith — Do we have “authentic academic vendors” these days? Curating Collective Collections...... 72 Both Sides Now: Vendors and Double Dipping Using Digitization Work- flows to Acquire Print Preservation Data by Librarians...... 64 Amy Wood — A flexible format for capturing Pssst… I’ve Got an Offer for Your Library individual elements of data in separate fields That You Can’t Refuse. by Michael Gruen- is the focus of this article. berg — Some questions that have been asked Let’s Get Technical...... 76 at meetings, complete with responses. Working Together to Move Titles to Off- Being Earnest With Collections...... 67 Site Storage by Stacey Marien and Alayne A Look Back at the First Charleston Semi- Mundt — Allison and Alayne tell us how they nar by Michael A. Arthur — Finding answers moved 100,000 items from from the stacks to to questions about the future of collection offsite storage. development was the focus. TECHNOLOGY AND STANDARDS Wandering the Web...... 8 Pelikan’s Antidisambiguation...... 75 African American Vietnam Veterans by Editions, Tweaks, and User Preferences by Audrey Robinson-Nkongola Michael P. Pelikan Decoder Ring...... 70 @Brunning: People & Technology.... 62 A Look Back at John Allison’s Bobbins by At the Only Edge that Means Anything/

Jerry Spiller How We Understand What We Do by Dennis N ame ______Address ______City State Zip ______Company Phone ______Email ______Brunning Against the Grain / April 2015 5 From Your (picnicking) Editor: Rumors from page 1 2015 has begun with a lot of rain. Seems universities in Michelle Flinchbaugh’s Biz I did not go to ACRL but several of you did; like we have had only about two weeks of sun of Acq column. I understand that there was a record crowd in since January 1! But at least it has been cool Back Talk is by Jim O’Donnell who talks the lovely city of Portland. There is a report which we in Charleston learn to appreciate. about libraries and bats. Our interviews are from Don Hawkins online and we will print a This issue is about The Disappearing Print with Heather Joseph, Jody Plank, and Jon shorter report in our June print issue. Mean- Stacks and is guest edited by Audrey Powers. Cawthorne. while there are several write ups about ACRL. We have articles from Audrey, Ann Okerson, Our International Dateline is about the http://www.ala.org/acrl/acrl/conferences/ Cris Ferguson, Jack Montgomery, Sue new Weston Library (the old Bodleian), Op- acrl2015/papers PowerPoints for the panels: Woodson and Blair Anton, Andrea Twiss- timizing Library Services discusses services http://s4.goeshow.com/acrl/national/2015/ Brooks, Eric Parker and Maribel Hilo Nash, that libraries should be offering in the 21st conference_schedule.cfm Heidi Nickisch Dugan, Mark Berendsen and century, Stacy Marien and Alayne Mundt Mary Anne Zmarczynski. http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2015/04/ talk about working together for offsite storage shows-events/acrl-2015-a-breath-of-fresh- Michael P. Pelikan is doing double duty in in their new column Let’s Get Technical. And air/#_ this issue. First, in our Op Ed, he of course, there is a lot more. talks about wearable devices and The Call for Papers for the 2015 Charles- Well, there is a picnic at Dixie Plan- ton Conference – Where Do We Go From in his regular column, Pelikan’s tation run by the LowCountry Open Antidisambiguation he com- Here – is now up and listed here in our print Land Trust and it is not raining! issue, p.10. November will be here before we ments on editions, tweaks, and Excuse me while I leave for a while. user preferences. Joe Badics know it so get crackin’! Speakers will be listed tells us about cooperation See y’all online at the ATG on our Website as they are confirmed. in collection development NewsChannel or in June! www.katina.info/conference Love, Yr. Ed. among Michigan’s public One of our main keynote speakers is Jim O’Donnell. Jim has been a teaching faculty member, a Provost, and is now Dean of Li- braries at Arizona State University. It will be riveting to hear what Jim will tell us about Letters to the Editor libraries and librarians as he sees us. Jim has written this month’s Back Talk “A Librarian Send letters to , phone or fax 843-723-3536, or snail mail: Is Not Like A Bat.” Against the Grain, MSC 98, The Citadel, Charleston, SC 29409. You can also send This April print issue of ATG is a case a letter to the editor from the ATG Homepage at http://www.against-the-grain.com. in point. When the Slate article appeared in May 2014, as Guest editor Audrey Powers (p.1) says, there was immediate and continu- Dear Editor: ing reaction and the need for more discussion. Most of our libraries are downsizing the print Where can I find back issues ofATG ? collections in favor of seating for students and Jack Montgomery researchers. See this thoughtful set of papers “The Disappearing [print] Stacks” which dis- (Collection Services Coordinator, Western Kentucky University) cusses the phenomenon. I was most interested in the paper by Andrea Twiss-Brooks on “The Joe and Rika Mansueto Library at the University of Chicago” — “Mass digitization From the Editor: All back issues of ATG through v.25 have been digitized and are freely leads users to collections; it does not take their available on the Purdue University Press Website at http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/atg/. place” is a quote from Judith Nadler, the Back print issues of ATG are available from ATG, LLC, MSC 98, The Citadel, Charleston, previous library director at the University of SC. Back issues cost $15 each so it’s better to get a year’s subscription for USD $55 if you’re Chicago. Selections were made of materials in the US. BTW, the print and online versions of ATG are bundled so if you subscribe to the to put in the new library. As well, a “grand print, you can also get access the online version and vice versa! — KS reading room” was designed for scholarly work and study and is a popular destination for students on campus. (p.21). AGAINST THE GRAIN DEADLINES Oh! Got a copy of Jim O’Donnell’s new book Pagans: The End of Traditional VOLUME 27 — 2015-2016 Religion and the Rise of Christianity (Harp- er-Collins, 2015). “In Pagans, O’Donnell 2015 Events Issue Ad Reservation Camera-Ready brings to life various pagan rites and essential ALA Annual June 2015 04/09/15 04/30/15 features of Roman religion and life, offers fresh portraits of iconic historical figures, including Reference Publishing September 2015 06/18/15 07/09/15 Constantine, Julian, and Augustine, and ex- Charleston Conference November 2015 08/20/15 09/10/15 plores important themes — Rome versus the east, civilization versus barbarism, plurality ALA Midwinter Dec. 2015-Jan. 2016 11/12/15 11/27/15 versus unity, rich versus poor, and tradition FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT versus innovation — in this startling account.” Toni Nix ; Phone: 843-835-8604; Fax: 843-835-5892; More about the April print ATG. Ran into USPS Address: P.O. Box 412, Cottageville, SC 29435; FedEx/UPS ship to: 398 Crab Donna Jacobs and her husband at the Low- Apple Lane, Ridgeville, SC 29472. country Open Land Trust picnic last week. It was at Dixie Plantation which was bequeathed continued on page 20

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April issue of ATG 7x10 SPO Ad-4C-v3.indd 1 4/7/15 1:59 PM Wandering the Web — African American Vietnam Veterans by Audrey Robinson-Nkongola (Assistant Professor/Campus Librarian, Western Kentucky University)

Column Editor: Jack G. Montgomery (Professor, Coordinator, Collection Services, Western Kentucky University Libraries) Author’s Note: African Americans fought in every United States Vietnam Medal of Honor Recipients conflict. For example, Crippus Attucks was shot in 1770 fighting The Medal of Honor (MOH), the recognition for extraordinary courage in against the British. In 1864, African American troops fought valiantly battle, is the highest medal that a veteran can receive for military service. This for the Union Army at Battle of Chaffin’s Farm, Virginia. Fourteen medal of valor was created in 1861 to honor Navy and Marines. The medal is African American soldiers receive a Medal of Honor due to their now given to all deserving armed persons. It is incorrectly referred to as the courage at this battle.1 Unfortunately, these facts are not widely Congressional Medal of Honor. It is called this, because the President of the known. Just as unfortunate, many African American veterans are United States presents the medal in the name of the Congress. more likely to be incarcerated and homeless compared to their white In order for a person to receive this medal of valor, three criteria must be counterparts. The following Websites provide information of the met. They are contributions of and resources for African American veterans who a) while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States; served in Vietnam. — ARN b) while engaged in military operations involving conflict with an opposing foreign force; or, African-Americans in Combat-PBS — http://www.pbs.org/opb/ c) while serving with friendly forces engaged in armed conflict against an historydetectives/feature/african-americans-in-combat/ — PBS aired opposing armed force in which the United States is not a belligerent party. a program on African Americans in Combat. This program details Although this standard was set, to justify giving out a MOH, the conduct (of the history of African Americans in United States wars. Although the the soldier) which deserves recognition should not be the simple discharge Website details the history of various United States wars and African of duty, but such acts beyond this that if omitted or refuse to be done, American veterans’ participation in them, the Vietnam War changed should not justly subject the person to censure as shortcoming or failure.”2 African Americans’ involvement in the military. According to PBS, “the The following Web pages provide information on the history as well as the Vietnam War saw the highest proportion of African-Americans ever to recipients of MOH. serve in an American war. There was a marked turnaround from the The Congressional Medal of Honor Society (CMOHS) — http://www. attitude in previous wars that black men were not fit for combat — in cmohs.org/medal-history.php — was formed on August 5th, 1958 by President the Vietnam War African Americans faced a much greater chance of Dwight Eisenhower who signed legislation created by Congress. According to being on the frontlines and consequently much higher casualty rate.” the CMOHS Website, two of the goals are “to form a bond of friendship…among African American Heroes — http://www.goarmy.com/black-history/ all holders of the Congressional Medal of Honor” and “to protect, uphold and medal-of-honor.html — The Army of the United States military featured preserve the dignity and honor of the medal at all times and on all occasions.” a Website in which it highlighted African Americans who received the Under the menu tab “Recipients,” CMOHS has a database in which the MOH Medal of Honor. GoArmy.com listed those servicemen who served veterans who fought in Vietnam can be discovered by typing in the keywords and received the MOH from the Civil War to the Vietnam War. These “Vietnam War” in the search box labeled “conflict.” The recipients are listed campaigns include the Indian and Spanish American wars. Under each alphabetically via surname. After selecting the link named “view,” the site war, a MOH recipient’s picture, rank, unit, citation for the circumstances includes the name, picture, citation, rank, city and state of enlistment, branch, in which the soldier received MOH and the significance of African as well as the unit of the recipient. Americans serving in the military is mentioned. The Home of Heroes — http://homeofheroes.com/moh/war/17_vietnam. National Association for Black Veterans (NABVETS) — www. html — lists Vietnam veterans who received the MOH. It provides the number nabvets.org/index.php/about-nabvets/ — provides information of Vietnam veterans who received the Medal. The site illustrates the number of concerning military related health and homeless issues, as well as recipients via military branches. At the writing of this bibliography, 258 Vietnam information for imprisoned African American veterans. The NABVET’s soldiers received the MOH. Of the 258 Vietnam vets, 172 veterans served in mission states in part “the National Association for Black Veterans, the Army. The veterans are categorized under the military branch they served. Inc. will provide strategic advocacy on behalf of its membership with Next, the site indexes the veteran’s name alphabetically via surname. Adjacent Congress, the Federal Administration, state administrations and other to the recipient’s name is the city and state in which they entered service. Each agencies and organizations.” NABVET.org includes articles of African veteran has a link, which provides a citation of the conspicuous act in which American veterans and their struggles in and out of the military. the Medal was merited. Other MOH Websites cite Home of Heroes are their The Vietnam Center and Archive Celebrates Black History source. The Webmaster is C. Douglas “Doug” Sterner, a Vietnam veteran. Month — http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/exhibits/blackhistorymonth/ — Military Awards for Valor-Top 3 – U.S. Department of Defense — http:// One of Texas Tech University’s archive focused on Vietnam veterans. In valor.defense.gov/recipients/armyMedalofHonorRecipients.aspx — is maintained order to celebrate Black History Month, the Vietnam Center and Archive by the Department of Defense (DoD). This Website lists the United States Army’s highlighted the contributions of African Americans in the Vietnam War. recipients of the Medal of Honor. The list is in alphabetical order by surname. Some of the featured veterans are General Daniel “Chappie” James, The information includes name, rank and the war or conflict the soldier received who became the first African American four-star general. Other soldiers the Medal. Military Awards for Valor includes recipients that dates back to the that are profiled areSergeant Stanley C. Goff and General L. Gravely, Indian Wars. DoD provides a disclaimer stating the Website may not include Jr. Biographies of the soldiers and their contributions are cited. all the recipients of MOH. In order to obtain accurate information, the branch Vietnam Veterans against the War, Inc. (VVAW) — http:// in which the soldier was enlisted should be contacted. DoD does not provide a www.vvaw.org/veteran/article/?id=2470 — is a pro-veteran, anti-war link detailing the event in which the soldier received the Medal. organization. Their protests against war began in 1967 with the Vietnam Stars and Stripes — http://www.stripes.com/ — provides “independent War and continue with subsequent wars in the Middle East. VVAW military information.” According to the Website, it is referred to as the publishes a biannual newspaper, which has under gone several name “hometown newspaper,” authorized by the Department of Defense, yet possess changes, i.e., First Casualty and Winter Soldier. Currently, it is titled The First Amendment protection. Conducting a keyword search using the terms Veteran. In the fall 2013, volume 43, number 2 issue, Vince Emmanule “Vietnam Medal of Honor recipient,” various news stories published in “Stars wrote an article entitled the “Struggle of African American veterans.” and Stripes” appear. The article entitled, “Vietnam: Valor for a lost cause?” In his article, Emmanule listed the struggles of African American vets. features a Vietnam vet who received the MOH. However, for African Americans, the struggles are compounded due to Vietnam Medal of Honor Recipients— http://www.history.army.mil/moh/ the higher rates of unemployment, homelessness, and imprisonment vietnam-a-l.html — is “a service of the U.S. Army Center of Military History.” compared to their white counterparts. Emmanule does not forget female It records Vietnam veterans who received the Medal of Honor (MOH). A MOH African American veterans “who have been sexually assaulted and are veteran can be found by conducting a name. Each citation provides a picture of one of the fastest growing segment of the homeless population within the soldier, the date he or she received the medal, i.e., posthumously, and a short the United States.” continued on page 10 8 Against the Grain / April 2015 InfoSci®-Databases Databases for Progressive Academic Research InfoSci®-Books InfoSci®-Journals A rapidly expanding collection of over 62,000 full-text A rapidly expanding full-text collection of 155+ peer- chapters from over 2,700 scholarly works in over reviewed journals that focus on specialized topics in 200 disciplines relating to business, medicine, over 200 disciplines relating to business, medicine, education, engineering, and technology. engineering, social sciences, and technology.

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2015 Charleston Conference — 35th Annual Issues in Book and Serial Acquisition Call For Papers, Ideas, Conference Themes, Panels, Debates, Diatribes, Speakers, Poster Sessions, Preconferences, etc. ... 2015 Theme — Where Do We Go From Here? Wednesday, November 4, 2015 — Preconferences and Vendor Showcase Thursday-Saturday, November 5-7, 2015 — Main Conference Francis Marion Hotel, Courtyard Marriott Historic District, Embassy Suites Historic District, Charleston, SC Addlestone Library, and School of Science and Mathematics Building, College of Charleston

f you are interested in leading a discussion, acting as a moderator, coordinating a lively lunch, or would like to make sure we discuss a particular topic, please let us know. The Charleston Conference prides itself on creativity, innovation, flexibility, and Iinformality. If there is something you are interested in doing, please try it out on us. We’ll probably love it... The Conference Directors for the 2015 Charleston Conference include — Beth Bernhardt, Principal Director (UNC-Greensboro) , Glenda Alvin , Adam Chesler (Business Expert Press) , Cris Ferguson (Murray State University) , Rachel Fleming (Applachian State University) ,Joyce Dixon-Fyle (DePauw University Libraries) , Tom Gilson (Against the Grain) , Chuck Hamaker , Tony Horava (University of Ottawa) , Albert Joy (Retired) , Ramune Kubilius (Northwestern Health Sciences Library) , Erin Luckett (Readex) , Jack Montgomery (Western Kentucky University) , David Myers (DMedia Associates) , Ann Okerson (Center for Research Libraries) , Audrey Powers (UFS Tampa Library) , Anthony Watkinson (Consultant) , Meg White (Rittenhouse) , Katina Strauch (College of Charleston) , or www.katina.info/conference. Send ideas by July 17, 2015, to any of the Conference Directors listed above. Or to: Katina Strauch, MSC 98, The Citadel, Charleston, SC 29409 • 843-723-3536 (voice) • 843-805-7918 (fax)

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very Collection Management Librarian to give it another year to see if usage picks think use the database the most, explaining our dreads the day of the big budget cut, up. This usually happens because someone funding issues, the cost-per-use of the database, Ebecause it involves a lot fancy footwork has knowledge of an instructor who has an and my proposed plan of action. Sometimes with vendors, faculty, and students. Faculty assignment for that product. In some cases, I this may include the deletion, but it might also have to be given clear explanations as to why will send an alert to the department to let them include a suggestion for another database they the library can no longer purchase the database know that the database is on probation. have not considered, that is more inexpensive, that supports one or two small classes in the For example, the usage statistics demon- but offers similar coverage. Each message al- department, and students have to be informed strated that Nursing Education in Video was ways has a phrase stating that, if the department about alternative means for accessing full barely used by the Nursing faculty, who for wants to retain the database for accreditation text. Database vendors have to be flexible years had been calling about needing money purposes, we will try to follow their wishes. If about what the library can afford in regards for videos. As their liaison, I sent a message to nobody contacts me after a period of time to to expensive databases or bundled databases the entire department stating that the cost per say that that they need the database for research which have barely used components. use appeared to reflect that the database did not or to support their classes, then I proceed with When I am evaluating renewing databases, support their curriculum. The Dean wrote me my plan. If I am offering a substitution, I give I usually look at three components: usage back to say that they would take up the issue them a 30-day trial, asking for comments, and statistics, the program/majors it supports, and at their next department meeting. Sometimes if nobody responds, I send them a reminder accreditation requirements. For the usage this approach works, and sometimes it does not. midway through the trial. statistics, I look at what we collect When there is no response, I am left Asking the sales representative to supply in-house from our ILS and then look wondering what will happen if the statistics is a good strategy, because they at the usage statistics, specifically some faculty member skipped can do the math and see that the database is the full-text downloads, on the the message and then will not that popular. This can often pave the way vendor’s Website. complain later when the for a discussion about a smaller package or a After I have compared database has disappeared. reduction in the renewal price, if the library the usage statistics, I discuss Sometimes new faculty cannot afford the full price. One of my vendors the databases that I intend are hired who used one of offered a 50% reduction on the renewal price, to discontinue with the Li- our discontinued databases rather than smaller package, because we both brary’s Database Committee, at their former institution could see that only one segment of the database which has a cross section of and are upset that we don’t was being used by a small number of patrons. public and technical services provide it, which happened Negotiating with vendors to unbundle their librarians. The committee with two databases. packages, so that the most popular database may agree to the termina- I send an email to all can be retained, can set off a bit of twirling, tions, or they might decide of the departments that I continued on page 18

Bet You Missed It Press Clippings — In the News — Carefully Selected by Your Crack Staff of News Sleuths Column Editor: Bruce Strauch (The Citadel)

Editor’s Note: Hey, are y’all reading this? If you know of an article that should be called to Against the Grain’s attention ... send an email to . We’re listening! — KS

INNER CHILD BATTLES STRESS THRU COLORING GRIM SCANDINAVIA by Bruce Strauch (The Citadel) by Bruce Strauch (The Citadel) Well, I see college hysterics want safe rooms where they can color Let’s read some ghastly tales in a socialist paradise. (1) Maj Sjöwall pictures and view films of frolicking puppy dogs. The French are and Per Wahlöö, Roseanna (standard trope of murder inter- out of ahead of them. Hachette has released Art-Thérapie: 100 upts summer plans) (1965); (2) Henning Mankell, Faceless Coloriages Anti-Stress, and the French are taking to it big time. Killers (elderly couple butchered in remote cabin) (1991); Two million copies sold. They are mandala designs which (3) Jo Nesbø, Police (killing members of a police dept. in seems quite Jungian. way that evokes crime each solved) (2013); (4) John Ajvide Despite non-stop vacations, the French think they are the Lindqvist, Let the Right One In (made into a truly creepy most stressed-out folks on earth. But we come in second. So movie) (2004); (5) Karin Fossum, The Caller (Mom checks Barron’s is releasing art-therapy coloring books. pram and finds baby drenched in blood) (2004). See — William Brennan, Atlantic, “Coloring Books for See — Erik Larson, “Five Best,” The Wall Street Existential Angst,” April 2015, p.33. Journal, March 14-15, 2015, p.C10.

12 Against the Grain / April 2015

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In other related spheres of the academic pearing Stacks? What is Appropriate Disappearing [print] Stacks ... library world, a study done at Murray State is Still the Issue.” from page 1 University Libraries concluded that overall Sue Woodson and Blair Anton, Welch library users are twice as likely to be retained Medical Library, Johns Hopkins Uni- As we repurpose library space once used for at the university as non-library users. In versity, “Update on the Welch Medical print books, we have significantly reduced de- summary, the use of library resources and ser- Library.” veloping our print book collection. Traditional vices increased the odds of retention by 96%, collection development activities have gone Andrea Twiss-Brooks, Mansueto checking out items increased the likelihood of Library, University of Chicago, “The by the wayside, and much of our collection retention by 36%, and logging into electronic development is accomplished via Purchase-on- Joe and Rika Mansueto Library at the resources, particularly later in the semester, University of Chicago.” Demand or Patron-Driven Acquisitions. I can increased the odds of retention by 24%.8 Al- only speculate the reason for this is primarily though electronic resources may be an effective Eric C. Parker and Maribel Hilo due to budgetary considerations. As staffing way to get information to a larger number of Nash, Pritzker Legal Research Cen- levels drop, library budgets are flat, and costs people, reading an eBook may not be the best ter, Northwestern University, “Re- continue to rise, the academic library is faced way to comprehend and retain the information. mote Storage and Pritzker Legal Re- with a situation where the most efficient, expe- search Center — Figuring Out How to Are we developing balanced collections Do More with Less.” ditious, and least costly collection development of print resources and electronic resources in methodology is accomplished by our patrons. an informed manner? Conclusive research Heidi Nickisch Duggan, Mark Ber- Traditional collection development activities needs to be done before it is too late and we endsen, and Mary Anne Zmaczynski, have ceased with a few programmatic excep- disassemble our print collections. There are Northwestern University, “Galter tions. We no longer do business the same way. several facets of this conundrum that need to Library’s Disappearing Stacks.” And yes, I get it. be addressed: balancing our collections; the Our hope is that you find the articles We don’t have books sitting on shelves col- best use of library space; user preferences contained within to be practical, insightful, lecting dust, and we do provide multiple users for eBooks and print books; and the effect of and inspiring. Many thanks are extended to access to books 24/7. It harkens back to the old using electronic and print resources on learning my co-editor Cris Ferguson and Ramune mantra: “just in time” instead of “just in case.” outcomes. With what is known at this point, we Kubilius who coordinated the Chicago But are we supporting the learning process need to approach collection development and librarian authors. most effectively by providing the best library “rightsizing” academic library collections with services and collections for our students? caution. As we repurpose library spaces we In a recent study, Anne Mangen observed need to continually be cognizant of the needs Endnotes that students navigate print books more easily of the communities we serve and effect changes 1. Rebecca Schuman. “Save Our Stacks.” than digitized books, “making it less taxing that support teaching, research, and learning. (Slate. May 12, 2014), http://www.slate. cognitively, so you have more free capacity Maryanne Wolf of Tufts University most com/articles/life/education/2014/05/col- for comprehension.”3 Although the advantages aptly said, “There is a physicality in reading lege_libraries_should_keep_their_books_ of eBooks appear to be obvious (portability, maybe even more than we want to think about in_the_stacks.html. access to books at no charge), the disadvan- as we lurch into digital reading — as we move 2. Suzanne M Ward. Rightsizing the Academic Library Collection. (Chicago: tages of screen-reading may outweigh the forward perhaps with too little reflection. I American Library Association, 2015). advantages: multi-tasking; distractions; less would like to preserve the absolute best of 3. Anne Mangen, Bente R. Walgermo, and navigational control; and skimming rather than older forms, but know when to use the new.”9 4 Kolbjørn Brønnick, “Reading Linear Texts reading content. And to bring this essay full circle, Colby his- on Paper Versus Computer Screen: Effects Is there a substantial difference in students’ tory professor, Rob Weisbrot, said, “While on Reading Comprehension,” International preferences and the effectiveness of learning we laud the impressive advances in digitizing Journal of Educational Research 58 (2013): when using print versus digitized books? Stu- resources, these should supplement, not sub- 61-68, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. dents prefer to read print books for a variety of stitute, for keeping physical texts in the main ijer.2012.12.002. reasons. Their concentration is improved, they library building.”10 4. Naomi S Baron. “The case against e-readers: Why reading paper books is bet- have better understanding of what they read, and In this issue of Against the Grain there are ter for your mind.” (PostEverything. The they have more control of the book. The tactile several articles and opinion pieces about the Washington Post. January 12, 2015), http:// and olfactory experience beyond just, “I like the disappearance of print materials from academic www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/ smell and feel of a book,” plays a significant library collections as well as practical advice wp/2015/01/12/the-case-against-kindle- role in how the information within the book is and case studies about rightsizing collections. why-reading-paper-books-is-better-for- managed by the user. They have the ability to Two articles are from librarians at special li- your-mind-and-body/. navigate the text more easily, flip back to locate braries at Northwestern University (medical 5. Ferris Jabr. “The Reading Brain in the a part of the text they remember, skip ahead, etc.5 and law) in which the remote storage unit, Oak Digital Age: The Science of Paper Versus Grove Library Center, is shared. Screens.” (Scientific American. September Reading patterns are disordered when using 2013), http://www.scientificamerican.com/ new technology such as reading on a screen The authors represent a variety of academic article.cfm?id=reading-paper-screens#. or mobile device. Reading is a linear process libraries. Most of all, we are all passionate 6. Rachel Grate. “Science Has Great News and is disrupted by links and other distractions about this topic and want to share our perspec- For People Who Read Actual Books.” (Arts. which cause us to read in a nonlinear fashion. tives with you. Mic. September 22, 2014), http://mic.com/ Aside from the sentimentality of the tactile ex- articles/99408/science-has-great-news-for- The authors in this issue include the fol- people-who-read-actual-books. perience of holding a book in your hands, how lowing librarians: we navigate a book has a significant effect on 7. Anthea Stratigos, “Being Earnest in the comprehension, focus, memory, and in-depth Audrey Powers, University of South New Normal” (presentation, 34th Annual processing.6 Florida, “No Books, but Everything Charleston Conference, Charleston, SC, Else.” November 6, 2014). At the 2014 Charleston Conference, key- Ann Okerson, Center for Research 8. Adam Murray, “The Punishment for note speaker Anthea Stratigos from Outsell, Dreamers: Big Data, Retention, and Aca- Inc. cited a survey of undergraduate students Libraries, “Books Do Furnish a Room.” demic Libraries.” (presentation, 34th An- in which 86% of the students preferred print Cris Ferguson, Murray State Univer- nual Charleston Conference, Charleston, textbooks over eTextbooks.7 Other studies sity, “A Case for the Use of Collection SC, November 8, 2014). continue to support the premise that ultimately Analysis Tools in Deselection.” 9. Grate, “Science,” Arts.Mic. students prefer the traditional book versus the Jack Montgomery, Western Ken- 10. Schuman, “Save,” Slate. convenient eBook or eTextbook. tucky University Libraries, “Disap-

14 Against the Grain / April 2015 Significantly improved discoverability and searchability

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Discover OSA Publishing at www.osapublishing.org Books Do Furnish a Room by Ann Okerson (Advisor on Electronic Resources Strategy, Center for Research Libraries)

“Books do furnish a room” was the nick- they should best be, as we say nowadays, of a small college’s collection offsite — i.e., name of an Anthony Powell character named “discoverable,” are important questions that about 170,000 volumes. That college’s library Lindsay Bagshaw and provided the title for librarians everywhere are addressing. But it has access for its students and faculty to the full one of the novels of Powell’s A Dance to the is also true that not every book a library owns collections of two other peer colleges within Music of Time. Many of us would agree with needs to be in a traditional open-stack collec- 50 miles and to millions of volumes in all of that lovely sentiment, and there are great uni- tion. Librarians know that better than anyone, the state’s libraries, available for rapid delivery versities who take the maxim seriously. For and we have been building off-site repositories by courier. Gaining access to these millions example, Princeton has had a student center for decades now. These repositories work of items might well be more valuable to the rotunda filled with donated books — one dis- amazingly well. They are college’s community tinguished scholar contributed his set of the less beautiful and inspiring than putting 170,000 flagship journal of a learned society of which than most reading rooms or lower-use items off he had been president. Georgetown houses vast echoing corridors of open campus. The library rarely summoned old periodicals in a gorgeous stack shelving at the heart of a also provides access to space used mainly for formal university events. campus, no question, but they countless numbers of But there are those, including Rebecca often prove as or more useful information resources Shuman in a recent article in Slate, who would and effective, to say nothing of (journals, books, data, make that sentiment an axiom of library design. more economical, than adding government publica- There must be books, she argues, not just so lots of those echoing corridors tions, videos, and so on) people can read them, but because books in- of open stack shelving that in electronic and other duce a reflective and contemplative spirit not fewer users much visit these formats. otherwise easily achieved. The Linonia and days or foregoing other nec- On the basis of Brothers Room in Sterling Library at Yale has essary spaces. much evidence, this proved that for many decades now, offering a Making decisions about college is being very choice collection of important books and great what remains within arm’s well served indeed by old green overstuffed chairs and sofas, whose reach and what waits obedi- its library; and where springs, as you sit on them, still resonate with ently for an automated system there’s controversy over the brilliant minds and gentle snores of earlier to retrieve it in 24 hours more what is undoubtedly a Yalies who studied and reposed there. For all or less is a serious business. complex decision, it’s that, the space is not nearly as heavily used Librarians’ good professional a matter for that com- as spaces with library computers or spaces judgment, good communication, and immense munity to thrash out, not for less-informed that have comfortable and well-wired seating respect for faculty and student concerns all play outsiders to make the object of soap-boxing. areas, with most-heavily used books and study a part. Mistakes can get made, no question, and The Slate article engages in hyperbole and materials in proximity. they should be promptly fixed. emotion, with far too little understanding of The fact is that a collection of codex books Blurted generalities, on the other hand, help what makes a library a library nor of the tough is both a beautiful and useful thing. What no one. In the case of the recent Slate article, space trade-offs that need to be made today at books should be in such a collection and how the complaint was raised about moving 40% our colleges and universities.

A Case for the Use of Collection Analysis Tools in Deselection by Cris Ferguson (Director of Technical Services, 222 Waterfield Library, Murray State University, Murray, KY 42071; Phone: 270-809-5607)

library considers a myriad of factors libraries opt to gather the data for deselection data points under one umbrella, streamlining when undertaking a monographic de- projects on their own, pulling circulation the data gathering and simplifying the anal- Aselection project. The need for space, data from their OPACs, searching WorldCat ysis process, providing tangible benefits for institutional priorities, and the obsolescence of for holdings in other libraries, examining a library. Establishing rules-based weeding materials all play a role in determining what reviews, and investigating online availability criteria alleviates the subjectivity of the col- and how much to remove from the collection. for titles under consideration for weeding. lection analysis and speeds up the deselection Whether items are being withdrawn or simply However, compiling data from these dispa- process. Overall, this approach is more time stored in an off-site facility, the criteria fac- rate sources into a single interface and gener- efficient, expedites overlap and gap analysis toring into the decision as to whether to keep ating functional reports requires a significant within the collection, and facilitates batch a particular item could include circulation and investment of time and manpower. I would processing both of records and materials. in-library use data; reviews and authoritative argue that this manual investigation is often Some examples of collection analy- title lists; availability of the title in eBook inadequate and the cost in terms of the staff sis tools available, both commercial and archives like the HathiTrust; how widely (or time required is simply too high. open source, include OCLC’s WorldShare scarcely) the title is held at other libraries; and A rules-based approach to weeding Collection Evaluation (formerly known as the availability of the item through interlibrary utilizing a collection analysis tool offers a WorldCat Collection Analysis), Sustain- loan or possibly a shared print archive. practical alternative to this time consuming able Collection Services, Bowker’s Book Given that much of this information is investigation and title-by-title analysis. Col- Analysis System, Intota Assessment, GIST freely available, it is not surprising many lection analysis tools bring together several continued on page 18

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Journal_Librarian_AD.indd 1 4/8/15 12:03 PM navigate this type of large-scale analysis by book that was retained, and physical review A Case for the Use of Collection ... normalizing data, matching data points, and was not performed for every item that was from page 16 producing institution-level reports. withdrawn. By basing their weeding de- One of the challenges libraries face in cisions around data and pre-defined rules, Gift and Deselection Manager, INN-Reach the deselection process is establishing ob- GVSU was able to save time and improve Union Catalog, and ProQuest Title Match- jective measures for making reasonable and consistency in their deselection. ing Fast. While these systems vary in their unbiased decisions. A rules-based approach Libraries strive to make the most effec- services and functionality, each is designed to deselection used in conjunction with a tive use of their spaces, and, as part of that to help librarians assess their holdings for collection analysis tool can streamline the effort, it is of the utmost importance to make both collection development and deselection decision-making process. When using a educated, unbiased, and timely decisions purposes.1 rules-based approach to deselection, librar- about our collections. Use of a collection It is important to note that, as a profes- ies “define categories of books that could analysis tool in conjunction with a rules- sion, we are collectively responsible for be withdrawn without title-by-title review, based approach to weeding offers libraries archiving materials and preserving access enabling a batch approach to some weeding an alternative to manual data gathering and to information, but, with improved print decisions.”5 Establishing and adhering to title-by-title analysis. Collection analysis resource sharing and online availability, it clearly defined rules for what should be tools can expedite overlap and gap analysis, is not necessary that every library retain a weeded and what should be kept, it reduces, facilitate batch processing of both records copy of every book. To ensure that libraries if not eliminates, time consuming title-by-ti- and materials, and ultimately speed up the are not all weeding the same titles and that tle analysis. deselection process. Libraries embarking content is archived both in print and electron- In anticipation of a new library as well as on a large-scale deselection project would ically, it is necessary to compare our holdings the implementation of an automated storage be well-served by a collection analysis tool with other libraries and repositories and to and retrieval system, Grand Valley State and the implementation of a rules-based analyze where there are overlaps or gaps in University (GVSU) undertook a weeding decision-making process. our collections. We must have some project in 2009. Working knowledge of what is held by peer with Sustainable Col- institutions, what may be available lection Services (SCS), in shared print archives, and what GVSU established a set Endnotes is available electronically, be- of criteria and used those 1. For more information on individual prod- fore we can decide what we to generate lists of poten- ucts and the services they provide, I would can remove from our own tial weeding candidates. suggest George Machovec’s 2014 article collections. Julie Garrison, Associate in the Journal of Library Administration. While we can certain- Dean of Research and Instruc- Cited below, Machovec’s article provides tional Services at GVSU, information regarding the services provided ly export our holdings by several of the products mentioned in this and the accompanying cited the ability to look at article, as well as some comments on the circulation statistics from their collections through strengths and weaknesses of each. our catalogs, the work many lenses and quickly 2. Rick Lugg. “Data-driven deselection involved in aggregating identifying things that for monographs: a rules-based approach our own data with data from were widely held, but to weeding, storage, and shared print deci- other libraries, WorldCat, or the hadn’t been circulated, as sions.” Insights 25, no. 2 (July 2012): 203. HathiTrust is not insignificant, requiring two of the benefits of us- 3. George Machovec. “Shared Print Ar- batch processes for both retrieval and matching SCS. “With this project, the assumption chiving - Analysis Tools.” Journal of Library ing.2 In a 2014 article in the Journal of was that if a book was a withdrawal candidate Administration 54, no. 1 (2014): 67. Library Administration, George Machovec then it should be withdrawn unless there was 4. Ibid. points out that, while manual comparison a reason to keep the book. The library had 5. Rick Lugg and Ruth Fischer. “Future of title lists is certainly possible, it requires used this method in the past on smaller weed- Tense — The Disapproval Plan: Rules- the expense of substantial effort and time.3 ing projects and found it increased the yield Based Weeding & Storage Decisions,” and seemed to reduce librarian anxiety.”6 Against the Grain v.20#6 (December 2008 Machovec goes on to say, “Except for proj- - January 2009): 74. ects that are small in scope, it is worthwhile Removing more than 30,000 books over 6. Doug Way and Julie Garrison. “Devel- investigating commercial and open source the course of a few summer months, GVSU oping and implementing a disapproval plan.” tools for monographic and serial overlap made several important decisions that helped College and Research Libraries News 74, and gap analysis.”4 Collection analysis tools streamline their project: librarians were no. 6 (June 2013): 285. are specifically designed to help libraries required to provide a rationale for every

wallflower until it expires or weigh the conse- database dance. Each step must be taken Collection Management Matters quences of making changes. In the meantime, with the budget dollars in mind, and you have from page 12 start preparing the faculty for the news that the to be agile enough to find different funding database may disappear next year, so that they streams. Although our Title III funds van- especially when they turn a deaf ear or try to can plan their lessons accordingly. This time ished, we were able to purchase Contentdm convince you that they are giving such a grand can also be used to put alternative measures in and other databases from our technology bargain that it is unwise for you to consider place. When we had to give up a very expen- fund allowance, which is managed by the breaking up the package. Databases are bun- sive STEM database, we discovered that we university’s IT Department. We are hoping dled because some of them do not sell well by had a deposit account, probably initiated by that all of these measures will take us grace- themselves and the usage statistics will sepa- our former dean long ago with a now defunct fully into the next fiscal year. rate the wheat from the chaff, while shining a consortia, that allowed us to order articles from spotlight on what is essential. a deposit account. If there is a contract in place for the data- Planning ahead and evaluating each base, you will more than likely have to be a renewal will keep you gliding along in the

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CBS_60min_3_15.indd 1 3/4/15 4:47:12 PM Disappearing Stacks? What is Appropriate is Still the Issue by Jack Montgomery (Professor, Coordinator, Collection Services, Western Kentucky University Libraries)

t was January 1991 in Cincinnati, Ohio. As we gathered for a fac- I can retire and collect my pension.” ulty meeting, our director, who had recently returned from a new My attempts to reassure her fell on Itechnological innovations meeting, announced: “Every one of you deaf ears, and I was left to wonder needs to update your resume and consider what you will do next with just how effective a librarian this our life. Libraries as you know it with books and journals will be gone individual is going to be with this within two years and a library will simply be a computer on a table.” sense of impending doom constantly This statement had the desired effect of putting many of us into a panic in the back of her mind. and we were stressed about it for quite some time till we realized the Let me also state that I am not level of hyperbole in her statement. As of the time of this article this a Luddite in any sense of the word library, as well as many others, has changed in terms of organization with regard to the growing role of and focus, and yet continues to serve its patrons and community in a technology in the library and, as an dynamic and meaningful manner some twenty-three years later with example, have fully embraced the eBook as a library resource whose both paper and electronic resources. time has arrived. When considering the role of paper resources and This story is appropriate to illustrate a point concerning the man- digital innovations it is critical not to look at the issue in terms of agerial issues surrounding the presence, organizational focus, and the print versus electronic, but as print and electronic resources for the ever-expanding future of print and electronic resources within the library foreseeable future. eBooks, as an example, began as a movement in organization. Often when I attend professional meetings and Webinars, the 1971 with Project Gutenberg, the first producer of free eBooks, I hear echoes of that director’s hyperbole that are designed to motivate, which over time has developed into the valuable resource it is today promote, and propel library organizations into a particular stance with with over 46,000 eBooks available. While an impressive effort, regard to certain products and innovative practices. We hear stories their public domain holdings do not begin to answer the needs of an about libraries that have no paper books, no stacks, and so forth. These academic university community and must continue to be considered newly established institutions are heralded as the way of the future. a supplementary resource. My point is quite simple: We, as institu- The immediate effect on the gullible is one of panic and upset and an tions, have not reached the stage of development where any electronic overwhelming sense of dread. As one colleague said to me last week, resources on the market today can begin to meet the informational “I think we (the library) are doomed. I am just trying to survive until continued on page 20

Against the Grain / April 2015 19 the product or innovation they are promoting. librarians and staff I ask to make this Disappearing Stacks? What is ... A clear sign of their heralding is the dismissal product or program a success? Will from page 19 of reasonable questions and an unwillingness they need some form of additional to discuss the reservations regarding what they training and/or organizational refo- needs of our patron population, even if money are proposing. cusing? What sort of promotional was not a consideration and we could afford At the famous Charleston Conference campaign will be required to ensure them. This may not be the case with certain some years ago, I heard a colleague and friend acceptance and adequate usage? specially-focused libraries whose needs can pontificating at length about the supposed Remember that with the continued be met solely with digital resources. Once success of a certain managerial strategy at his evolution of electronic resources, more, each institution must decide for itself institution. Upon closer examination, I learned we as institutions are moving away what is appropriate for them. that this innovative strategy had been imple- from a passive relationship with our What we do need when deciding the future mented less than three months before being patrons to an active, dynamic, en- investment in paper resources is impartial, heralded as a success. My friend admitted that gaged posture with lightening speed. non-political, reasoned decision-making be- this was the case and that his enthusiasm for 4. What other resources can I develop if cause the consequences are sweeping and, to the program has perhaps caused him to claim funds not spent on print resources are an extent, final. Once those paper resources success prematurely. I suggested that a year’s made available? As an example, in- are gone and only digital resources remain, the implementation followed by an objective stitutional repositories are a valuable institution has become financially indentured analysis before claiming success was a more supplement to any library’s holdings, to the electronic provider and dependent upon prudent strategy. Managerial strategies are and should be developed wherever their goodwill with regard to future pricing, proven valid by their longevity. possible and practical. maintenance, and customer service. The final- 5. Am I basing my decisions on real ity of these decisions should not paralyze the The ancient Roman statesman Marcus Tullius Cicero once said: “Never go to excess, data from reliable, objective resourc- decision making however, but make the comes? Where did I hear of this product? mitment and subsequent business “marriage” but let moderation be your guide.” We need to listen to new and innovative ideas and products How many institutions have actually of library and vendor a sober and carefully implemented this product? Will the formulated romance. and access their value in terms of our particular library organization. We need to be able to vendor allow me to speak with them? What we do not need in these discussions freely question these ideas in order to distin- Am I reacting to this innovation on are overstated generalities, parroted ideas, guish actual facts from sweeping generalities impulse, out of fear, or as a carefully pontification, and lemming-like followership and hyperbole. Behind all of our thinking must considered option? Am I making a by those who are unable or unwilling to provide be the following questions: decision based on what I know of true institutional leadership. It is interesting to my particular environment or am I 1. First and foremost: Is this product note that the common image of lemmings stam- simply chasing a trend? peding to their deaths over a cliff in a suicidal or idea appropriate for my particular institution? If I reduce the number As you can see, most of this little piece frenzy was an event staged by Disney studios does not deal with the pros and cons of paper for dramatic effect in a wildlife documentary of titles on my shelves, how will my institutional accreditation be affected? and digital resources or the future of the stack- called “White Wilderness” in 1958. In reality based library, but on the process of decision the lemmings were herded and driven over the 2. Do I really know what my patron making regarding these important managerial cliff as cameras rolled. Aside from the animal population wants or needs? Have I decisions. While we all can gather data, print cruelty and the moral depravity of this action, made any effort to find out? You may reports, and construct policies, many of us it has fostered a myth that however inaccurate, think you know the answer to this may not have adequate background in the sort has endured and become a cultural image of question, but remember those needs of decision-making required to successfully how easily groups of these rodents and their may have changed over time. What implement the changes this type of innovation human counterparts can be manipulated into does my institution’s circulation engenders. As a library director once remarked a disastrous scenario. data indicate about the actual usage to me after one of my managerial seminars: Simply following the latest trend does not of my print collection? How does it “Any director can buy new furniture, and invest necessarily serve the needs of the patrons of compare to the usage of my digital in the trendy products of the day, but it takes our particular institution. Also, libraries do not resources? How long have these real skill and leadership to analyze, make de- need to have our institutional and managerial e-resources been implemented and do cisions, and implement those innovations that decisions be directed by those with a financial I have enough reliable data on their are appropriate for your particular institution or political interest in a particular product or usage to do an accurate comparison? and follow through afterwards.” agenda. We also need to listen with a critical 3. What impact can I expect from the ear to any librarian who appears to have an implementation of such a product Bibliography evangelical zeal for a certain product or strate- or innovation? What sorts of patron http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/ gy. These librarian “heralds” have been around populations will be impacted? What quotes/m/marcustull134884.html#e3dZL- for quite some time and while sincere and char- will be the potential organizational Di5dcsyU1Bv.99 ismatic, may not have a full understanding of impact of this innovation on those

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www.igi-global.com Sign up at www.igi-global.com/newsletters facebook.com/igiglobal twitter.com/igiglobal Update on the Welch Medical Library by Sue Woodson (Welch Medical Library, Johns Hopkins University) and Blair Anton (Welch Medical Library, Johns Hopkins University)

his brief communication updates a pre- appeared completely, however. Print books careful recommendations about what to keep sentation given at the 2010 Charleston can be requested via the catalog and are then and what to weed. TConference that described, in part, delivered to and retrieved from a user’s office In addition to changes in the weeding Welch Medical Library’s journey to an on campus. Recently Hopkins joined the project, library staff have been re-located; all-electronic collection. The Welch journal Borrow Direct program, and, as a result, the the Welch building has been repaired and collection was then almost entirely online, collection of shared print materials available renovated; and a new academic center has and the next goal was to remove up to 80% to Welch users has grown enormously. been moved into its ground floor. The West of the print collection that duplicated those After weeding slightly more than 80,000 Reading Room, home to the famous portrait online holdings. Staff developed criteria volumes, Welch stopped to consult with a of the Four Doctors, was refurnished to fa- for selecting titles to withdraw (e.g., out- committee of users from across the medi- cilitate quiet study, and serve as a space for of-scope works and or those that duplicated cal campus about the future of the Welch lectures, or a hall where up to 100 people our electronic holdings building. In response to could dine. A handicap-accessible bathroom but were also this committee’s was installed to meet building codes. The held in trusted work the de- East Reading Room was renovated to create third-party ar- cision was inviting areas for individual and group study. chives like the made to Long-deferred repairs and upgrades were National Library pause the made. Energy-efficient windows replaced of Medicine and Portico.) weeding single-pane ones on three sides of the build- A temporary staff member project for ing, two leaking skylights were repaired, and was hired to help with the extra work. now. Neverthe- many electrical outlets were added for users She and cataloging staff began identifying less Welch staff continue to generate lists of who bring their laptops and other devices and removing the appropriate titles and then titles for expected future removal. We believe needing to recharge. correcting the catalog records to reflect the that eventually Welch will be asked to remove removal. The renovated Welch building has once the print collection from the building. We again become a favorite site for events on Four years later Welch has moved even have seen this occur in other academic med- campus. The Welch Library continues to closer to an all-electronic collection. We ical libraries. The print collection requires grow its collections and services, delivering have only six current journal subscriptions valuable space in a grand building on a large, them wherever our users are. in print format and spend less than .2% of crowded, decentralized medical campus. Our our budget on print books. Print has not dis- proactive efforts now will allow us to make

The Joe and Rika Mansueto Library at the University of Chicago by Andrea Twiss-Brooks (University of Chicago Library)

eginning more than a decade ago, the is what the previous Library Director, Judith University of Chicago Library began Nadler wrote: Ba planning process to address the need “Mass digitization leads users to collec- for additional shelving space for collections. tions; it does not take their place. As Planning included involvement by library companies such as Google and libraries staff, University faculty and administration, around the world digitize a growing and other stakeholders and culminated in the proportion of books and make them construction of the Joe and Rika Mansueto searchable online, such search results Library, a storage library, which was dedicated will increasingly point the way to our on October 18, 2011.1 With the opening of this rich print collection, fueling scholarly facility, the University demonstrated a commit- demand for access to these materials.”2 ment to keep the print collections on campus The new Mansueto Library uses state-of- for the next few decades. Peer institutions the-art robotic storage and retrieval technology have chosen to move significant volumes of to house up to 3.5 million volumes (or the materials to off-site storage facilities when equivalent in archival boxes or other formats) faced with capacity issues; local opinion held of material in high-density storage space, The Library also wanted selections which could that this solution would impede scholarly re- providing scholars with delivery turnaround be easily explained to library users, as well as search. While faculty at the University value times of 15 minutes. The selection of materials selections that provided a large volume of ma- the availability of large full-text databases like shelved in the Mansueto Library is focused terial which could be identified and processed HathiTrust, online journal subscriptions, and on those whose removal from the browsable in a timely fashion. During the first year of commercial eBook offerings, in at least some shelving in the University of Chicago’s five operation several hundred thousand volumes disciplines these resources are not viewed as campus libraries will have the most limited or were transferred from various campus libraries. replacements to on-site print collections. This controllable effects on research and teaching. continued on page 23

22 Against the Grain / April 2015 Remote Storage and Pritzker Legal Research Center — Figuring Out How to Do More with Less by Eric C. Parker (Northwestern University, Pritzker Legal Research Center) and Maribel Hilo Nash (Northwestern University, Pritzker Legal Research Center)

Getting Ready and Beginning Work umes stored in our basement would need to be the stacks to our loading dock each week by Pritzker Legal Research Center is the moved to allow construction crews access to a facilities staff, which also drops off empty library for Northwestern University School particular area. In our 2011 plan, we had identi- totes in the stacks. of Law (“Northwestern Law”). As with many fied these volumes to send off-site. These were In some cases, the staff use a laptop and long-established libraries, we hold many older sent during a three-week period in February portable barcode scanner to create the files print materials, a significant portion of which and March, 2014. Later that spring, the Galter of scanned barcodes that are emailed to be are now reliably available electronically. The Health Sciences Library completed sending processed. In others, staff members pack the library expects to renovate its physical space, its weekly loads to Oak Grove, freeing up entire run without scanning, and the necessary though that will likely entail a smaller footprint system capacity for Pritzker to begin sending database work is done with a related piece of and less stack capacity. materials. Following our 2011 plan, we have software making batch changes to Voyager. In late 2010, the then-Associate Dean for been sending weekly loads of materials since The first approach works best when picking Information Services asked our librarians to June, 2014, with occasional breaks. non-sequential volumes from an area (such as a portion of the monographs). The second develop a plan detailing which materials would Specifics on Doing the Work move off-site were the library to reduce its approach works better when an entire run of shelving capacity by up to 55%. In late spring, Because we need to prepare weekly ship- a serial is being sent off-site. 2011, the librarians completed the plan, which ments with a lean staff, we have found a few There is typically a bit of cleanup work consists of a series of rules for what to keep on- ways to achieve maximum efficiencies. to do after the data are processed. However, site and what to move to remote storage. The First, our University Library colleague this takes relatively little time compared to rules vary a bit from collection to collection Gary Strawn helped us by modifying the moving volumes and processing them one- within the library, but by and large they say Oak Grove Assistant pro- by-one at a work- to send off-site: gram he developed for station, and has al- 1. those print materials which do not Northwestern’s internal lowed Pritzker to require extensive browsing, and for use with Voyager. The continue work on which there is reliable electronic modifications allow us an important project access; and to change item records through a period of in bulk by having Oak lean staffing and 2. many older materials (regardless of Grove Assistant process staff turnover. electronic access) which have seen .txt files of scanned bar- little use in the past 20 years. We estimate our codes rather than scan- Oak Grove proj- While Pritzker planned, the University ning barcodes one-by- ect will take about was building the first module of its Oak one into the program. three years total to Grove Library Center, which opened in late Second, we decided to complete. At the fall, 2011. During the facility’s first two years minimize the handling end of that time, we of operation, the University Library and the of materials. With the expect to have on Galter Health Sciences Library sent mate- software modifications site a more compact rials there. (A similar deselection project at discussed above, we and fresher-appearing collection that the Galter Health Sciences Library is also could pack the materials will be of greater use to our patrons, detailed in this issue.) into totes in the stacks, while allowing for changes to library As a construction project at Northwestern instead of moving all vol- space that accommodate contemporary Law was about to break ground in spring, 2014, umes on trucks to a workstation for scanning usage patterns. Pritzker became aware that about 5,000 vol- and packing. The filled totes are moved from

of bound serials volumes, with highest priority in Mansueto, and, while not directly related The Joe and Rika Mansueto ... being those available as online full-text equiv- to its function as a storage library, a grand from page 22 alents or well indexed in online databases. In reading room “under the dome” provides a addition, extremely large oversized volumes unique environment for consulting materials A number of selection options were considered: (aka “elephant folios”) and archival materials, from the collection or for other scholarly work selecting clusters of subject-related materials which also are of limited value for browsing, or study and has become a popular destination in areas of low research/teaching interest, se- are located on special racks in the facility. for students on campus. lecting duplicates and closely related editions, As of June 30, 2014 the Mansueto Library selecting materials by format or type which contained nearly 1.2 million items. do not have close subject classification (e.g., In addition to providing greatly expanded Endnotes dissertations, microforms, etc.), transferring shelving capacity, the construction of the 1. http://mansueto.lib.uchicago.edu/ materials that were already shelved in non- Mansueto Library provided space for library 2. The Joe and Rika Mansueto Library: browsable locations, and transferring bound services and for scholars and students. A Director’s Message http://mansueto.lib. serial volumes from library stacks. After much state of the art conservation laboratory and uchicago.edu/director.html (accessed Feb. discussion and consultation with faculty advi- space for the Library’s digital preservation 19, 2015). sors, the Library chose to focus on the transfer program staff and equipment were included

Against the Grain / April 2015 23 Galter Library’s Disappearing Stacks by Heidi Nickisch Duggan (Galter Health Sciences Library, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine) and Mark Berendsen (Galter Health Sciences Library, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine) and Mary Anne Zmaczynski (Galter Health Sciences Library, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine)

orthwestern University’s Galter Ultimately, we kept the following print as those items that were damaged, missing Health Sciences Library is located collections on site, numbering fewer than barcodes, and the like. We intend to continue Non an urban, population-dense campus 20,000 volumes: sending older materials to OGLC, albeit in in Chicago. The Chicago campus includes • Course reserve books at the circula- much smaller shipments, yearly or bi-yearly. an academic medical center and law school. tion desk There is no intention at this time, however, In 2001, Northwestern University Library • Reference collection books to weed the OGLC collections in the future. completed the 12,000 square foot Oak Grove • A current, five-year collection of We were interested to see what impact, if Library Center (OGLC), a state-of-the-art print monographs any, our disappearing stacks project would off-site, high-density storage facility with the • Rare books and internal medical have on our patrons. We were careful to initial capacity to house nearly two million communicate project goals and status clearly items. Shortly thereafter, we made plans to school publications not available electronically to be used for histor- and frequently with our users via newsletter move the majority of our print collections in and Website articles, informing them why we order to create space to better meet critical user ical reference in the Special Collec- tions department were moving our collections, and reassuring needs and plan for a future library renovation. them that item recall from OGLC was not only At that time, our collection exceeded 205,000 • High-use books (i.e., Atlases, statistical manuals, seminal textbooks) possible, but swift. print volumes. Unlike some other medical Items housed at OGLC are currently avail- The materials selected for off-site storage libraries, we had strong support from our able for document delivery and interlibrary included: administration to re-purpose stack space into loan, and currently make up about 45% of our vibrant, flexible, and active learning space, and • Theses and dissertations total ILL/DD volume. The ILL/DD department were under no threat of reduced square footage. • Print monograph collections 1800- sends article requests to the OGLC staff who Like our peers, we had already been transi- 2005 then scan the articles and deliver tioning our collections from print to electronic • Print journal volumes them directly to the patron; books format. Our users prefer to access information All collection moves were are delivered to our library within from any location, so an emphasis on elec- coordinated with the Evanston a day or two and are available tronic delivery, whether through more robust campus libraries. Galter and for pickup by the patron or are licensing or interlibrary loan, was required. OGLC staff jointly determined mailed to the requesting library. As the demand for electronic access grew, the a move schedule based on Monographs that are requested use of the print collections, particularly print how many volumes OGLC by local users more than once journals, waned. could process from the various are deemed “higher use” and The Galter staff, particularly our Collec- university libraries as well relocated to the Galter stacks. tion Management Department and Reference as how quickly our own staff This occurs extremely rarely, Teams, engaged in a planning process to de- could prepare a shipment. We however. termine which materials to keep on site, which ultimately sent one shipment In truth, there has been no to move, and how to manage materials that of 104 tote boxes per week for hue and cry for the print stacks, didn’t fit either category. Our User Services approximately 20 months. We our electronic collections receive Department staff were critical to our ability to developed procedures for problem items we more use than ever, and users are genuinely in- actually put plans into action. could not immediately send to OGLC, such terested in future plans for the library space.

Rumors University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, book review column for ATG in September. NB, Canada) “Time for Reflection?: Digital Regina was our ATG Star of the Week, Sep- from page 20 Text and the Emerging Paper Divide.” tember 6, 2012. We linked to the Michael Rosenwald http://www.against-the-grain.com/2015/03/ http://www.against-the-grain.com/2012/09/ article on Digital Native prefer reading in v27-1-time-for-reflection/ atg-star-of-the-week-regina-gong-head-of- print on the ATG Newschannel. Read Mark A small note here, speaking of anniversa- technical-services-systems-lansing-communi- Herring’s take (The Moving Finger …) in ries. Two wonderful ATGers deserve some ty-college-library/ this issue, p.71. kudos. Tom Gilson just celebrated four years Bob Holley just returned from ACRL and Very relevant here is the print February at ATG! Wow! And Deb Vaughn (with her has a mix of random ramblings to share with issue of ATG guest edited by Tony Horava fourth child!) has been a book reviewer for us. The random rambling that struck me the (who by the way just celebrated 20 years at ATG for over 15 years! Wow again! Where most was the one about increased standards for UOttawa!) — Reading in a Digital Age: does the time go? tenure and promotion. Sitting on faculty tenure Issues and Opportunities — Part One. Part I don’t believe we told y’all that the incred- and promotion committees, I have to agree with Two is coming up in June. Here is a link to just ibly upbeat Regina Gong (Head of Technical Bob’s assertion that many dedicated faculty one of the fascinating articles in that issue by Services & Systems, Lansing Community decide to focus less on quality than quantity Barry Cull (Information Services Librarian, College Library) will begin coordinating the continued on page 37

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Powered by photonics Visit www.SDLinfo.org for information on subscribing 26 Against theGrain / April 2015 Op Ed — Opinions and Editorials A choose, carry on a conversation over a truly veryfew. You can,shouldyou phones, purely analog in character, are pockets today and even the first cellular data-ravenous devices wecarryinour between the digital, network-connected, gone over this before. The similarities We’ve “…phone.” plus “Tele…” it: cause youspoke over adistance with reminiscent ofacowboyboot. ing tothe side hisface a device largely the first cellular phone call in 1973, hold- the fellowfromMotorola whoplaced your wrist. You’d lookaboutascool on a chain around your neck, never mind on top.Imagine wearing oneofthose alarmclock with the two bells mother’s top —whoopsImean modern alarmclockwiththetwobellson ofatimepieces wereaboutthesize track oftheir“watches.” century sailors using a timepiece to keep to keeptrackoftheirshifts;orb)17th timepiece a used who (watchman, ce” ther to;a)theOldEnglishword“woec- word “watch” to refer to a timepiece ei- Wikipedia credits thederivationof “watches” appeared in the 17th century. Smartwatch)? “Premium” device. all acknowledgewillcertainlybea aspires toconsiderationnextwhat it if be, must had it because Looking,” product differentiation, and “Premium- for “Round-Dial,” Smartwatch.” least, a“Round-Dial,Premium-Looking very “Apple Watchthe at requires, it ,” of battleanythingcalled simply the seriousness of the emergence on the field the battle linesdrawn:toconfrontthe Premium-Looking Smartwatch.” We see “Round-Dial, modifiers, several with “ modifier, single a with once headline, The word “watch” appears twice in that the moment,let’s considerthesecond. this morning: topic, pulled directly from Google News a timepiece? It is,arguably, atimepiece. Wait. Isit The objectofthis Thud andBlunder? by MichaelP. Pelikan(PennState) Op Ed—DefinedbyFormFactor ,” then a second time second a then Apple Watch,” But that wasa phone,right? Be At any event, those first portable The first devices referred to as But whatisawatch(letalone for aside headline first that Leaving um-Looking Smartwatch” Watch With Round-Dial, Premi- “ gic ripple effects of a big splash” “Apple Watch showsthe strate A couple of the top headlines on the Xiaomi agog (itscustomaryposture). breathlessly is “Webisphere” t thetimeofthiswriting, to Take onApple , yourGrand- - - Wikipedia citesstatementsbyJohn was the Pulsar the timingofallevents. Seiko quartz movements were used for 1964 Tokyo SummerOlympics,atwhich resulted in the unveiling, in time for the a mechanical movement with hands frequency. Coupling this regulator to Such avibrationisatverystable crystal usingthepiezoelectriceffect. governed by the vibration of a quartz the developmentofawatchmovement company call Epson for Project 59A, order with a newly formed daughter until 1959, the year Seiko cy innavigationalcalculation. extended asaresultofBritishascendan- site through whichthe Prime Meridian Pounds Sterling. Greenwichbecamethe £23,065 —in18thcenturyBritish etary awardsfromParliamenttotaling lifetime,Harrison his invention fall intoSpanishhands.Over so testingcouldnottakeplace, lest the Spain (the War of Austrian Succession), on-land testing,Britain was atwarwith Sea Clockwasreadytotakebeyond lent of a State Secret: when his second son’s workwaselevated to the equiva “Sea Clocks.” Clocks.” “Sea century, ofaseries 18th the of half first the John Harrison,during by thedevelopment ter, adesperateneedmet longitude bychronome enabling calculation of of globalnavigation, by ered in a new method of technology that ush- also the central piece day tominutes per day. Itwas error intimekeepingfromhoursper change resulted in reducing mechanical That Hooke or ChristiaanHuygens. balance wheel,creditedtoeitherRobert tion, in1657,ofthebalancespringto battery inyourwatch. your Smartwatchlastingaslongthe your watch. Wait. I mean, the battery in would last as long as, say, the battery in phone, oryourtablet,laptop,that be a battery foryourwatch, oryour “revolutionary.” “Revolutionary” would tary abouthowthenewtechnologyis when the ether is suffused with commen watch eachandeverynight. phone, you’llhavetocharge- yourSmart and nobody calls that a phone, do they? you canalsowithmylaptopcomputer— so but “phone,” today’s with distance The firstdigitalelectronicwatch Watch designremainedrecognizable “Revolutionary” was the introduc- the was “Revolutionary” And that’s somethingtokeepinmind One certainty:justaswithyour , prototyped in 1970. Harri- - receivedmon- placed an - - interface design. Properlydone,afresh opportunity) theypresentinterms ofuser worth considering is the challenge(or it allworksout. Near Field connection. We’ll see how side-long connection over Bluetooth or this. Maybethese devices will set upa point connection.Imaybewrongabout than oversomeshort-distance,point-to- they’ll say it over the network, rather if they’resomethingtosayeachother, will requirenetworkaccess—indeed, both yourSmartwatch and yourphone solution. No, I would say, as envisioned, only alimited, short-term, non-optimal that wouldberegarded,Iguess,as access —yourphone,forexample. But relies onsomeotherdevicefornetwork The only way thiswon’t be true is if it as you, or at least, as “your” Smartwatch. that meansit’s goingtobeonthenetwork going to need to know whom it serves — to neednetworkconnectivity. It’s also excuse me, that “Smartwatch,” is going 2-Way Wrist TV. design wassupplantedin1964bythe influential hugely Tracy.This Dick by used and worn Radio” Wrist “2-way forward time keepers, and little or noth- to Wikipedia. Pulsar brand sold to “…saw reduced to $10in1976,ayearwhich, digital watch inaplastic case for$20, Instrument introducedamass-produced pretty, atleastuntil1975,whenTexas mast.” the “before were outofreachforthoseusserving displayed thetime ofday. Suchtrinkets $2,100. It had a red LED display, and gold, fortheentirelyreasonablesumof available on April 4,1972,in18-carat first in the film digital clock that Hamilton made foruse he wasinspiredbythethen-futuristic Company’s Bergey Another aspectofwearabledevices watch, that potential, its fulfill To But all of these devices were straight watch became commercially Pulsar watchbecamecommercially , headoftheHamiltonWatch Pulsar lose$6million and the . The 2001, A SpaceOdyssey. Pulsar division, as saying uary 13,1946,ofthe the introduction, on Jan- very leastmatchedby clock in2001isatthe uct design. The digital prod- on fiction of ence steps forward. ary, ifnotrevolutionary, were eachevolution- Datalink watch? These How abouttheTimex Casio calculator watch? ing more. Remember the Note also the influ- the also Note continued onpage 27 Pulsar wassitting ,” according Seiko,” - Op Ed from page 26 Collecting to the Core — Classic approach to how a user interacts with a Ethnographies device can extend to overthrow common conceptions about what a user can do by Janet L. Steins (Associate Librarian for Collections, Tozzer Library, Harvard with a device. In the case of a comput- University; Anthropology Editor, Resources for College Libraries) er on your wrist, and in the context of Against the Grain, the first thing that Column Editor: Anne Doherty (Resources for College Libraries Project Editor, comes to mind is text-to-voice. eBooks CHOICE/ACRL) are tiny, and use very little bandwidth in comparison with the depth and richness Column Editor’s Note: The “Collecting to globe, representing communities in Africa, East of their content (excluding a number of the Core” column highlights monographic works and Southeast Asia, North America, and South popular bestsellers, that is). Perhaps the that are essential to the academic library within America. rise of the worn device will usher in a a particular discipline, inspired by the Resources The first two ethnographies focus on indig- fresh look at the licensing of text-to- for College Libraries bibliography (online at enous peoples of North America. The Central voice as a mode for content presentation. http://www.rclweb.net). In each essay, subject Eskimo (1888) by Franz Boas dates from an- Don’t be misled, however. Today’s specialists introduce and explain the classic titles thropology’s earliest years as a distinct discipline headlines also speak of Apple’s efforts and topics that continue to remain relevant to the (ethnography being previously within the purview to stand up a television service. Does undergraduate curriculum and library collection. of academic departments such as geography or anyone think, if today’s high school and natural philosophy).2 Boas, often considered the college student adopt “Smartwatches” to Disciplinary trends may shift, but some classics never go out of style. — AD father of American anthropology, studied physics the extent they’ve adopted cell phones, and geography in his native Germany and pub- that they won’t be watching YouTube on lished on a wide range of anthropological subjects them? And that brings us to networking Ethnographies are the primary literature of over a long career. He first encountered the Inuit — not what you do on Linked-In, but social and cultural anthropology. Ethnography is (as they are now called) on an expedition to chart what those administrators run at your also the term used to describe the process, prac- Baffin Island, Canada, and The Central Eskimo company or in your building. tices, and methods used by social anthropologists appeared as part of the Smithsonian Institution’s “Fashion disaster: What the launch performing the fieldwork that results in published 6th Annual Report covering 1866-67. Alfred L. of Apple Watch could mean for the ethnographies. Traditionally, anthropological Kroeber trained in the anthropology program health of your network” fieldwork took place in small-scale, non-western at Columbia University under the direction of This last one is the headline on a societies (a village or a tribal community), while Franz Boas, earning the first PhD awarded in the thoughtful article by Jeremy Cowan today such research may take place in virtually department in 1901. Kroeber’s The Arapaho, on the m2mnow.com Website. any community, even an urban one not unfamiliar which first appeared in a four-part journal article to the ethnographer. The study of any definable from 1902 to 1907, was a published version of Cowan is a network administrator. community may produce an anthropological his doctoral dissertation.3 It is interesting to note “Keeping networks up and running is ethnography, whether that community has a that both of these early ethnographies were not my business, and so anything that will defined border (such as an inner-city originally published as “stand-alone” connect to them piques my interest,” neighborhood undergoing gentrifica- monographs, but rather as articles says Cowan. He cites a recent survey tion, a military school, or a religious produced by major U.S. ethno- of European businesses in which 36% of congregation) or not (a multiconti- graphic museums. The same was those business polled expect “wearable nental diasporic community). And true for the many ethnographic technology” to come into the workplace while ethnographic fieldwork was treatises coming out of the great this year, but, he notes, “Only 13% of once practiced almost exclusively national museums of Europe in the IT professionals we spoke to have by anthropologists, it is now used the mid- to late-19th century. given consideration to how this will by researchers in a wide array of affect their IT policies.” Crossing the Pacific Ocean, disciplines in the social sciences the next three ethnographies It is a telling fact that around a third (economics, political science, com- are from Southeast Asia, Mel- of those surveyed expect “wearable munications, and public health, to anesia, and Polynesia. A.R. technology” to connect to their networks name a few). In his very useful Radcliffe-Brown was a British this year. Surely, more than a third of article “Ethnography” in the Inter- social anthropologist who stud- them have had reason to be familiar with national Encyclopedia of the Social ied a number of different soci- issues surrounding “BYOD” (Bring & Behavioral Sciences, linguistic an- eties. His earliest ethnographic Your Own Device). And yet only 16% thropologist Michael H. Agar discusses fieldwork took him to the Bay of have given any thought to how a sig- whether “the many ‘ethnography-like’ Bengal between India and Myanmar and resulted nificant bump in the number of devices approaches in other fields should be considered 1 in his first major ethnography, The Andaman Is- trying to access their networks may acceptable or not.” Regardless of the debate sur- landers, published in 1922.4 Radcliffe-Brown is effect network administration. What rounding the use of ethnographic methods in other considered a founder of structural functionalism, a will happen when folks want to open a disciplines, this article focuses on eleven classic framework for theory-building that looks at social Skype session on their Smartwatch, or ethnographies written by anthropologists and structures and social functions. Bronislaw Ma- watch YouTube, or watch the Olympics? based on anthropological ethnographic fieldwork. linowski was a Polish anthropologist who trained The only consolation may be in Before anthropologists embarked on field- at the London School of Economics. Specializing headlines like this last one: work, readers had only anecdotal cultural reports in economic anthropology, he studied traditional “Apple Inc.’s Watch Not on produced by travel writers, journalists, and mis- exchange systems in Australia and the Trobriand Shopping List of Most Ameri- sionaries. The authors of the works described in Islands, part of New Guinea. The latter resulted in cans, According To Poll.” this essay, however, were more than just visitors his classic ethnography Argonauts of the Western to their selected communities; rather, they became Pacific, published in 1922 and reprinted many deeply embedded within them. These ethnogra- times since then, most recently in 2014 with a new phies span 80 years of scholarly publishing and introduction by Adam Kuper.5 The next classic are discussed in order of their original publication ethnography — Coming of Age in Samoa (1928) from 1888 to 1969. They also range across the continued on page 28 Against the Grain / April 2015 27 Ya̦ nomamö: The Fierce People, written by Collecting to the Core Napoleon A. Chagnon and published in 1968, Endnotes from page 27 details the culture and lives of South America’s 1. Agar, Michael H. “Ethnography.” In- indigenous Yanomamö group.13 Chagnon, the ternational Encyclopedia of the Social & — was produced by Margaret Mead, one of only one of the 11 ethnographers discussed here Behavioral Sciences. New York: Elsevier, anthropology’s earliest public intellectuals.6 still living, continues to work in the Amazon 2001.* Like Kroeber, Mead was a student of Franz rain forest among the Yanomamö, though not 2. Boas, Franz. The Central Eskimo. An- Boas at Columbia, and Boas contributed the without criticism. In 2000 journalist Patrick nual report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, preface to the first edition. Reprinted many Tierney wrote a harsh exposé of Chagnon’s 14 vol. 6. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govt. Print. times, it most recently appeared in 2001 with work which still reverberates today. Chag- Office, 1888. 399–669.* introductions by Mary Pipher and by Mead’s non countered in 2013 with Noble Savages: Note: This work was published in mono- daughter, the anthropologist Mary Catherine My Life among Two Dangerous Tribes — the graphic form in 1964 by the University of Bateson. Mead’s observations in Coming Yanomamö and the Anthropologists, which Nebraska Press with an introduction by of Age in Samoa detailed adolescents’ sexual is recommended in part because Chagnon’s Henry Bascom Collins, another Smith- lives and were based on informant accounts, original ethnography continues to be included sonian Institution researcher who was a the reliability of which has stirred debate in on many reading lists for undergraduate an- lifelong student of the Inuit. recent decades and generated criticism by at thropology classes.15 3. Kroeber, Alfred. The Arapaho. Bulle- least one scholar.7 tin of the American Museum of Natural The world of the Pueblo peoples of the History, vol. 18. New York: Knickerbocker Turning to Africa, the first of two classic American southwest is the subject of the last Press, 1902-1907.* ethnographies is Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic 8 classic ethnography, Alfonso Ortiz’s The Note: The Arapaho was reprinted in 1983 among the Azande, by E. E. Evans-Pritchard. Tewa World.16 Considered a landmark in the by the University of Nebraska Press as a The Azande are an ethnic group living today anthropology of the Rio Grande Pueblos, this monograph, with an introduction by Fred in several Central African countries. Evans- title has retained its scholarly value more than Eggan. Pritchard arrived among them in 1926 to do four decades after its original 1969 publication. 4. Radcliffe-Brown, A.R. The Andaman fieldwork for his PhD dissertation at theLondon Like Kenyatta above, Ortiz was a member Islanders: A Study in Social Anthropology. School of Economics. His ethnography was of the society he studied and faced some Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1922. published in 1937 and reprinted numerous criticism for allowing outsiders to learn about times, most recently in 1976. The next 5. Malinowski, Bronislaw. Argonauts of Pueblo rituals and sacred practices. The Tewa the Western Pacific: An Account of Native African ethnography, Facing Mount Kenya: Pueblo that Ortiz wrote about had been long The Tribal Life of the Gikuyu, is atypical both Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipela- known by the name San Juan Pueblo; in 2005 goes of Melanesian New Guinea. London, because author Jomo Kenyatta was writing it officially returned to its prehispanic form of G. Routledge & Sons, ltd.; New York, E.P. about his own tribe and, although a trained Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo. Dutton & Co., 1922.* anthropologist, he did not pursue an academic 6. Mead, Margaret. Coming of Age in 9 How can anthropology bibliographers career but rather had a storied political career. Samoa: A Psychological Study of Primitive Kenyatta wrote this classic ethnography in select among all the anthropological ethnogra- Youth for Western Civilization. New York, 1938 about the Kikuyu (the more accepted phies being published today those that will be W. Morrow & Company, 1928.* spelling of the name) people of Kenya after considered classics in the future? Reprints or 7. Freeman, Derek. The Fateful Hoaxing studying social anthropology at University new editions, especially with the added value of Margaret Mead: A Historical Analysis College London under Malinowski. With an of updated introductions by eminent anthro- of Her Samoan Research. Boulder, CO: introduction by Malinowski, Facing Mount pologists, warrant consideration, especially if Westview Press, 1999.* Kenya is distinguished as having been later your library does not own the original edition. 8. Evans-Pritchard, E.E. Witchcraft, Ora- translated into Swahili, making it accessible Selectors might also choose award-winning cles and Magic among the Azande. Oxford: to contemporary Kenyan readers.10 works. The Victor Turner Prize in Ethno- The Clarendon Press, 1937.* graphic Writing is given annually by the 9. Kenyatta, Jomo. Facing Mount Kenya: Along with Margaret Mead, the female Society for Humanistic Anthropology, and The Tribal Life of the Gikuyu. London: authors of the following two ethnographies a Senior Book Prize is given semi-annually Secker & Warburg, 1938.* were pioneers in early social anthropology. by the American Ethnological Society. Both 10. Kenyatta, Jomo Naushangilia mlima Cora Du Bois was influenced by Boas at groups are divisions of the American Anthro- wa Kenya. Nairobi: East African Publishing Columbia and by Kroeber at UC-Berkeley, House, 1966. pological Association. where she got her PhD in 1932. Her classic 11. Du Bois, Cora. The People of Alor: ethnography The People of Alor resulted from Ethnographic research has evolved since A Social-Psychological Study of an East her fieldwork on an Indonesian island in the the fieldwork represented in the ethnographies Indian Island. Minneapolis: University of 1930s.11 It was published in 1944 and reprinted here, but the goals of anthropological ethnog- Minnesota Press, 1944.* in 1960. Du Bois was the second woman to raphies have not. Classic anthropological 12. Benedict, Ruth. The Chrysanthemum receive tenure in the faculty of arts and sciences ethnographies, of which these eleven are but a and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Cul- at Harvard and the first in its department of small sample, continue to be essential for aca- ture. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1946.* anthropology. Ruth Benedict, the author of demic library collections and are used regularly 13. Chagnon, Napoleon A. Ya̦ nomamö: in anthropology classes, as well as area, ethnic, The Fierce People. New York: Holt, Rine- The Chrysanthemum and the Sword, earned her hart and Winston, 1968.* PhD under Boas at Columbia in 1923 and in and gender studies classes. The communities studied in these classic ethnographies have all 14. Tierney, Patrick. Darkness in El Dora- 1948 became the first woman to be promoted do: How Scientists and Journalists Devastat- to full professor in the faculty of political evolved since they were first visited by these ed the Amazon. New York: Norton, 2000.* 12 science there. The Chrysanthemum and the anthropologists, some of them so drastically as 15. Chagnon, Napoleon A. Noble Savages: Sword is the only ethnography discussed here to be unrecognizable today. Many have been My Life among Two Dangerous Tribes – the that was not a result of traditional fieldwork. revisited and restudied by different anthropol- Yanomamö and the Anthropologists. New Benedict worked for the Office of War Infor- ogists posing different questions. It is for these York: Simon & Schuster, 2013. mation (OWI) during World War II, and her reasons that these works are foundational for all 16. Ortiz, Alfonso. The Tewa World: Space, research on Japanese culture using newspaper future research; each one constitutes a record, Time, Being, and Becoming in a Pueblo clippings, films, and interviews with Japanese subjective or incomplete though it may be, of Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Americans was intended to influence post-war a culture at a certain point in time, and it is our Press, 1969.* understanding and treatment of the Japanese. culture in all its variety and contrast that makes *Editor’s note: An asterisk (*) denotes a title The book was translated into Japanese in 1948, us human. selected for Resources for College Libraries. and was most recently reprinted in 2005 with a new foreword by Ian Buruma.

28 Against the Grain / April 2015

Book Reviews — Monographic Musings Column Editor: Debbie Vaughn (Adjunct Instructor, Clemson University)

Column Editor’s Note: It has been just over 15 years since I crafted my first book review for representation of what technology writer Mi- ATG; it explored the book Information Ecologies: Using Technology with Heart by Bonnie chael Sacasas has termed the “Borg Complex”: Nardi and Vicki O’Day. Published in 2000, Nardi and O’Day’s title very gently broaches the a phenomenon “exhibited by writers and pun- impact of technology in society and focuses on using our values to interface with technology and dits who explicitly assert or implicitly assume to think critically about its role in our lives. I’m sometimes staggered by how libraries and tech- that resistance to technology is futile.”6 While nology have evolved in such a short period of time; I’m also comforted by how many things have Stachokas confidently asserts that print is soon remained the same. As ATG reviewer David Durant writes, there are those among us, including to be irrelevant, numerous surveys of academic author George Stachokas, who feel that the all-digital library is a given; what a shift that is from library users show a distinct preference, even our (or at least my) approach to technology in Y2K! At the same time, though, there are those, among undergraduates, for print books when including Durant himself, who view “old” (namely, print) and “new” (namely, electronic) tech- engaging in extended, in-depth, or immersive nologies as complementary — an approach that is likewise espoused in Information Ecologies. reading. These survey results reinforce the Of course, the quest to balance and understand the relationship between the old and the new substantial scientific and anecdotal evidence goes beyond information and technology and even the western world. Consider the volume of showing that the print codex enables in-depth immersive reading in ways that digital texts do change experienced in the Middle East in the last 15 years, particularly in the United Arab Emirates 7 and the cities of Dubai and Abu Dhabi. What an exciting challenge for a city planner! Reviewer not. Stachokas makes no acknowledgement Raymond Walser takes a peek at adventures in massive development in Michael Dempsey’s of this evidence. Castles in the Sand: A City Planner in Abu Dhabi. Contrary to Stachokas’s claims, then, Many thanks to this month’s reviewers, and happy reading, everyone! — DV librarians are best advised to think of print monograph collections and electronic information resources as complementary, not Stachokas, George. After the Book: Information Services for the 21st Century. interchangeable, with each format facilitating Chandos Information Professional Series. Oxford: Chandos, 2014. a different way of reading, research, and think- 9 78-1843347392. 224 pages. $80.00. ing. The current hybrid model is not simply a transition period, or a waystation on the path to Reviewed by David Durant (Associate Professor/Federal Documents and Social an all-digital future. Rather, whether by design Sciences Librarian, Joyner Library, East Carolina University) or accident, it reflects the need for libraries to offer access to the full range of information formats in order to support the full range of According to George Stachokas, the ques- the removal of all remaining print materials to user information needs. This insight does tion is not whether libraries should transition to special collections, archives, or remote storage not preclude further adaptation by libraries to a fully-digital model, but simply how and when facilities. While he certainly forecasts resis- facilitate use of electronic materials, nor does to do so. In his view, “the cumulative impact tance among both library staff and users to this it mandate that print collections need be main- of the growth of scientific knowledge, experi- all-digital vision, and concedes that there will tained at the same level they are now. It does, mentation with new technology, and millions still be some need for print materials in the near however, mean that most academic and public of individual consumer choices has made the term, he believes that “this transition could be 1 libraries must maintain open stack print book shift to the electronic library inevitable.” Of completed in five to ten years in most academic collections for the foreseeable future. There course, libraries have already adapted to the libraries in North America, the UK, Australia, 5 is nothing inevitable about the digital library. digital age by embracing a hybrid model that and New Zealand.” Public libraries and librar- To bring it about via a self-fulfilling prophecy combines print collections with spaces and ies in other parts of the world will need a few would be to do our users a disservice. resources that facilitate access to electronic years more to complete this transition, but are information. For Stachokas, however, the all fated to travel the same path. Endnotes hybrid library is merely “a transitional stage Many of Stachokas’s specific ideas and 2 1. Stachokas, p. 9. toward a completely electronic library.” proposals for adapting to the digital environ- 2. Ibid, p. 31. Completing what Stachokas sees as this ment, such as those concerning open access and 3. Ibid, p. 14. necessary and inevitable transition will require the usefulness of patron-driven acquisitions, 4. Ibid, p. 65. a major shift in how librarians conceive of are already broadly held within the profession. 5. Ibid, p. 16. themselves, their libraries, and their profession. Others will be controversial. To the extent 6. Michael Sacasas, “Borg Complex: A Librarians, in his view, need to move beyond that many of his proposals are problematic, it Primer,” The Frailest Thing. Posted March outmoded, print-centric visions of librarian- is because they are symptomatic of a broader 1, 2013. Available at: http://thefrailestthing. ship, and focus on how to manage, provide flaw with his argument. com/2013/03/01/borg-complex-a-primer/. access to, and instruction for, primarily digital This flaw is that Stachokas’s thesis rests Accessed March 1, 2015. collections. The future library will exist as “an on a crude technological determinism that 7. For an overview of this evidence, see David M. Durant and Tony Horava, “The organizational unit, not a building or physical assumes a priori that the all-digital library is facility.”3 This transition will include a major Future of Reading and Academic Libraries,” an inevitability, and that the print codex is an portal: Libraries and the Academy 15 (1), revamping of LIS education programs to foster outmoded technology doomed to disappear. In January 2015, pgs. 5-27. the development of highly specialized, digi- fact, Stachokas’s argument is an almost perfect tal-specific skills. Finally, librarians will need to transcend the notion held by some that they are “a secular priesthood presiding over tem- Dempsey, Michael Cameron. Castles in the Sand: A City Planner in Abu Dhabi. ples of knowledge” and understand that “what is new is just as important as understanding Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2014. 978-0786477609. 220 pages. $45.00. what is old. Preserving the past is arguably best left to specialists…rather than being the focus Reviewed by Raymond Walser of the librarian in the twenty-first century.”4 To implement this vision, Stachokas pro- When I picked up this book, I expected However, as I read, I discovered a well-written, poses a nine-phase process culminating in the a dry technical discussion on city planning, thoughtful and literary perspective of boom elimination of open-stack print collections and using the author’s experiences in Abu Dhabi. continued on page 31 30 Against the Grain / April 2015 Book Reviews From the Reference Desk from page 30 by Tom Gilson (Associate Editor, Against the Grain, and Head of Reference times in the small Middle Eastern Emirate from 2009 to 2011. Mr. Dempsey shows his skills Emeritus, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC 29401) not only in city planning but also as a writer, capturing varied and often funny experiences Asian American Society: an Encyclope- form priorities. Not only is the text of the doc- in a self-effacing manner. dia (2014, 978-1452281902, $595) is a joint ument provided, but a descriptive annotation is publication of the Association for Asian given for each source reinforcing its relevance. Dempsey took the position in Abu Dhabi American Studies and SAGE Reference. A four-volume set like Asian American following a tour in Iraq and worked in the Edited by Mary Yu Danico and Anthony C. Emirate’s Urban Planning Council during Society: an Encyclopedia is increasingly Ocampo, this reference is a four-volume set rare but given the complexity and scope of a frenetic period of expansion. Castles in with the first two volumes providing more than the Sand discusses his work challenges and the subject, it is fully warranted. Editors Yu 300 alphabetically arranged articles and the Danico and Ocampo present an Asian Amer- day-to-day experiences, describing a modern third and fourth volumes containing numerous city engaged in a massive, reckless attempt ican experience that is far more diverse and primary source documents, as well as a series complicated than the stereotype of the “model to transform itself. He presents an outsider’s of appendices and a general index. The intent view of a country in the midst of an almost minority” who are the “most successful and of this encyclopedia is to reflect what it means happiest” of America’s racial groups. They unconstrained construction boom and the to be Asian American from historical, social, resultant impacts. Along the way, the author do it by highlighting both the struggles and cultural, political, and economic perspectives the triumphs of Asian Americans in entries provides lively anecdotes of technical failures with discussions of both how the American when he portrays the poor quality of construc- with a sense of historic context and awareness. experience has shaped Asian Americans as well Most academic libraries will be interested in tion through his own housing experiences as how they have impacted broader society. and attempts to navigate the city’s merciless adding this title to their collections, and larger traffic. He also discusses social issues, par- The entries in the first two volumes speak public libraries, especially those serving Asian ticularly in regards to the incredible number to this effort. There are numerous articles that American communities will want to add it to of immigrants living in deal with specific aspects of broader themes their wish list. slave-like conditions. ranging from education, religion, arts and culture to politics, social movements, family Throughout his book, SAGE Reference has also published another Dempsey draws on life, and class and labor concerns. Individ- ual entries discuss topics as diverse as Tiger in its collection of education encyclopedias. news articles, his- The Encyclopedia of Education Economics tory and even lit- mothers, nail salons, Kamehameha Schools, the Harold & Kumar Films, Thai refugees, and Finance (2014, 9781452281858, $375) is erature, all copi- a two-volume set edited by Dominic J. Brewer ously footnoted, and the Asian Exclusion Acts. There are also entries that focus on the various ethnic groups and Lawrence O. Picus with a focus on how and to provide com- who funds education, both public and private. parisons and comprising the Asian American community as well as articles that discuss identity issues like The emphasis is primarily on the economics and give the reader finance of education in the United States, and clearer under- acculturation, language, and LGBTQ identity. The writing is accessible to undergraduates as the intention is to provide a solid background for standing. When understanding key concepts and issues as well things seem to well as the informed lay reader and employs a straightforward and factual approach informed as laying the foundation for further exploration. get a little dull, he In examining this reference work it becomes takes a break to describe a funny incident. by recent research. As one would expect, each entry has a useful list of further readings, not to apparent that the economics and financing of Of particular note is the almost four-page education is a complex endeavor calling for description starting on page 64 devoted to an mention “see also” references linking to related articles and document sections when relevant. sophisticated approaches. Numerous entries epic haircut received while visiting one of the are devoted to budgeting strategies, economic construction labor camps. As noted above there is a general index that enables readers to locate specific information statistical models, methods of taxation, and other By the time I was done, I found myself as well as a thematic Readers Guide that gath- sources of income like tuition and fees. Core sad that the book was finished and wanted to ers related articles under broad subject areas economic concepts are discussed like the theory know more about the author. In reading his lending further access to relevant entries. of markets, public choice, opportunity costs, and biographical note, I learned of his unfortu- economies of scale. A myriad of complex issues nate passing. Not satisfied with the book’s The editors have paid a lot of attention to providing interesting primary source documents impacting school financing also get attention explanation, I conducted a Google search including educational equity, lotteries, home- and discovered the following article, http:// that provide valuable context for the Asian American experience. There are over 200 schooling, bilingual education, dropout rates, foreignpolicy.com/2013/09/06/a-death-in- vouchers, private and public partnerships, and the-family/. documents ranging from an 1849 agreement of indenture between Jacob Primer Lesee and teacher performance and compensation. After reading Mr. Dempsey’s book, I a Chinese immigrant named Awye to a 1908 The usual value-added features found in have no desire to visit Abu Dhabi and feel article in Seattle’s Ranch magazine warning of SAGE publications are here including an as if I have been there simply by having read the “Yellow Peril” to a 2013 statement by the alphabetical list of entries, a Reader’s Guide, the book. This is a testament to Dempsey’s Hindu American “see also” references, solid bibliographies, a narrative skills. All too briefly, he mentions Foundation on glossary, and a general index. visits to Yemen and Damascus prior to taking immigration re- The Encyclopedia of Education Econom- his position in Afghanistan. It is too bad that ics and Finance is intended as a non-technical we do not have any more of his insights during introduction to a field that finds its foundation that time period from this volatile portion of in the technical and empirical analysis of the world. In any case, his book is a pleasure economics. While it does not shy away from to read and one from which anyone interested discussing such topics, it does make a concert- in the Middle East can learn. ed effort to make the content reader-friendly to practitioners and undergraduates alike. Nonetheless, the approach remains serious and scholarly with entries being informed by the latest research. As one looks through the continued on page 32 Against the Grain / April 2015 31 & Cable Industry Directory, (2015, 978-1- to the existing reference works on the From the Reference Desk 61925-287-5, $350). The 2015 annual is the topic of food that tend to fall into the from page 31 third Grey House edition since they took re- categories of cultural perspectives, sponsibility for publishing what was once the this carefully balanced academic en- Encyclopedia of Education Economics and classic reference title Broadcasting Yearbook cyclopedia focuses on social and pol- Finance there is a real sense of a resource that (later entitled the Broadcasting and Cable- icy aspects of food production, safety, is defining a growing and maturing discipline. casting Yearbook). As with past Grey House regulation, labeling, marketing, Academic libraries are the most obvious market editions, this book is a softcover, single volume distribution, and consumption…” for this title, and those supporting undergradu- consisting of approximately 2,000 pages filled CQ Press is planning to add a couple of ate and graduate education programs would be with the names, addresses, and contact infor- updated editions that political science collec- well advised to give it serious consideration. mation for thousands of networks, stations, tions will welcome. Both of the SAGE Reference titles dis- companies, associations, and agencies. • Washington Information Direc- cussed above are available via the SAGE The Directory is divided into eight sections tory 2015-2016 (June 2015, 978- Knowledge eBook platform as well as in print. but starts with coverage of television, radio, 1-4833-8057-5, $205.00; eISBN: Search http://knowledge.sagepub.com for more and cable networks and stations. These three 978-1-4833-8055-1, request price) information. sections make up the bulk of the book. The has been a standard “source for in- additional sections focus on programming and formation on U.S. governmental and production services, equipment manufacturers, nongovernmental agencies and orga- Grey House Publishing has released a professional services, associations, events, ed- new edition of Nations of the World: A Polit- nizations.” The 2015-2016 edition ucation and awards, and government agencies. “provides capsule descriptions that ical and Business Handbook (2015, 978-1- Each of the first three sections are further divid- 61925-288-2, $180). This 2015 annual edition help users quickly and easily find the ed into U.S. and Canadian sections which are right person at the right organization. provides profiles of over 230 nations and has arranged by province and state, and then city. been updated to include changes resulting from Washington Information Directory some “30 general elections and 21 presidential The Complete Television, Radio & Cable offers three easy ways to find infor- elections” and also reflexes the numerous Industry Directory continues to stand as the mation: by name, by organization, economic changes experienced at the national most exhaustive directory covering the U.S. and through detailed subject indexes. level during the prior year. and Canadian television, radio, and cable It also includes dozens of resource industries. This is a “go to” source for any ac- boxes on particular topics and orga- Arranged alphabetically by country, each ademic or public library that needs information nization charts for federal agencies of the nation entries starts with an overview of about the broadcasting industry. and NGOs…” the current political and economic climate that offers an informed and objective analysis that Online versions of this reference are also • Historic Documents of 2014 (June highlights key issues and concerns. This is fol- available via G.O.L.D with a print purchase. 2015, 978-1-4833-8052-0, $205; lowed by a historical profile that takes the form Those who are interested can call 1-800-562- eISBN: 978-1-4833-8050-6, re- of a chronology. A political and social profile 2139 ext. 118 to get a trial. quest price) continues this series of is next, which discusses topics ranging from well-regarded annuals that provide the legislature, the legal system, and political “informative background, history, parties to the media, religion, and education. Extra Servings and context … for each document. An economic profile is also provided that dis- SAGE Reference has a couple of new titles The 2014 volume will begin with cusses numerous topics including the general that have just made an appearance, including: an insightful essay that sets the economy, trade, agriculture, industry, mining, • The SAGE Encyclopedia of In- year’s events in context, and each energy, and banking as well as the environment, tercultural Competence (April document or group of documents climate, and geographic factors. In addition, 2015, 9781452244280, $375) is a is preceded by a comprehensive the nuts and bolts concerns of travelers and two-volume set edited by Janet M. introduction that provides back- business people are addressed with information Bennett that focuses on the concept ground information on the event. on things like passports and visas, currency, of cultural competence or that “set Full-source citations are provided. social customs, prohibited imports, health of attitudes, practices, and policies Readers have easy access to material advisories, credit cards, telecommunications, that enables a person or agency to through a detailed, thematic table of security, transportation, etc. work well with people from differing contents and a cumulative five-year cultural groups. Other related terms index that directs them to related Nations of the World: A Political and material in earlier volumes…” Business Handbook is a comprehensive and include cultural sensitivity, transcul- authoritative reference that offers more than tural skills, diversity competence, Elsevier imprint Academic Press has 2000 pages filled with facts and figures. The and multicultural expertise. What just released the second edition of a major analysis is informed, straightforward, and defines a culture? What barriers multivolume encyclopedia as well as a new objective. The volume is well organized and might block successful communica- three-volume set that libraries with ample easy to use. Students, business travelers, and tion between individuals or agencies budgets may be interested in: tourists will all find it a helpful resource and as of differing cultures? How can those • International Encyclopedia of such it should find a ready place on shelves in barriers be understood and navigated the Social & Behavioral Scienc- undergraduate libraries as well as larger public to enhance intercultural communi- es, 2nd Edition (March 2015, and high school libraries. cation and understanding? These 9780080970868, $12,000), edited by Following Grey House’s general practice, questions and more are explained James D. Wright, is “fully revised buyers of the 2015 print edition get free access within the pages of this new refer- and updated… and offers a source to Nations of the World Online, where users can ence work…” of social and behavioral sciences access individual country reports for download. • The SAGE Encyclopedia of Food reference material that is broader Access is available via G.O.L.D (Grey House Issues (April 2015, 9781452243016, and deeper than any other. Available Publishing’s Online Database Collection), and $395) is a three-volume reference in both print and online editions, it those who are interested can call 1-800-562- edited by Ken Albala. This new set comprises over 3,900 articles, com- 2139 ext. 118 to get a trial. “explores the topic of food across missioned by 71 Section Editors, multiple disciplines within the social and includes 90,000 bibliographic sciences and related areas including references as well as comprehensive Grey House has also published a new business, consumerism, marketing, name and subject indexes...” edition of the Complete Television, Radio and environmentalism. In contrast continued on page 34

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T: 650.843.6647/800.523.8635 (us/can) E: [email protected] From the Reference Desk Booklover — Freedom of Speech from page 32 Column Editor: Donna Jacobs (Retired, Medical University of South Carolina, • Brain Mapping: An Encyclope- dic Reference (February 2015, Charleston, SC 29425) 9780123970251, $1344) is edited by Arthur W. Toga and “offers foun- atrick Modiano was awarded the 2014 more interested I became in them. I even dational information for students Noble Prize for Literature in October looked for mystery where there was none.” and researchers across neuroscience. P“for the art of memory with which he The story begins simply: “I met Francis With over 300 articles and a media- has evoked the most ungraspable human Jansen when I was nineteen, in the spring of rich environment, this resource destinies and uncovered the life-world of the 1964, and today I want to relate the little I provides exhaustive coverage of occupation.” Soon after the announcement, I know about him.” The illusive illustration of the methods and systems involved began searching for one of his books to read Jansen by the narrator sets up a page-turner in brain mapping. It fully links the for “Booklover.” Suspended Sentences: where the reader is lead to believe that maybe data to disease (presenting side-by- Three novellas, was the choice I made for in just the next paragraph all will be revealed. side maps of healthy and diseased my holiday reading. Travel, parties, family, And it never is; the joy of reading the illusion, brains for direct comparisons), and and general holiday activity did not afford the mystery in itself, is the end game that offers data sets and fully annotated me the time for delving into these three Modiano sets up. Jansen is a photographer. color images…” stories. Then the attack on the offices of the He uses his Rolleiflex to capture a moment satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo located in with minimum intrusion. When the narrator ABC-CLIO also has a new title that may Paris, France shocked the world. Modiano meets him Jansen has packed his life’s work of interest: is described as an author who has spent his into three leather suitcases and is moving to • American Civil War: A State-by- life examining the Nazi occupation and its Mexico. The narrator offers to catalogue his State Encyclopedia (March 2015, effects on his country. Although this attack photographs as he appreciates the documen- 978-1-59884-528-0 $189; eISBN: originated from a different type of extremist tary value of them and 9781598845297, call for pricing) is thinking, the timing of this horror with my believes Jansen should be edited by Dr. Spencer C. Tucker. It is interest in Modiano’s work was not lost on recognized at some point “intended for general-interest readers me. Francois Hollande, the President of for this. A sense of déjà and high school and college students, France, said of Modiano: “he takes his vu began to creep into my American Civil War: A State-by-State readers right to the deep trouble of reading. The story line, Encyclopedia serves as a unique the occupation’s dark period. albeit fiction, had a very ready reference that documents the And he tries to understand familiar tone. important contributions of each indi- how the events lead indi- Finding Vivian Maier vidual state to the American Civil War viduals to lose as well as find and underscores the similarities and is a documentary released themselves.” It was time to in 2013 about a young differences between the states, both read and so I began. in the North and the South…” man’s discovery of the After Image, Suspended works of Vivian Maier. H.W. Wilson has just published new edition Sentences, and Flowers Bidding on a storage of a title that many will recognize. of Ruin are the translated locker of vintage pho- • The American Book of Days (Febru- titles for the three novel- tographic material for ary 2015, 978-1-61925-469-5, $195) las. Mark Polizzotti is a book he was writing is in its fifth edition and “features credited with the transla- for Arcadia Publishing, 850 essays marking important anni- tion. In his introduction John Maloof discovers a versaries and the birthdays of histo- he describes, “A feeling of box of negatives. Maloof ry-making Americans throughout the indirection pervades many of Patrick Mo- had become interested in the preservation of 366 days of the year. All American diano’s writings, and the three short novels Chicago’s Northwest side where he lived and holidays and pivotal moments are in this volume are no exception. For all the was writing about it with Daniel Pogorzelski. noted as readers can delve into specificity of detail — locations catalogued The box of negatives did not produce any fascinating and often overlooked with loving precision, particular casts of light material for their book Portage Park, but it accounts connected to otherwise and shadow — one can’t escape a sense of provided the catalyst for Maloof’s immersion familiar facts of American history. haziness, as if everything were shrouded in into finding Vivian Maier, the solitary nanny Cross-references and an extensive gauze or viewed through a Vaselined lens. who took over 100,000 photographs of street index make information easy to find, The narrative voice adds to this impression, life and left two storage lockers stuffed with while expanded appendices feature the protagonists often placing themselves clues to assist in the ultimate archiving, pres- historical documents…” just to the side of the situation they’re de- ervation, and presentation of her life’s work by And lastly, Oxford University Press has scribing. Like the prose in which they couch Maloof. To connect you back to Modiano’s just published a new edition of a standard their stories, these narrators maintain a slight Jansen character — Jansen used a Rolleiflex, research tool. remorse, as if full engagement with one’s and, like Maier, he would capture street life in • The Oxford Guide to Library Re- surroundings carried the threat of great pain, an intimate, minimally intrusive manner. Pa- search, 4th Edition (April 2015, or mortal danger.” toche, the narrator in After Image, describes 978-0-19-993106-4, £16.99) by Of the three, After Image particularly Jansen’s work: “I only have to look at his Thomas Mann “provides a system- resonated with me. It is an out-of-focus photos to rediscover the quality he possessed atic overview of the best sources, story about a focal product. Modiano even in art as in life, which is so precious but so both electronic and print, that go far confessed about his own writings: “The more hard to acquire: keeping silent.” A description beyond the coverage of Google and obscure and mysterious things remained, the one might also bestow on Maier’s work. Wikipedia; demonstrates why brick- and-mortar research libraries are more important than ever; and teaches, with multiple concrete examples, how to find the best search terms to use in searching databases…”

34 Against the Grain / April 2015 ATG Interviews Heather Joseph Executive Director, Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition (SPARC) by Bob Schatz (North American Sales Manager, BioMed Central)

ATG/BS: Reviewing the past is frequently advocacy: promoting (and managing) the a good way to understand the present. How development of new open textbooks. Is that a about if we begin with your explaining what correct characterization? If so, does this put SPARC is, your role in it, and how it fits within SPARC in a more adversarial role in relation the Association of Research Libraries (since to “traditional” publishers? your email ends in arl.org)? HJ: It’s true that our advocacy around HJ: Good place to start! SPARC was Open Educational Resources specifically founded in 1997 as an initiative of the Asso- encourages not only the adoption of Open ciation of Research Libraries to address a textbooks and other OERs, but also their cre- chronic problem facing the library community: ation. This can take on many different forms, the high — and ever-increasing — cost of from providing financial resources to support journal subscriptions. The idea for SPARC the development of new materials, to vetting was born out of the collective frustration of the and evaluating resources as they evolve, to member libraries on ARL’s Board of Directors contributing specific content. While some that no amount of discussion was ever going might feel that this is departure in terms of the to solve this problem, and that concrete action traditional role of libraries, we do not. was needed. I like to think of it as the library Libraries have, of course, always been community’s “Network” moment, where some- well positioned to facilitate the location of one leans out the window and yells “I’m mad high-quality open resources, but over the past as hell, and I’m not going take it anymore...” decade, they’ve also increasingly moved into So channeling that frustration into some- a more active role in facilitating their creation. thing productive, the ARL Directors created Dozens of libraries have established active SPARC, which was given the specific charge “open access funds” to support authors who of being a “catalyst for action” in the scholarly SPARC?” is that it is an open access advocacy choose to publish in OA journals, for example. communications marketplace. It was tasked group. How comfortable are you with the When these funds began to surface, they were with finding ways that libraries could collec- description? certainly a new phenomena — we hadn’t seen tively leverage the power of digital technolo- HJ: I’d say that’s a fair characterization. libraries establishing funds to pay publication gies to more effectively and efficiently distrib- We have definitely become well known for our fees like page charges or color charges for ute research articles and, in doing so, relieve advocacy in promoting open access to research authors to publish in subscription access jour- some of the financial pressures libraries were articles, and we are very proud of that work. nals, for example. But this is now an accepted facing. It sounds like a pretty broad charge, When the Budapest Open Access Initiative practice, and it help set a precedent for libraries but when you drill down, it actually gave us was convened, it was in a sense to ask folks to also move into more active financial support quite specific parameters for our strategies to think about the answer to the question, “If of other educational materials like textbook. and programs. we could rebuild the system of how scholars At the same time, we’re also observing And if you look at SPARC’s earliest pro- and researchers share the results of their work, a growing trend of libraries moving into the grams, you can see that they were tailored to and optimize it to serve their needs first, what publishing space in other ways, with more exactly address this charge by attempting to would it look like?” And we at SPARC cer- and more university presses and libraries introduce new lower-cost, online journals into tainly think that open access — the immediate, collaborating closely as business units on our the market to provide competition to some free availability of online articles coupled with campuses. The emergence of the Library Pub- of the more expensive journals. For the first the rights to use those articles fully in digital lishing Consortium is a good illustration of this. several years of its existence, SPARC tinkered environment — fills that bill. There seems to be a growing momentum with this strategy, working to find ways to That said, while we spent the better part of a behind the idea of higher education institutions make it scale through aggregation projects and decade almost completely focused on scholarly playing a much more active role in the creation, communities practice — BioOne being a prime articles, over the past two years, we’ve made distribution and, ultimately, ownership of the example of this. some pretty aggressive moves to expand our content generated on their campuses. This may However, one of the crucial lessons we program areas to cover other elements in the very well feel like competition to traditional learned along the way was that creating mean- research, teaching and learning process that we publishers, but competition is part of keeping a ingful change using this strategy was going to feel it is vital to expand the open sharing of as marketplace healthy, and our member libraries be an uphill battle, unless some of the funda- well, specifically research data and educational have a key role to play here. mental assumptions about how the scholarly resources. We feel strongly that making sure ATG/BS: I suspect many publishers would communication marketplace operated were that both of these outputs are readily accessible say that there’s much more to managing a challenged, and some of the underlying rules and fully usable under similar open terms and publishing enterprise than meets the eye. of the game were changed. This led SPARC conditions as articles is vital in creating a ro- Do you think libraries appreciate the work into shifting its focus towards reimaging how bust environment for our students, faculty and involved and are prepared to take on the many the system could be optimized for scholars and researchers (not to mention those in the private functions required to maintain that enterprise researchers, and into a strategy that focused sector and members of the general public) to at acceptable standards? more on education and policy advocacy to help advance their work. HJ: This is a critical point. Having spent such a system evolve — and that’s where our ATG/BS: It is clear that the scope of advo- 15 years as a managing editor and publisher primary emphasis is today. cacy at SPARC is expanding, and that’s worth of journals, I do see that people sometimes ATG/BS: When you say “optimized for exploring more deeply. In the presentations underestimate the time commitment and com- scholars and researchers” is that defined as I’ve seen by SPARC personnel about open plexities that managing a robust publishing just open access? I ask because the common educational materials, it seems that SPARC operation entails. I’ve seen this occur with response I get when I ask people, “What is is taking on a more proactive role than mere continued on page 36

Against the Grain / April 2015 35 addressing this issue. The Open Access Schol- educate funders about the further potential of Interview — Heather Joseph arly Publishers Association (OASPA), for digital repositories to not only provide a point from page 35 example, provides a locus for the development for researchers to store and access data, but of standards and best practices in this arena, to also provide a potentially robust working start-up publishers both inside and outside of as does the Confederation of Open Access environment for researchers to actively inter- the library community. However, it is certainly Repositories (COAR). Collaborating with act with data. It’s an incredibly rich area for not always the case, and libraries do have the NISO and similar organizations on this front libraries to explore. unique advantage of being nested in the heart would certainly be a welcome development. of the research enterprise on campuses, which ATG/BS: Speaking of funders, what’s ATG/BS: Your mention of repositories can help position them to be responsive to the your take on the Bill & Melinda Gates Foun- touches on the issue of data: its capture, evolving needs of scholars and researchers. dation decision to go from a public access access and curation. I understand SPARC We are also seeing a growing trend of much mandate, allowing for an embargo period, for is moving more actively into issues related closer relationships with university presses and published research from projects it funds to to data management. Can you discuss what libraries, which provides a terrific opportunity an open access mandate, insisting on “born initiatives are developing? I also understand for traditional publishing expertise to be shared open” upon publication, in 2017? Do you that you’ve recently been appointed to the and deployed in new ways. think this is going to put pressure on other Department of Commerce’s Data Advisory funders and governmental agencies to rethink That said, I would also point out that Council. What is that, and what role do you mandates that allow for embargo periods? when we think about the concept of libraries see playing in that group? HJ: I like the way you’ve characterized as publishers, we should also be thinking the HJ: SPARC’s program areas have indeed publication of non-traditional scholarly outputs the move by the Gates Foundation! To me, been expanding! While we have long been it represents a seismic shift in the policy en- as well as articles. The development of digi- interested in promoting practices and policies tal institutional repositories coupled with the vironment. Policy development is, by nature, that support the open sharing of research data, incremental, and the funder policies we’ve seen growing production of digital data — and the we’ve struggled to find the time and resources demand for sharing this data in new ways — is to date have all contained (to greater and lesser to develop a serious program around it. Happi- degrees) components that Open Access advo- an opportunity for libraries to serve as publish- ly, we recently received funding to specifically ers of an entirely new generation of outputs. cates consider compromises — I’m thinking support the establishment of a full advocacy specifically of the inclusion of embargo periods ATG/BS: Having said that, it is clear program to work with research funders (both and the exclusion of any specific guidance on that an increasing number of commercial public and private) to develop Open Data poli- reuse rights. That was largely to be expected, publishers are initiating and expanding their cies that are harmonized around a common set as it was a very big leap to expect subscription open access offerings. What impact do you of principles, and that promote full accessibility journal publishers to move away from a model think that has on the overall open access en- and reuse of data. that had been functioning for hundreds of vironment? And as OA expands in general, We’re hopeful that the more coordinated years to a completely new model overnight. do you see any discoverability issues affecting funder policies are in this area, the lighter the But more than a decade into the Open Access access to open access articles? There seems compliance burden will ultimately be on the movement, the ground has been much more to be some concern about that among public research community. We’re already working fully prepared for this new model to success- services librarians. on sketching out a set of common policy fully take root. We’ve got thousands of viable HJ: Competition is an indicator of healthy requirements — including breaking out some Open Access journals that authors can publish market, and I consider the addition of any of the common elements in data management in, as well as several thousand well-established high-quality Open Access journal options a plans — to help the SPARC library community open digital repositories, and this provides the positive development, whether the publisher is prepare in advance for new policies that are kind of solid infrastructure that gives all stake- a large commercial player, a small non-profit likely to come down the pike. holders more confidence that providing Open organization, or a completely new kind of en- The focus on Open Data has certainly been Access is not only possible — it’s sustainable. trant. The trick is, of course, to make sure the exploding, not only here in Washington, but So I think it is a very hopeful sign that the market stays healthy and functioning properly, around the world. The new Commerce Data Gates Foundation have chosen to move the to ensure we don’t end up with an APC market Advisory Council (CDAC) that you men- needle forward towards full Open Access. I do that mirrors the pricing dysfunctions that have tioned is just one reflection of how quickly data think that other funders will watch how things plagued the subscription journal market. It’s has moved into a position of priority for policy play out with this new, “born open” policy, important that the academic community as a makers. The Council is tasked with helping and quite possibly choose to take another look whole (including publishers) play an active to guide the Commerce Department’s “data at their own policies. It’s a nice thought that role in facilitating financial transparency so that revolution,” (their words!) which aims to foster we might see additional pressure that can help the true costs of supporting quality open access innovation, help create jobs and drive better bring the new ideas contained in scientific and publishing can be fully understood. Financial decision-making throughout our economy and scholarly journal articles even more quickly, decisions should be informed by evaluating society. I love the positivity and energy that the and to make them even more useful to a wider the true value of the product provided against Department is bringing to the table in rising to audience than they currently are. the price of the product — not driven by lack this challenge, and am humbled to have been of choice. ATG/BS: So one final question. As is asked to serve along with an amazing group of entirely possible, what if you find yourself in As the Open Access journal market contin- people from organizations ranging from Ebay, the middle of a large lake in a rowboat with a ues to expand, it will face all of the challenges Intel and GE to Code for America and the researcher, an ARL librarian and a scholarly that any emerging (and rapidly growing) mar- Center for Data Innovation. The range of publisher. What would you tell each of these ket faces. Many of the new players in the Open perspectives around the table should make for people to expect their scholarly environments Access journal-publishing space have been some lively discussions! to look like in five years? new, small, single-title producers, and we have We’re also quite excited about having li- HJ: Ah, yes, as so many of us do, I often seen some challenges arise in terms of ensuring braries (and the higher education institutions hold important professional discussions whilst effective discoverability of all of the materials they are a part of) work collaboratively with punting about in a rowboat. they are producing. The availability of articles researcher funders on Open Data policy devel- in a growing array of Open Access repositories opment so that we can take advantage of the Once I get past the great visual your ques- adds another layer of complexity to the situa- infrastructure that our community has already tion conjures up and hopefully dispel the notion tion as well. I think the good news here is that invested in developing — for example, digital that any of the boats inhabitants are waving increasing discoverability is in the interest of repositories — by making sure that they are their oars threateningly at me, my answer is all players involved, and the community has part of the compliance solutions for data po- probably disappointingly non-radical. Having organizations that are well-positioned to help in lices. We also are taking this opportunity to continued on page 37 36 Against the Grain / April 2015 063-1C R2 7.125x4.875 B-W ad:063-1A 7/28/14 9:45 AM Page 1

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path forward. The pressure has led to the Interview — Heather Joseph majority of established subscription access Rumors from page 36 journal publishers changing models and from page 24 establishing Open Access options, to be been part of the scholarly communications sure, but it’s also led libraries to rethink because of the push for maximum publications. See community for about 25 years now, I re- their budget allocations, and to provide this issue, p.52. alize that change happens incrementally ways to support these new OA journals. Wish I could have been there — the opening of the and slowly. There won’t be one sweeping The pressure has led research funders to Weston Library which opened 20 March, 2015. It piece of legislation or radical technological establish new expectations for what authors is now “the place to see and be seen.” Read all about development that changes the picture for must do with articles that report on their it this issue, p.66. any of us — librarian, researcher, publisher funded research, but it has also led authors — overnight. to become more aware of what their rights Lots of mergers, consolidations, buyouts have been happening. For example, EBSCO has been However, one interesting and encour- are as authors, and more vocal about what very active. They bought YBP in February and re- aging characteristic of incremental change they value the ability to be able to do with cently have bought Learning Express, LLC which is that it tends to be cumulative — so the their own works. The changes we’ve seen is an educational technology company that provides small steps forward we take in the next five — and that we’ll continue to see — play out eLearning solutions for workplace skill-building, pro- years will be added onto the progress we’ve in an atmosphere where a certain amount fessional development, and academic success. They made to date. When we look back over of balance is necessary, and I just don’t see partner with libraries, institutions, corporations, and our shoulders at the total mileage we’ve that changing. government agencies to provide customized online logged on this road towards a more open That said, SPARC will still be sitting learning resources, employee engagement solutions, system, we’ll be surprised at the distance in the rowboat asking the question, “Are and skills development content. we’ve come. we doing everything we possibly can to https://www.ebsco.com/blog/article/ebsco-ac- create the ideal way for scholarly works to I also think that the unrelenting nature of quires-learningexpress-learn-why the pressure to improve the system of schol- be shared and built upon?” over and over arly communications has had another inter- again, and doing our best to back up our http://www.learningexpresshub.com/corporate/about- esting effect: people under similar pressures words with positive, productive action. us/mission tend to find ways to work together to find ATG/BS: Thanks for taking the time ProQuest (through its affiliate Bowker) has ways to improve their collective situations. to chat, Heather. acquired Palo Alto-based SIPX creator of a digital We’ve certainly seen lots of examples that course materials solution that addresses a variety of HJ: It has been my pleasure. happening as researchers, publishers, librar- copyright and cost,concerns for universities. De- ians and funders have struggled through veloped from Stanford University research, SIPX the past decade to try and carve a sensible continued on page 42

Against the Grain / April 2015 37 ATG Interviews Jody Plank Product Manager, Research Square by Tom Gilson (Associate Editor, Against the Grain) and Katina Strauch (Editor, Against the Grain)

ATG: Rubriq bills itself as an independent Founder / CEO, who comes from a technology peer review system. Can you tell us how it startup background prior to founding this busi- works? ness, and Keith Collier, COO, who previously JP: Absolutely. Currently the majority ran ScholarOne as a part of the Thomson Re- of peer review of research articles occurs uters Scientific and Scholarly business. These within the scope of a particular journal, and two would be the first to tell you that the key the reviewers are assessing the fit of the man- people are the rest of the employees. uscript with that journal as much as they are ATG: You also say that you “are proac- the technical aspects of the work. This limits tively following the existing standards and the applicability of the comments and feedback guidance to qualify for what you refer to as on the work to this very narrow context. What a “Benefit Corporation.” What does that we are doing is decoupling the review of the mean exactly? manuscript from the assessment of the fit of JP: Research Square’s primary goal al- the manuscript for a particular journal. This in ways is to make a positive impact on society. many ways is a more pure form of peer review We exist to help researchers succeed. We do that allows the experts in the field to focus on not exist to maximize profits, and in this phi- the strengths and weaknesses of the manuscript losophy we are aligned with the principles of without those evaluations being shaped by a Benefit Corporation. the lens of a journal. We provide a thorough report and set of metrics based on the review- Benefit Corporation status allows compa- er’s qualitative and quantitative assessment. it get started in the business of providing these nies to embed sustainable principles into their This decoupling opens up a number of new type of journal services? What expertise and company DNA. A Benefit Corporation’s direc- possibilities for the use of these evaluations experience does Research Square bring to the tors and officers operate the business with the for researchers. table? Who are the key players? same authority as in a traditional corporation but are required to consider the impact of their Once we receive a manuscript, a doctor- JP: As I mentioned, Research Square’s mission is to help researchers succeed, and decisions not only on shareholders, but also on al-level member of our team matches the society and the environment. To date, 28 states manuscript with three experts from the field to the way we do that is by helping them communicate their work so they can spend more have passed legislation allowing for the cre- review the paper in a double-blind format using ation of Benefit Corporations. Unfortunately, our review scorecard. Once all three reviews time making discoveries. Together, Research Square’s brands supported the publication of our home state of North Carolina has not yet have been completed, the author will receive passed such legislation. Therefore, as a North a report with the comments compiled. At that over 60,000 manuscripts last year. Research Square’s origins are in the AJE brand, which Carolina organization, we are unable to apply point, the authors can use these assessments to formally for Benefit Corporation status at the improve the manuscript and/or determine the helps international researchers prepare their research for submission in English language state level until legislation is passed. In the best place to publish the work. If they choose meantime, we are seeking to obtain B Corp cer- to, they can submit the Rubriq review with the journals. Over the last decade, researchers have shared with us additional challenges in tification. B Corps are certified by the nonprofit manuscript along with a letter detailing the B Lab to meet rigorous standards of social and subsequent changes they made to the work to communicating their work, which led us to expand our services beyond manuscript prepa- environmental performance, accountability, the journal editor to help the editor make an and transparency through a third-party audit informed decision. ration into improving peer review with Rubriq and helping researchers find the best journal and evaluation. ATG: We understand that Rubriq is a divi- for their research with JournalGuide. In 2015, ATG: According to the Rubriq Website sion of the parent company Research Square. we are developing post-publication services to you are also trying to “create a system that will In what ways is Rubriq independent, and how help researchers share the importance of their help match manuscripts to the best journals.” do you plan to maintain that independence? work and make it more discoverable. We are That sounds like a service being offered by JP: Rubriq, American Journal Experts, and passionate about making an impact on society American Journal Experts, a separate divi- Journal Guide are all components of Research by helping one researcher at a time. sion of Research Square. Can you clarify Square and are working toward providing a Our team consists of 100 postgraduates that for us? Do Rubriq and AJE interact in complete solution for researchers. The goal from a wide array of disciplines, and we have some way? of all of our work at Research Square is to a unique ability to partner with our clients to JP: Rubriq and American Journal Experts help researchers succeed, and Rubriq plays support their publication needs. We see our- (AJE) are author services within Research a part by helping researchers publish quickly selves as an extension of our customers’ labs. Square, along with Journal Guide, a free tool in the best journal possible. While Research If we perform our roles well, we serve as a that helps authors identify journals that are Square helps authors communicate their work, communication arm of our customers’ labs, publishing similar work and might be interest- we are not a publishing company, and we are and we give those research teams more time ed in the author’s manuscript. AJE customers providing authors peer review independent and to focus on doing what they are the best in the can buy Rubriq reports directly from the AJE outside of the lens of any particular journal. world at, making discoveries. Website. In addition, AJE offers a service to Since we are not trying to shape the authors’ The key players are our colleagues at their publication-ready editing customers in submissions to fit within the context of a jour- Research Square, who are phenomenal, fun, which the editor of the manuscript can use the nal, our feedback is neutral and can be applied and vibrant. The raw brain power at one of our tools on Journal Guide to provide the authors universally. happy hours is staggering, and it is a real honor with a list of journals that might be interested ATG: Can you tell us a bit about your to work alongside them. The officials respon- in the subject matter of the paper. parent company Research Square? How did sible for the company are Shashi Mudunuri, continued on page 39 38 Against the Grain / April 2015 When a reviewer is filling out the scorecard, ATG: Do you have a list of reviewers Interview — Jody Plank they can note the common deficiencies, and along with their credentials that prospective from page 38 the system will suggest a rating based on a authors would have access to? How many ten-point scale that the reviewer is then free to reviewers do you have working for you? Do In Rubriq, we also offer a Journal Rec- adjust to their own preference. Once the items the reviewers change, and, if so, how often? ommendation service that uses some of these are evaluated by each of the reviewers, the JP: We currently have over three thousand same tools but also utilizes feedback from R-score is then calculated based on the averag- reviewers who work with us, and that number the reviewers of the manuscript. This service es for each of these categories. The upper limit is growing every day. If we receive a manu- provides the authors with a list of potential of the R-score is determined by the novelty script and do not have three reviewers that are a journals based not only on the subject matter and interest score. A well-executed study with great subject match for the work in our system of the paper but also on the perceived novelty limited interest may have high quality scores already, then we recruit new reviewers for that and interest of the work. This helps focus the but a low overall score because the novelty submission. In this way, we are always bringing author’s publishing efforts on journals that are and interest value is low. For those who are new reviewers into Rubriq and giving authors most likely to be receptive to the manuscript, interested, we have a white paper available on the best feedback on their work. We do not have in addition to helping them improve the work our Website that details more of the science and reviewers ‘change’, really — we simply keep with the critical feedback from the reviewers. development of the Rubiq Scorecard (http:// adding expertise to our network of researchers. This combination of feedback will help them www.rubriq.com/img/rubriq-whitepaper.pdf). get their work published more quickly. We protect the confidentiality of our rela- However, authors and journal editors have tionship with reviewers, so we cannot provide ATG: Do any of Research Square’s ser- access to more granular quantitative data about a list of our current reviewers. vices offer any content editing? We are think- a manuscript in addition to the R-score. The ATG: You’ve recently announced the ing specifically for foreign authors writing in reviewer averages for each of the categories addition of Sound Research Stamps to your English or vice versa? and each of the items within these categories scorecards. What are they, and how do they are also displayed. In this way, the author or JP: American Journal Experts offers impact the overall score that a perspective journal editor can easily identify and focus on language editing for text we receive from publication gets? researchers, many of whom are international. the aspects of the paper that may need some We focus on language at the sentence level, attention before publication. JP: Sound Research Stamps are earned by manuscripts based on the reviewer’s re- and our editors do not comment on or edit the ATG: Aside from the use of this scorecard research content within the paper. We also sponses to one simple question: “Disregarding what guarantees the quality control that any consideration of novelty, does this work ensure that we do not make any changes to a scholars, publishers, and librarians expect manuscript, such as paragraph reorganization represent technically sound research?” This from peer review? What qualifications are is the core question asked by many of the or the removal of text, that would blur the line required of your reviewers? We also under- between authorship and editing. broad-scope, sound science and sound research stand that your reviewers are paid. Can you journals that aim to publish good work with no Specifically, we offer three levels of lan- tell us about that? thought towards the potential impact. Based guage editing. Our Standard service focuses JP: The reviewers for a manuscript are on the answers to this question, a manuscript on grammar, punctuation, word choice, and selected by our team of doctorate-level Peer can earn a “Sound Research Certified” stamp phrasing, and our Premium level service builds Review Coordinators, and each reviewer must that indicates that the work is suitable for on this with additional editing for style and have a doctorate-level degree (or hold a profes- publication with or without minor revisions, consistency. Our Publication Ready service sorship), have an active research appointment, or a “Sound Research Potential” stamp that includes everything in our Premium service as and be actively publishing papers themselves. indicates that the work is solid research, but well as a journal submission cover letter and The team then pairs the manuscripts with will require some additional work before it is help with responses to reviewers and journal qualified reviewers based on alignment of the ready for publication. selection. We do all of this by matching a re- topic and methods of the manuscript with the These stamps are an addition that we searcher’s manuscript to one of the thousands potential reviewer’s own published work. of subject-expert editors in our network, all of made to the Rubriq Report to complement whom come from the top research universities Once a reviewer has completed a review, the R-score. Because the R-score takes the in the United States. the Peer Review Coordinators managing that Novelty & Interest scores provided by the manuscript will then read the review to ensure reviewers into account, it can make our re- In addition, AJE offers translation for that the review contains meaningful, actionable ports slightly more complicated for an author authors that would prefer to write their manu- feedback. For an author, that means that the targeting a sound research journal or an editor script in Chinese, Portuguese, or Spanish. We review identified specific areas for improve- working with a sound research journal to use. also assist authors by formatting their manu- ment, and for a journal editor, that means that These stamps add a clear statement about the script and figures for submission to a specific the reviewer offered meaningful justification current state of a manuscript within the context journal and even by creating new figures from of his or her scores. On the rare occasion that of sound research publishing environment. sketches or raw data. a review is found to be unactionable, a new However, they are independent of the R-score, ATG: Getting back to your peer review reviewer for the paper is identified and the and the answers to the sound research question service, we understand that your reviewers use unactionable review is replaced. do not influence the R-score at all. a standardized scorecard. What evaluation We do offer compensation for our reviewers ATG: The scorecard is designed to evalu- criteria are included in that scorecard? What to recognize the time and effort they put into ate manuscripts reporting original scientific type of rating system do you use? these reviews. This can take the form of direct research. Does that mean scholars in the JP: We have several scorecards that are compensation, contribution towards a charity humanities and social sciences need to look tailored to the needs of manuscripts in a variety such as AuthorAID, or can be used for editing, elsewhere for such a service? of fields. In general, the scorecards are broken formatting, figure formatting, or even Rubriq JP: Not at all. Although we launched with down into three large categories: Quality of reviews of the reviewer’s own manuscripts a focus on the biomedical sciences, we have Research, Quality of Presentation, and Novelty though AJE. However, based on the feedback scorecards for manuscripts both in the human- & Interest. Within these categories, we have we have received, the compensation is only part ities and social sciences, in addition to physical worked with researchers to identify the critical of the reason that many of the reviewers work science, engineering and material science, elements of the papers within those fields to with us. The ability to read interesting work math and computer science, and clinical case design the separate scorecards. You can see in their field, help their fellow researchers im- reports. We have reviewed papers across this an example of one of our scorecards (Life prove their manuscripts, and support a system entire spectrum both directly with authors and Sciences) here: https://secure.rubriq.com/ that aims to streamline the publishing process with our journal partners. sample/scorecard. are also highly ranked motivations. continued on page 40

Against the Grain / April 2015 39 error” method. Expediting this process helps to We also have a new product that will allow Interview — Jody Plank reduce the risk of an author’s work becoming authors with manuscripts containing statistics from page 39 less novel or obsolete because someone else to have a biostatistician review that specific with similar findings gets published first. aspect of their paper using a scorecard we ATG: Speaking of scorecards, how is ATG: You mention that Rubriq is still developed with a team of biostatisticians. This Rubriq doing? Do you have any statistics on aligned with the traditional concept of product utilizes a single reviewer and costs the success of Rubriq? For example, can you pre-publication peer review. Were there any $250, or it can be added onto our standard tell us what percentage of Rubriq manuscripts specific publisher models that you drew on Rubriq review for a total cost of $800. have been accepted for publication? for inspiration in developing your approach? ATG: You also talk about journals joining JP: So far we have assisted the authors of JP: No, there really weren’t any specific the Rubriq network? What is that all about? over 900 manuscripts, with the majority (just Which journal publishers have joined? Are over 700) of those reviews performed in 2014. publisher models that we drew from. Early on we debated the merits of many of the new, there any open access journals that are part (This makes our peer review operation larger of the network? than 90% of the world’s journals, according emergent peer review models that are currently being experimented with as well as the tradi- JP: There are several ways that journals to our conservative estimates.) Because some can work with us. The simplest way is for a of the feedback that our reviewers provide tional model. However, in the end we believed that the traditional, blinded peer review model journal editor to let us know that they are open requires further experimentation and the pub- to considering a Rubriq Report if an author lication process can still take some time (even provided the most credible, honest feedback that the author could acquire from their field. submits the report with their manuscript. We with our assistance), we are still waiting to see currently have over 500 journals that have the percent of published manuscripts stabilize. Given that some studies have shown that the reviews that a paper receives can be influenced indicated their willingness to receive a Rubriq The feedback that we have received from by the gender, nationality, or other aspects of Report, with some journals from all of the authors, reviewers, and our publishing partners the authors of the paper, we decided to take the major publishers being represented. has been quite positive. Many authors have additional step of blinding the reviewers to the We also can work directly with journals commented on the thorough nature of the identity of the authors. to assist them with their peer review process. reviews and the depth of knowledge of our We have been working with international open reviewers, and the reviewers themselves con- While post-publication peer review has been a hot topic, we think that replacing access publisher Bloomsbury Qatar Founda- sistently give us high marks and compliments tion to facilitate the peer review process for a on our scorecards and our system in general. pre-publication with post-publication peer review fundamentally undermines the rela- wide variety of their journals, and we are the Our publishing partners also appreciate the sole source of peer review for QScience Con- quality of the review and the credentials of tionship between society and science. The general public wants to have some certainty nect, QScience’s broad-scope, sound research the reviewers, and both editors and the authors journal. We have been serving in a similar they serve appreciate the speed of our service. around the veracity of published content. Researchers also seek out trusted journals to capacity for Veterinaria México OA as they ATG: You also say that Rubriq’s inde- designate the importance of their work in order have been rebuilding their journal. pendent peer review “does not require that to establish their own reputations. We do not In addition, we are currently in conver- the traditional process goes away — it just believe a post-publication peer review model sations with some of the leading established makes it more efficient.” How so? Related will replace the trusted, reputation-building sound research journals, and we may have to that, another of your goals is to speed up pre-publication peer review model. some exciting news soon about new ways that the overall publication process. How does Rubriq can help researchers. Rubriq accomplish this? ATG: You operate on an author-pay ATG: We couldn’t help but notice that all JP: There have recently been many inno- model. What type costs should an interested of the journals you mention are science ori- vations and new models in publishing, such author expect to incur? What can an author ented. Are you working with any humanities as post-publication peer review. While we are expect for his/her investment? or social science journals? certainly introducing innovations around peer JP: We currently offer our standard review, what we are doing is still aligned with product, which is a double-blind review of a JP: Our relationship with QScience in- the traditional concept of pre-publication peer manuscript by three reviewers, for $600. We cludes QScience Connect, which does consider review, and our goal is to improve rather than perform this review in 14 days and return a work in the humanities and social science areas, eliminate the traditional peer review process. Rubriq Report that aggregates the reviewer as well as QScience’s International Review of Law. However, we are always open to explor- We are innovating and bringing efficiency comments and scores. This Report contains ing relationships with any other journals either to the process in three different areas: speed, comments from each reviewer on each aspect inside or outside of the sciences that believe quality, and journal-independent feedback. of the manuscript, and it helps an author under- that they we may be able to help them better An author can expect to get feedback on their stand the strengths of the manuscript as well as serve their authors. manuscript within two weeks from Rubriq, areas that may need improvement before it can while it can take many journals that length of be published. You can see an example Report ATG: Introducing a new service like Ru- time to simply decide if they will even review here: https://secure.rubriq.com/author/sub- briq must demand a lot of your time. But to a manuscript. The structure of our Scorecards mission/report/id/SAMPLE11. In addition, our stay sharp you need to recharge your batteries increases the quality of the reviews by guiding standard product also includes an iThenticate once in a while. Are there any activities that the reviewers through the assessment of every report that will assist the author in identifying you particularly enjoy that help you kick back aspect of the manuscript. Our doctoral-level any similarities between the text of their paper and relax? Peer Review Coordinators then ensure that and the published literature. JP: I’m a pretty mellow person, so no quality by replacing any reviews that do not If an author would also like some assistance cliff-diving for me. I really enjoy reading meet our standards. In addition, the jour- with selecting a target journal for their work, and watching movies, and I seem to be on a nal-independent, double-blind nature of our then for an additional $50 we will find journals mission to turn my house into a combination evaluations allows the authors to receive honest publishing similar work and rank those journals of antique scientific equipment museum and feedback of the work outside of the context of by likelihood of acceptance based on the feed- a public aquarium. When the urge to create one specific journal, which will not only help back about the novelty and interest potential strikes, I have a woodworking shop set up in them improve the work but also understand as noted by the reviewers. The authors then my garage and I’m trying desperately to get the potential of the manuscript in the broader receive a Journal Recommendation report back to creative writing. context of the literature. All combined, we with these journals and information about ATG: We really appreciate you taking the provide fast, high-quality reviews that can help them such as interest in considering a Rubriq time to talk with us about Rubriq, Research guide the author to publish the work in the right Report, publication times, publication fees, and Square, and your other projects. We’ve en- venue quickly rather than the current “trial and acceptance rates. joyed learning about them.

40 Against the Grain / April 2015 Blurring Lines — An Interview with Jon Cawthorne, Dean of Libraries at West Virginia University Column Editor: David Parker (Vice President, Editorial and Licensing, Alexander Street Press NYC; Phone: 201-673-8784) Follow me on Twitter @theblurringline

I met Jon Cawthorne, Dean of Libraries at print/OA books allows WVU Press to continue West Virginia University, at ALA Midwinter publishing the excellent print books they’ve in Chicago during a rare moment in which the always published while also offering open snow fall had slackened and allowed us to and online editions that function differently, connect. Jon shared with me a fundamental including through multimedia-based options. premise: the profit imperative and the mission And, with the Press being in the Library of the university press are at odds. The driving now, we can also begin to offer collections logic of my column, blurring lines, is my effort in open-access ways. When we expand what to explore where we are heading by delving counts as research collections, be it in mono- into examples of people and organizations that graph or artifact form, we can think more break down barriers and “blur lines” between creatively about how to open those collections roles, responsibilities, departments, companies, to everyone. This is not to say that university and industries. The merging or integration of press operations could never make a profit. In the university press and the library is not new, fact, there is some very good thinking going though not very widespread. But Jon and into different funding models for scholarly his team are pushing very hard to not merely publications. Yet I also believe, for all the integrate the library and press, but to use the reasons I have mentioned here, that the current integration as a lever for innovation and to university press model needs to be rethought. redefine the expectations of the past (old busi- By 2017, the WVU Press will likely have pub- ness models) that weighed on the potential and lic facing offices in one of the WVU Libraries productivity of the university press. Jon agreed on campus. to an interview, which follows, about WVA’s What would you say are the main strengths, path to bringing the press and library together weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of such and into the future. Photo courtesy of Kevin Tringale. an arrangement? What do you think are the primary factors, This is a great question. I have outlined internal and external, contributing to the the strengths at WVU Libraries and Press, financial pressure many university presses and the marketplace is constantly changing. such as funding, hiring a press director, defin- are facing? As presses navigate these changes, the reality, ing a list, and pursuing innovative publishing I believe there are several factors leading to unfortunately, is that with the exception of a initiatives. I feel strongly that university press the financial pressure university presses face. very few, the majority require some kind of operations can find a long-term, sustainable First, university presses are deeply woven into subsidy from the institution. home in the library. In the years to come, WVU the reward and recognition system within high- You are a strong advocate for the merging Libraries and Press can serve as a viable er education. At many campuses the promotion of university press and library as the solution model for other university presses. There are and tenure process for faculty, particularly in to the pain points you note above. Please challenges to gaining wider adoption, however. the humanities and social sciences, requires elaborate. One of these is the ability and willingness to publication by a university press. As university see beyond current practices to explore possi- presses curate their lists or areas of scholarship, Over the past year I have learned that of bilities from both the library and press vantage they bring prestige to individual faculty, to the 140 presses that belong to the American points. Seeing these new options may need to departments, to institutions, and to the press Association of University Presses (AAUP), begin with questions for each higher education itself. Despite being so ingrained in the tenure only 25 report to libraries — a number that environment, such as: To whom does the process, university presses are often considered appears to be growing. Although the operating university press currently report? How does to be external, nonessential, profit-making models in libraries and presses differ, I believe the university press director view reporting to entities. Recently, Maria Bonn and Mike deeply in the mission of the university press libraries? To what extent does the library direc- Furlough explained in Getting the Word Out: and look forward to the opportunity to support tor understand press operations? Underlying Libraries as Publishers how university presses it within the library. WVU Libraries and each question are historical issues, personali- were established as a response to a publishing Press work toward a sustainable model, and ties, and the culture of the institution. While market that believed the academic market was reporting to the library offers several distinct these are potential threats to greater adoption too small. They also suggest libraries should advantages: 1) libraries remove the pressure among AAUP presses, they also present great become an active participant in publishing. for university presses to make a profit; 2) opportunities for leaders who can champion a Campus administrators generally assume and changing the requirements, or success metrics, paradigm shift. expect university presses to make a profit or for university presses may allow more creative One of the biggest challenges of a press break even every year because they sell schol- opportunities for innovative publishing op- (which is usually designated as a profit center) arship (books, journals, eBooks, etc.). Due tions; and 3) as libraries redefine their services reporting to a library (which is usually des- to this profit-making mentality, considerable to support emerging scholarly communication, ignated as service center) is how to manage pressure is brought to bear on the press each digital humanities, institutional repositories, the business of the press — including revenue year to publish and sell titles. Acquisitions and alternative forms of publishing, it makes generation — within an organization that staff, university press directors, and editorial sense to explore how libraries and presses can is designed to spend money rather than to boards work hard and pay close attention to work together. generate income. How are you tackling this the viability of scholarship in the marketplace Longer term, I think we have a unique dilemma at WVU? and to the bottom line. To complicate matters opportunity to redefine what success looks At WVU Libraries and Press, I believe it further, the reporting structures of university like for a university press in the twenty-first is time to seriously question the model of uni- presses vary widely across different campuses, century. For instance, a partnership on dual continued on page 42

Against the Grain / April 2015 41 lishing Institute, create a service publishing This is still a work in progress; however, Blurring Lines imprint, exploring innovative funding models, the way we are thinking will lead to different from page 41 and recommend the appropriate staffing within results. We are currently asking questions a three-to-five-year timeframe. about the broad relationship between schol- versity press as a profit center. I hope everyone arly communication librarian positions, dig- understands the great value a press brings to Please tell us more about the service publishing imprint you refer to above. itization librarians, institutional repositories, a campus and to scholarship. Yet if the vast and archives of special collections that may majority of these publishing operations do not This is an opportunity to explore how the help generate published content through the make a profit and require a subsidy from the WVU Press staff shares their expertise on Library and the Press. Do we have the right institution, why continue the practice of con- publishing projects that don’t require peer organizational structures to support these new sidering it as a profit-making entity? I believe review. This assistance might come in the directions? Are there positions, like at NYU most libraries have the resources to support a form of advice, design support, or access to a Press that live and work across library and press. You correctly point out that libraries are network of editors depending on the project. press operations? As we discuss the inte- designed to spend money on resources, but, There are all kinds of publishing projects gration of the Libraries and Press, we also more and more, library services must evolve. within colleges, departments, faculty on look forward to working very closely with As libraries and presses find themselves in an campus, and authors from across the state of WVU’s new Digital Publishing Institute, ever-changing technological environment, our West Virginia that might benefit from service which facilitates collaborations between combined efforts to publish quality scholarship, publishing. For instance, in 2016 one of our research, teaching, and outreach into the uni- define a publishing list for the press, and create colleges will celebrate its 150th year anniver- versity, local, and international communities an organizational structure that supports the sary. They would like to publish a pictorial in regards to scholarly communication. In emerging publishing opportunities in schol- history of the college to coincide with the addition, having regular course offerings in arship, it is important to think broadly about dedication of a new building. As this service digital communication and publishing held in how the Libraries strengthen the Press. WVU publishing imprint grows, it might be a great the space of the Library in conjunction with Libraries and Press are asking questions such project for graduate students to learn more the Press will add a service learning, outreach, as: How are press operations supported under about the publishing process. and pedagogical research component that the 25 libraries represented in the AAUP? Very few university presses have been able expands on what the Library has served to What would success look like if the press was the university community thus far. not held to a standard of revenue generation? to consider open access as a viable model for Are there innovative ways to publish via open their operations. How does WVU look to be In three years, where would you like the access? Are there funding models that WVU a leader in open access publishing within its press to be in terms of list development and Libraries and Press could explore that would university press offering? reputation? How about in five years? help move the needle? This is still very much I have a great deal of respect for the work I am hoping our work in the years to come a work in progress; however, under the library, of university presses. With the help of K/N will redefine what constitutes a successful uni- salaries are supported and university presses Consulting, I am thrilled to begin implement- versity press in the twenty-first century, and continue to do their important work. We have ing strategies to support the press and also that WVU Libraries and Press can serve as been given so much at WVU; I feel we have investigate sustainable OA initiatives. We are a successful operating example. This means an obligation to push as long and as hard as we a small press not tied to long-standing series. building a strong reputation for our own list can on the library model of publishing. I think this gives us an advantage. We also as well as being present during key policy Are there examples of library-press part- have the time to implement the right organi- discussions that affect future directions in nerships that you particularly like? What zational structure, seek out partnerships, and publishing, and also pursuing grants that lessons can be learned from them? How does hire the right people that will make the work could stimulate innovative directions. I have WVU look to adapt those? How will your of WVU Libraries and Press sustainable. met some very smart, dedicated people in partnership be different? We will likely fail many times on our way to university publishing, and I believe deeply in The press director and I are using this year a viable model, but we are going to establish their place, purpose, and work in the scholarly to travel to several leading research libraries a tolerance for failure, learn from it, and keep process. We just need new models that will that have presses. We just returned from New moving. allow them to do their important work. I hope York University Press and came away very What do you think of the OA initiatives that WVU will offer a compelling example impressed with the position shared between the (Luminos) recently introduced by the UC that inspires other library leaders and press di- NYU Libraries and NYU Press that works to Press? rectors to work closely together in the future. coordinate publishing efforts and maximize I think open access experimentation of What contribution do you hope to make resources of both organizations. This spring we all kinds is good, and when it comes from at WVU to the larger conversation about will travel to University of Michigan and meet as traditional a press as the UC Press, it’s an presses and library as integrated units? with the press director and university librarian. encouraging sign that OA is considered the By year’s end we will also visit the Univer- I look forward to WVU contributing to future for everyone. I especially admire that sity of Arizona Library and Press. In each more university presses living successfully they are trying to establish a model to publish case, we are asking questions about how these within the research library environment. Part open monographs, while still maintaining a libraries support the press. At the end of the of this will require new thinking not only revenue stream. process we hope to create a sustainable struc- on the part of my library dean and director ture within the library and press at WVU that Innovation in packaging, pricing, and colleagues, but also among press directors. serves as a model. We will also look forward distribution is the name of the game in Merging these cultures and figuring out how to working with K/N Consulting to determine print and eBook publishing. Can university they work together will require a shift for sure, strengths and opportunities at WVU, define a presses and libraries grow in this regard? yet I hope that WVU Libraries and Press list, investigate open access options, building Any hints on your thinking in this regard will elevate the conversation and demonstrate infrastructure and support for the Digital Pub- for the WVU Press? some potential ways forward.

promptly embraced SIPX’s simple solution for Texas-Austin, and others — use SIPX to set up Rumors compiling, delivering and managing digital course readings and immediately benefit from from page 37 reading lists. Educators, librarians and sup- the system’s automatic check for works that port staff at leading schools — including the are available at no cost to students via library became an independent business in 2012. Stu- University of Illinois, the University of Notre subscriptions or open sources. “We are thrilled dents, faculty members, schools and publishers Dame, Stanford University, the University of continued on page 48 42 Against the Grain / April 2015 Notes from Mosier — Now on to Bridgeton by Steven Chase (Regional Manager, Midwest Library Service) and Column Editor: Scott Alan Smith (Western Regional Manager, Midwest Library Service)

“When the well runs dry, they know the worth of water.” — Benjamin Franklin tinue apace in several market sectors, leaving libraries with fewer choices. arlier this year we at Midwest began the acquisition of the Richard Abel Company, Recessions and depressions have also taken a discussion regarding the nature of Academic Book Center, Boley (who today their toll. During the dot-com era several new vendors (academic book vendors in even remembers Boley?), John Menzies Li- enterprises emerged. Some spent breathtaking E and unprecedented sums on advertising and particular), but the conversation could apply brary Service, and Readmore, among others to many types of suppliers. Steven coined — all by Blackwell’s (long established as a promotions, including full page color ads in the term “authentic academic vendor” to de- book vendor and subscription agent, retailer, mainstream media. To no avail; when the scribe Midwest Library Service and other and publisher) for an example of the creation dot-com bubble burst the consequences were companies that retain a genuine commitment of a vast empire that could appear unassailable swift and absolute. Those who managed their to delivering consistent, excellent service. to competitors and customers alike. Indeed, in companies prudently tended to survive. Those Accelerating events and market forces that are the late 1960s anyone who suggested that major pursuing a quick return on investment or short- fundamentally re-shaping the vendor commu- academic libraries should trade with anyone term gain tended to fail. nity sparked these musings; we thought we other than Abel would have been thought One tectonic shift in the book trade was would share them with you. naïve or ill-informed. Similarly, Faxon’s the advent of Amazon. Fueled by millions of First of all, there are far fewer vendors to market dominance among academic libraries investor dollars, Jeff Bezos literally changed ponder. In part this is the result of ac- in the 1970s was viewed as virtually consumer behavior. In so doing he condemned quisitions and consolidations; in part absolute. And yet these and other whole market sectors to an untimely death it is due to the general downturn in former giants are no more; some — consider how many great independent the economy; in part the emergence having collapsed with dramatic bookstores, as well as some national chains, of new business models; and in part and catastrophic consequences are no more. Those who assume an attitude the consequence of poor manage- for their customers. of “survival of the fittest” take a calloused ment and bankruptcies. Acquisitions and view of what great bookstores meant to their communities; we are poorer for it. These issues are by mergers, closures and no means unique to the bankruptcies are all We contend that these conditions and library world, but one elements of the busi- developments are not inevitable. Well-man- need look no further than ness cycle; they con- continued on page 44 Against the Grain / April 2015 43 LEGAL ISSUES

Section Editors: Bruce Strauch (The Citadel) Bryan M. Carson, J.D., M.I.L.S. (Western Kentucky University) Jack Montgomery (Western Kentucky University) Cases of Note — Copyright Preempts Invasion of Privacy Column Editor: Bruce Strauch (The Citadel)

DEBRA LAWS V. SONY MUSIC ENTER- Laws sued in California state court for the Now Two-Part Test Part A TAINMENT, INC., dba EPIC RECORDS old common law invasion of privacy — appro- Is the misappropriation claim within the UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS priation of name and voice. subject matter of Copyright? Copyright FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT 448 F.3d 1134; Sony removed it to the U.S. District protects works fixed in a tangible medium of 2006 U.S. App. LEXIS 1283. Court, saying her claim was preempted by the expression. And that includes sound record- Debra Laws, vocalist, and Spirit Pro- Copyright Act. And there they won summary ings. It’s fixed when it can be communicated ductions (Spirit) contracted with Elektra/ judgment. for more than a transitory period. You sing, Asylum Records to produce recordings of Appeal sit down and shut up. That’s not fixed. Sony Laws’ performances. Elektra got “sole and had a sound recording. Once a voice is part exclusive right to copyright such master re- And of course we know the U.S. Consti- of it, it can be communicated over and over, cordings” and “exclusive worldwide in perpe- tution gives Congress the power to promote and falls within the subject of copyright. useful Arts and blah blah. Copyright gives the tuity … to lease, license, convey or otherwise Remember Bette Midler? Boy, that’s use or dispose of such master recordings.” holder the right to control the work and either distribute it or withold it. Or produce deriva- showing your age. In Midler v. Ford Motor Elektra also got the right to use Laws’ name, Co., 849 F.2d 460 (9th Cir. 1988), a profes- likeness and bio. tive works, which I guess this is. Blending it in another song. sional “sound alike” had imitated her voice Hmmm. I’m sure they seemed so nice when from “Do You Want to Dance?” Midler they showed her the Cities of the Plain. Sections 301(a) and (b) of 17 U.S.C. didn’t want to do the commercial, so an ad provides preemption. But it does not limit or Next, Elektra contracted with Sony Music agency got a license from a copyright hold- eliminate state remedies outside copyright. Entertainment, Inc. to grant Sony license er. A back-up singer who could imitate her to use a sample of Laws’ recording of “Very You can see where this is headed. She voice did the song. And was told to sound Special” in the song “All I have.” This was signed away her rights. But first, we need a like her. Midler was not seeking damages performed by L.L. Cool J. and Jennifer Lo- two-part test to determine preemption. from the use of the song, but from the mis- pez. Laws got no money. Certainly better than three-pronged. appropriation of her voice. Her voice was I’ve listened to the thing, but don’t get where Laws asserted the common law right to pri- not copyrightable, so this suit was outside her bit was blended in. vacy (appropriation of name or likeness) which of copyright law. Sony then released a Jennifer Lopez is found in every state. Someone Midler was applied in Waits v. Frito-Lay, CD and music video with ten seconds (1) used her identity; (2) Inc., 978 F.2d 1093 (9th Cir. 1992). Tom of the same. The song made money off it or got Waits sued for “infringement of voice.” became a mega-hit with some other advantage; (3) The question was whether Waits’ voice was a net of forty-million weren’t given consent; (4) sufficiently distinctive to give him an action bucks. she’s injured. for appropriation. And I presume that’s af- Sony said this is not ordi- Laws’ voice was in a tangible medium, ter creative music industry narily preempted, but is under and Sony held copyright. The entirety of accounting. the facts of the case. continued on page 45

Firms that support their employees benefit of students and faculty, no matter the publica- Notes from Mosier from stability. Such staff have reciprocating tion date — be it in print or out of print. We from page 43 loyalty, and develop sophisticated skill sets, are capable of providing products and services forestalling the need for constant training and across a wide spectrum. These include EDI aged firms can, and do, uphold high standards re-training of new hires. Just as is true for ordering and invoicing, copy cataloging, and of service. Privately held companies have libraries, vendors create and sustain organiza- shelf-ready books, customized invoicing and an advantage in that they do not answer to tional cultures. Such cultures are of as much reporting, delivery of hard-to-locate and out- shareholders or venture capitalists, whose benefit to libraries as to well-managed vendors. of-print titles, Web access to firm and standing demands for short-term return on investment We also maintain that libraries should not order databases, as well as a wide range of are generally contrary to the interests of their be inured to transparent hypocrisy. collection development services. We continue customers. Additional benefits can be the We at Midwest take pride in over fifty years to pursue informed product development and absence of debt, and ownership of equipment of steady, stable management and operations. new — to Midwest — services. and facilities. Midwest is well known for meeting the needs Thus the authentic academic vendor.

44 Against the Grain / April 2015 Questions & Answers — Copyright Column Column Editor: Laura N. Gasaway (Associate Dean for Academic Affairs, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill School of Law, Chapel Hill, NC 27599; Phone: 919-962-2295; Fax: 919-962-1193) www.unc.edu/~unclng/gasaway.htm

QUESTION: An academic librarian asks Then the question is when that work enters the (2) Copyright belongs to the author, and who (or what types of organizations) can public domain. Consult my online chart “When when the author is a student it belongs to that apply the fair use principle. Fair use tends Works Pass into the Public Domain” to help de- student, not the institution. The only way the to be a defense for educational institutions. termine whether individual photographs taken institution owns the copyrights in students’ Can it apply to non-educational nonprofits? by soldiers are in the public domain. http:// works is to have each student execute a written ANSWER: Every person and business www.unc.edu/~unclng/public-d.htm transfer of copyright to the institution for the may claim fair use, not just nonprofit educa- Government copyright is more complicated work. A faculty member can have the class sign tional institutions. The U.S. Supreme Court has for the United Kingdom. The British Govern- a form at the first of the class which contains a said that even for-profit entities may claim fair ment has Crown Copyright in works produced transfer of copyright for student work produced use. Courts are less likely to find that the use by its employees within the scope of their em- during the class. is a fair use when the infringer is a for-profit ployment. Crown copyright expires 50 years QUESTION: A college faculty member business, however. Nonprofit corporations are after first publication, so photographs taken inquires about the definition of electronic more likely to be found to be fair users than during World War II by government employees materials. What is included? are for-profit ones. are now in the public domain. Answer: Typically, “electronic ma- True, many of the fair use cases that are Photographs from the German Bild Archiv terials” include everything in digital format. publicized in the library press deal with may require payment of a fee. For terms of use Often, teachers and librarians use the term nonprofit educational institutions, but there see https://www.bild.bundesarchiv.de/index. to mean text materials including blogs, but it are many, many other fair use cases, even in php?barch_item=en_agb. certainly includes graphics, movies and music the commercial sector, in which courts find QUESTION: A corporate librarians asks in digital form, music, Webpages, etc. fair use. if she purchases permission from the Copy- QUESTION: What is the copyright status QUESTION: A retired university faculty right Clearance Center to use a figure from a of Facebook memes? member is dealing with the republication of published article, does she also need to secure Answer: The copyright status of a two of his books, collections of stories of war author permission separately or does CCC meme depends on the source. Assume it is a dating from the days of Arthur of Britain. handle obtaining permission? photograph with a caption; was the photograph The first two that will be republished deal Answer: There are two possibilities for taken by the person who posted it? If so, that with World War II, with other volumes to figures in published articles. (1) The author person owns the copyright and can post it with follow. The publisher has asked for a rea- of the article actually created the figure and no problems. But if it is simply a caption on a sonable number of photographs to accom- therefore, at least initially, owned the copyright photograph taken by someone else, posting it pany the volumes. The author wants to use because it is a part of the article. The author without permission is copyright infringement. photographs produced by the United States then likely transferred the copyright to the In other words, the addition of the caption did and the Great Britain during World War II, journal publisher. (2) The figure was first pub- not transform the photograph into a new work. and a couple are of German origin — both lished elsewhere and the author got permission In December 2013, Facebook announced labeled “bild-archiv.” Are all U.S. and U.K. to include it in the published article. that it was going to post links to more articles government-produced photos of World War So, in the first instance, the CCC permis- and allow fewer things to be posted that had II in the public domain? sion is enough, and the figure is just part of the been published elsewhere. It is unclear how ANSWER: For photographs produced by article which the publisher permits the CCC to well this has worked in practice, however. the U.S. Government, its agencies and employ- license. In the second instance, the CCC may QUESTION: A college professor asks ees, the works are in the public domain. See 17 be able to acquire permission for the librarian about working with a state department of U.S.C. section 105. Another issue is whether to use the figure. public instruction on a study which ultimately wartime photos taken by soldiers are govern- QUESTION: An academic librarian asks resulted in a book published by a university ment works. If the soldier’s actual job was two questions concerning the school’s insti- press. The professor is interested in knowing to take photographs for the War Department tutional repository. (1) Does the school need what her assets in the work are. or any other federal agency, those would be to get permission from all authors on co-au- considered government works and be copyright Answer: The answer to this question thored pieces before putting them into the depends on whether the faculty member had free. If, however, the soldier took the photo on repository? (2) For students’ works included his or her own time, that soldier is the author. a contract with the state agency and what the in the repository, is their permission required? contract specified concerning ownership of Answer: (1) It is pretty straightforward the copyright. It may be that the state agency that any of the co-authors of an article has the requires that all works produced and published right to give permissions to place the co-au- with its funding be public domain. Or it might Cases of Note thored work in an institutional archive if the permit the individual author to retain the copy- from page 44 authors own the copyright. Permission is not right. Assuming that the faculty author owns needed from each co-author. Ownership of the copyright, the next question the alleged misappropriation was within the the copyright is the big issue, however. If is whether the author transferred fixed medium of the copyright recording. the authors have transferred the copy- the copyright to the university right to a publisher, then the publish- press that published the work. And Now Part B of Our Test er controls whether the work may be If not, then the author is the Is the rights she’s asserting the same as placed in an open access repository. owner of the asset. If so, those of copyright law? And, of course, it is. Many publishers permit this after an many university press- Laws simply objects to having her voice embargo period; other publishers es return the copyright included in the Jennifer Lopez recording. Or may allow the author(s) to place to the author once the at least not getting paid for it. But she had earlier versions of the article in a book is out of print. signed away copyright. repository.

Against the Grain / April 2015 45 ATG Special Report — Establishing a State-Level Open-Access Journal: The Case of South Carolina Libraries by Rachael Elrod, MEd, MSLS (Head, Education Library, University of Florida, 1500 Norman Hall, POB 117016, Gainesville, FL 32611-7016) and Brent Appling (University of South Carolina)

Author’s Note: Rachael Elrod is the Head of the Education Li- other LIS professionals, and often include a reduced use of technical ter- brary at the University of Florida, and Brent Appling is a Reference minology and are not overly concerned with the development of theory and Instruction Librarian at the University of South Carolina’s Thom- (Haddow, 2010). These types of articles make up a large percentage of as Cooper Library. This article provides information on the benefits the contents of association journals. and challenges faced during the creation of a state-level, open-access According to studies by Schlögl and Stock (2008) and Haddow journal including getting approval from the state agency, finding a (2010), LIS professionals in Germany and Australia clearly placed host, forming a committee, developing policies and procedures, finding more importance on practitioner oriented articles and publications than peer-reviewers, and learning to use bePress, our publishing service. on peer-reviewed research articles in their field. Haddow also points out that “publications of library associations reach a wider practitioner audience than any of the scholarly titles in the LIS field.” Thus, asso- Foundations of a State-Level Library Journal: ciation journals, which within the LIS field often are highly concerned South Carolina and Beyond with communication and straight-forward best practice research over n response to dismal conditions of library services and a lack of advo- peer-reviewed theoretical research, are among the more highly read publi- cacy for libraries, the South Carolina Library Association (SCLA) cations for the intention of professional development within the LIS field. Iwas established in October of 1915 by several librarians and library Furthermore, an analysis of a twenty-year run of the Journal of the supporters (Hux, 1990). The association was built for the purpose of American Society for Information Science by Harter and Hooten (1992) increasing public interest for libraries, advocating for public spending showed a decrease in the communication of practitioner research and on libraries, and to promote professional development. Within three an increase of more traditional scholarly publications by authors from decades, the association established a publication, The South Carolina academic units at universities. This study concluded that as information Library Bulletin, as a dispersible vehicle to communicate news and science developed as an academic discipline, much of the communicated issues that supported the mission of SCLA. This publication began in research was moving away from “practice-oriented roots” and toward 1945 and ran until 1956 when it was then transformed into The South the development of theoretical foundations. In the more recent studies Carolina Librarian. Like the Bulletin, this publication continued to though (the aforementioned papers by Schlögl and Stock, and Haddow), report library related news from around the state, but also served as a me- it appears that the trend has started to reverse, with LIS professionals dium for practitioner oriented articles which helped with communicating preferring the communication of practical research findings to those best practices within the librarian profession. This more comprehensive of the more theoretical persuasion. Reviewing this literature points to publication ran until 1988 when rising costs halted production (The South the contention that association journals play a large role in buoying the Carolina Librarian, 1988). There was no publication between 1988 efforts of practitioner communication, both on the part of authors and until 2003, when SCLA began publishing a quarterly newsletter called readers within the LIS profession.

News From the South Carolina Library Association. This publication In an effort to continue this trend of practitioner communication, was published online with an annual print issue until 2007. There was it is the intention of South Carolina Libraries to pick up where The no publication from 2007 until several members of SCLA embarked South Carolina Librarian left off as far as a platform for news com- on establishing a new, online, open-access, association journal entitled munication, but also as a vehicle for the communication of best local South Carolina Libraries, which launched in October of 2014. and professional practices for the South Carolina LIS professional. In establishing South Carolina Libraries, the intention was to contin- According to Haddow, “it is the professional associations responsible ue the mission of communication and professional development, but was for these publications that encourage, and are the primary sources of, expanded to also serve as an opportunity to publish peer-reviewed arti- professional development activities for their members” (2010). As a cles that pertain to the librarian profession. To ensure the development representative publication of SCLA, a professional association that is of a useful publication, literature on state-level library publications was dedicated to the development of outstanding LIS professionals in South reviewed. During this literature review, several functions and benefits Carolina, South Carolina Libraries has been established to extend that of state-level library publications were identified. same dedication to professional development by communicating useful According to Scherlen (2008), some of the most prominent func- ideas, practices, news, activities, and other items of importance to the tions of state-level library journals include providing information for library community of South Carolina. state library association members about association news, elections, and minutes from executive board meetings, documenting state library Survey conferences, professional networking, section reporting, historical A survey on state-level library journal usage was sent to the state documentation, sharing best local practices, publishing first time au- library organizations of all 50 states for distribution with responses thors, as well as other beneficial functions. Throughout the literature, from 30 states. The majority of respondents were from academic first time publishing and practitioner publishing emerged as two of the libraries (43.8%) with over 20 years’ experience. When asked what more recognizable values of state-level library publications. Scherlen article types were most likely to be read in their state’s journal, the top describes first time publishing as a shared value for several state-level response was peer-reviewed articles at 85%, followed by columns at library journal editors, and is used widely as a solicitation tactic. 81.7%, non peer-reviewed articles at 79.6%, and lastly state/regional Several different authors have identified practitioner written articles book reviews at 71%. as being the heavier valued form of research and communication of Thus, a high impetus has been placed on publishing practitioner re- best practices among LIS professionals (Clapton 2010, Schlögl and search articles that can be adapted to multiple LIS environments, rather Stock 2008, Haddow 2010). Practitioner written articles, as opposed to than just research conducted by authors in an academic setting who are traditional peer-reviewed articles, consist largely of the communication motivated by things such as tenure and promotion. This is an important of practical implementations of proven practices, recommendations for continued on page 47

46 Against the Grain / April 2015 format to have some consistency with other journals and to be inclusive Establishing a State-Level Open-Access Journal ... to all working in the library field in the state. from page 46 Seeking Peer-Reviewers aspect for South Carolina Libraries, because SCLA is an association The most difficult part of gathering volunteers at first was finding for all types of librarians and library professionals in South Carolina. people to serve as peer-reviewers. Initially, we decided against having Therefore, the publication should foster the authorship of all different a peer-review section of the journal because of the lack of volunteers. librarians and library professionals, which is why the publication accepts After a conversation at SCLA’s annual conference it was determined peer-review as well as non peer-review article submissions. that we simply didn’t get the word out well enough. Our first call for volunteers was a broad request for volunteers of any kind, not specifi- Creating South Carolina Libraries cally peer-reviewers. Another call was sent out specifically asking for Seeking SCLA Approval peer-reviewers, and this time we received almost 40 volunteers! The first step in the process was to officially present the idea of Pros and Cons of Open-Access creating the journal to the SCLA’s Executive Board. The proposal was There are some pros and cons to offering open-access to journals made in August of 2013 and immediately approved. South Carolina for organizations. A journal that requires a password could potentially Libraries was added as a subgroup under the Editorial Committee. encourage some people to join the organization in order to read the Seeking a Host material. However, an open-access journal provides information freely to anyone interested in the organization. The next step involved finding a place to host our journal. We knew, with the cost of printing and the small size of the organization, that In addition, we were able to collaborate with the South Carolina printing was not an option. We needed something online, easy to use, State Library to digitize the past issues mentioned previously to add to and most importantly, free. The possibility was considered that if we the history of libraries in South Carolina. By choosing an open-access could not find something free, we may be able to advertise to afford the option, this historic knowledge will be available to all. This was very publication, but that would add another layer of complexity we did not exciting, especially since these journals were housed only in a few want to deal with if we didn’t have to. locations, many only available in microfiche format. Working with Scholar Commons Fortunately, a perfect opportunity presented itself in the form of Scholar Commons, the institutional repository of the University of The platform utilized by Scholar Commons is provided through a South Carolina. This platform had already been established as a repos- subscription to bePress, an online publisher that helps establish institu- itory for work completed by University of South Carolina affiliates, tional repositories throughout the U.S. bePress also supplies excellent and was already hosting several academic journals. The manager of support in the form of a journal support professional who helped im- Scholar Commons, Chris Hare, was approached with the proposal mensely in learning how to utilize the bePress editorial management for South Carolina Libraries and was enthusiastic about helping to software. Uploading articles turned out to be very much a trial-and-error establish the journal. process, and the support from bePress was tremendous and active all the way up to the launch of the first issue. Seeking Editorial Board Members Marketing With approval from SCLA and a place to host the journal, we then needed to find people to help with the legwork of launching the journal. The opportunity to publish was posted in several modes of commu- An email message was sent to the SCLA listserv asking for people to nication including SCLA listservs, the SCLA Webpage, Facebook, and serve in various capacities: Copy Editors, Peer-Reviewers, Book Review word of mouth. There was also a direct solicitation effort for articles Editor, Column Writers, and people to help in general with the creation from specific library professionals which eventually turned into the of the journal’s policies and procedures. library “spotlight” articles that were published in the first issue. These methods were successful as we eventually received several articles in Producing Policies and Procedures all different categories. Once we had our Editorial Board created we set about with the creation of the policies and procedures. We used the various policies and Conclusion procedures of other state library journals to guide us. Three state-level The initial vision of South Carolina Libraries was formed in July journals that were a big help to us were the Georgia Library Quarterly, 2013 with the first online, open-access publication realized in October Tennessee Libraries, and Kentucky Libraries. In addition, a regional 2014. Based on past publishing traditions and to keep in line with publication, the Southeastern Librarian, served as a great mentor on our current LIS literature on state-level and professional development journey and provided us with examples of many of their policies to edit oriented publications, South Carolina Libraries seeks to place itself for ourselves. Each of these journals had Editors that were enthusiastic firmly within the SCLA organization as a vehicle to promote issues about providing any tidbit of knowledge they could to help us out. pertinent to LIS professionals in South Carolina and to provide early publication opportunities for said professionals. In establishing the One of the points of debate was whether or not to make the journal journal, several obstacles were presented which included finding an a peer-reviewed journal, a non-peer-reviewed journal, or a combination online host, setting policies and procedures, finding willing volunteers of both. Ultimately, it was decided that we would make our first issue to help with the journal, soliciting articles, and learning to use the ed- a trial and include a call for both peer-reviewed articles and non-peer- itorial management system provided by the journal’s online platform. reviewed articles so long as we were able to find enough volunteers With continued diligence from volunteers within SCLA and continued willing to serve as peer-reviewers. support from professionals at bePress, South Carolina Libraries is SCLA’s current membership is 344. With a small number of positioned to become a truly valuable asset to LIS professionals within members, the Editorial Board decided it best to open the possibility of the state of South Carolina. publishing to “anyone with a vested interest in libraries in South Car- olina.” This would allow all types of Librarians — academic, public, Bibliography K-12, special, etc. — to have a voice in the journal. This would also Haddow, Gaby. “Communicating Research to Practice: The Role allow other people with an interest in libraries such as library staff, of Professional Association Publications.” Library and Information library students, and even vendors and patrons to publish as long as Research 34.108 (2010). their manuscript revolved around libraries in the state of South Carolina. Harter, Stephen P., and Patricia A. Hooten. “Information Science Naming the journal South Carolina Libraries came after a lengthy and Scientists: JASIS, 1972-1990.” Journal of the American Society for discussion with the Editorial Board. It was decided that naming it the Information Science 43.9 (1992): 583-593. Business Source Complete. South Carolina Librarian would alienate those in the library field that Web. 9 June 2014. are not librarians. A name such as Palmetto Libraries would be overkill Hux, Roger. The South Carolina Library Association: Advocate since many, many things in South Carolina are called Palmetto this or for Libraries (1990). http://www.libsci.sc.edu/histories/sclahistory/ Palmetto that. Since a majority of other states named their journal “State advocate.htm Name Libraries,” as seen in Appendix A, we decided to go with that continued on page 48 Against the Grain / April 2015 47 Schlögl, C., & Stock, W. G. (2008). “Practitioners and Academics Establishing a State-Level Open-Access Journal ... as Authors and Readers: The Case of LIS Journals.” Journal of Docu- from page 47 mentation, 64(5), 643-666. “SCLA Long-Range Plan.” South Carolina Librarian 32.4 (1988): Scherlen, Allan. “Local to Global: The Importance of State-Level 6. Print. Journals to Library Literature.” Serials Review 34: 129-136. (accessed June 2, 2014). Appendix A: State Library Association journals (* indicates peer-reviewed) Research was conducted to find out what other states offer a state-level library journal. The research found that as of July 2013, there were 21 State Library Associations that currently publish a state-level journal in some format; 11 include peer-reviewed articles, and 2 are password protected for members only. There were 34 State Library Associations that publish a newsletter in some format, 3 of which are password protected for members only. The following is a list of State Library Association journals found online including the state, the name of the publication, and the URL for the journal.

State Name of publication URL Arkansas Arkansas Libraries www.arlib.org/arkansas-libraries Colorado Colorado Libraries www.coloradolibraries.org/about Florida *Florida Libraries www.flalib.org/pub_Guidlines.php Georgia *Georgia Library Quarterly www.gla.georgialibraries.org/glq.htm Idaho *The Idaho Librarian www.idaholibraries.org Illinois ILA Reporter http://www.ila.org/store/ila-reporter Indiana *Indiana Libraries http://journals.iupui.edu/index.php/IndianaLibraries Kentucky *Kentucky Libraries www.klaonline.org/478.cfm Louisiana *Louisiana Libraries www.llaonline.org/fp/bulletin.php Michigan MLA Forum www.mlaforum.org Mississippi *Mississippi Libraries http://epubs.library.msstate.edu/index.php/MSLib/about Nebraska NLA Quarterly http://nebraskalibraries.org/communications/nebraska-libraries-journal/ North Carolina *North Carolina Libraries www.ncl.ecu.edu/index.php/NCL Oklahoma Oklahoma Librarian www.oklibrarian.org/index.php/oklibrarian/index Oregon OLA Quarterly http://commons.pacificu.edu/olaq/ Pennsylvania PaLRap www.palibraries.org?page=PaLRaP Tennessee *Tennessee Libraries www.tnla.org/displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=17 Texas TLA Cast www.txla.org/tlacast

Vermont VLA News www.vermontlibraries.org/publications/vlanewsissues

Virginia VLA Libraries http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/VALib/index.html Washington Alki WLA Journal www.wla.org/alki-wla-journal

higher education arise in this ever-changing The Chronicle of Higher Education and Rumors digital and global era.” The Wall Street Journal report that “LinkedIn from page 42 Effective immediately, Ms. Lee will lead announced Thursday it has agreed to acquire SIPX, reporting to Ben Lewis, ProQuest’s the online-learning company lynda.com for to join forces with our long-time partner Pro- $1.5 billion. It is the social-networking gi- Quest, a true industry leader that believes in Senior Vice President for Strategy & Business Development. Watch for Nancy ant’s largest acquisition to date, and signals its and supports our vision to provide users with continued expansion into the education realm. content quickly, easily and cost-effectively,” Herther’s report on the merger online. ATG is in the process of interviewing Franny and lynda.com offers more than 2,900 courses on- said Franny Lee, Co-founder of SIPX. “In line, which include video tutorials for various joining ProQuest’s ranks, SIPX is better Ben. Watch for our interview in the print June ATG and online as well. skills…” See also “A Higher Profile” by Paul positioned to continue working with valued Fain in Inside Higher Ed. partners and customers to deliver unparalleled http://www.proquest.com/about/news/2015/ http://chronicle.com service, both now and as new developments in ProQuest-Acquires-SIPX.html continued on page 58 48 Against the Grain / April 2015 Taylor & Francis Group partners with researchers, scholarly societies, universities and libraries worldwide to bring knowledge to life.

Whatever your research needs, we have you covered, from books, reference works, and encyclopedias to journals and online reference works. Check out our complete range of online content solutions and library services by visiting www.tandf.co.uk/libsite

T&F_ATG_Feb2015_Ad_v1.indd 1 2/19/15 10:19 AM Optimizing Library Services — Academic Libraries in the 21st Century: Adapting Services to Fit Digital Resources by Jennifer Joe (Assistant Professor, Owensboro Campus Librarian, Western Kentucky University) Column Editors: Lindsay Johnston (Managing Director, IGI Global) and Kristen Stauffer (Director of Electronic Resources & Library Relations, IGI Global)

work at a regional campus library for Electronic Resources are host workshops on database use for faculty Western Kentucky University, one of Not Optional and students alike. Even workshops for the four campuses in the system. Because manager’s coworkers in public services might I By this point, most academic libraries have we are seventy miles away from the main be necessary to ensure that the databases are campus, we rely heavily on the use of digital reconfigured their budgets to allow for the being used to their fullest extent. purchase of databases, which provide greater materials for our students to be able to com- Our electronic resources manager at West- access to journal articles and other scholarly plete their homework assignments and term ern Kentucky University (whose actual title papers. These digital materials have made a works than was ever possible before. However, is Coordinator of Electronic and Continuing world of difference to our ability to provide the need for databases continues to grow as Resources) is kept very busy by these demands, quality education in these regions and to more scholarly journals develop online access and yet still finds a way to continue to innovate students online. Unfortunately, the advent of and as patrons come to expect online access. in her position, adding even more depth to both digital materials in the late 20th century has Electronic resource literature recommends the faculty and students’ knowledge of elec- caused some difficult challenges for libraries, that academic libraries have not only ERM tronic resources. Western Kentucky Univer- and especially, academic libraries. As the (electronic resource management) software but sity is not alone in its appreciation of a capable years go by, more and more students seeking a dedicated electronic resource manager whose electronic resource manager; a quick look at higher education already have a tremendous job it is to handle contracts, negotiations, and the American Library Association’s Joblist amount of experience with technology. This many aspects of troubleshooting once the shows that approximately twenty percent of experience has led to certain demands and products go live (Wright, 2013). This is an the jobs posted in the last month (at the time expectations on academic libraries, not all of invaluable resource to the patron base, as it of this writing, January) had some component which can be readily met. The following is a matters very little if the electronic resources that dealt with electronic resources. Many of discussion on the services and resources that exist if the patrons cannot access them. In the jobs only dealt with electronic resources. academic libraries should be offering as the addition to all of these duties, an electronic While we should never discount the aesthetic 21st century progresses. resource manager or their subordinate may continued on page 50

Against the Grain / April 2015 49 making them feel like they are being forced to brarians will see at the reference desk or in Optimizing Library Services switch. Based on my institution’s experience, their instruction classrooms. from page 49 though, I would recommend starting with just I am not quite a digital native. Not to give one streaming service, even if it does not have away my age, but I remember a time before appeal of physical books, electronic resources everything the faculty might want, because it there was a computer in my home (though are an important asset for the academic library, will help the electronic resource manager learn I do not remember a time before there was allowing the institution to bring more resources the ins and outs of that type of licensing. If the a computer in my classroom; I have fond to the students and faculty than ever before. introduction of one service works well, there memories of playing games on an Apple Once the academic library has become are always other services that could be added computer located in the back of my first grade accustomed to digital materials through the to make a more well-rounded collection. classroom). However, I spent enough of my use of databases, it may be time to expand the At my institution, our electronic resources formative years with access to a computer and collection to include eBooks. The demand are reviewed by a committee before purchase, the occasional expectation of using it that by from patrons for eBooks may be different to weigh the short-term and long-term costs the time I got to college, I thought I knew how depending on subject area, but the demand is against the benefits of purchase. This includes to find things and how to research. The truth there and growing. A bonus of eBooks is that individual purchase like the streaming videos was I knew how to google my question, which the materials are more easily available if the found on Kanopy, which can add some time to is not the same as researching at all, not even institution has multiple campuses; while many the process, but also streamlines the acquisition in the most user-friendly databases. university libraries have excellent delivery sys- of materials, in case many librarians (there are I think this gives me a good insight into tems that run efficiently (Indiana University seventeen of us with collection development how digital natives perceive reference instruc- comes to mind here), there is nothing quite responsibilities) request the same or similar tion. These students who have grown up with like instant access of materials. Students who materials. The committee can assess if there technology equate their comfort level with the grew up in affluent areas or who have prior is too much overlap in the requests and save technology with expertise on how to use it, experience at other institutions might already the institution money in the long run. and that is not always the same thing. They be familiar with eBooks. Even smaller com- also often conflate similar types of technology munities sometimes receive grants or charitable How Do Services Change? with each other though they might need to be contributions to provide their students with the All of these digital materials provide infor- approached differently. I have found this to technology required for digital textbooks, such mation to the user faster and more efficiently, be especially true with search engines versus as laptops or tablets. Assessment of the college but it is still the academic library’s job to ensure databases; on the surface these things seem to or university’s needs is imperative here: some that students are able to understand the infor- be the same, but in reality they are not. If one disciplines (like the health sciences) prefer mation they are receiving. The reference and uses the same search term in each, one will get a digital materials because knowledge of their instruction departments of the academic library very different result, depending upon how each subjects changes rapidly. If an institution has exist not only to facilitate the access to materi- is indexed. The assumption that they behave the purchased a license to an eBook and there is a als, but to help students understand the material same requires a shift in how database searching new edition the next year, they can (dependent and learn how to access it on their own. Gone is taught. While a non-digital native might need on their agreements) discontinue the first li- are the days of librarians as gatekeepers; they to be taught how to construct a search query cense in favor of a license for the newer edition. are now guides to a wide world of information because they do not construct search queries On the other hand, other disciplines may not that the consumer should be thinking critically at all, a digital native will often also expect an be as amenable to digital materials or might about. Even news broadcasts have lost some of explanation of why their search query (which question their usefulness because of formatting their authority, and students must learn not only might get usable results in a search engine, but issues. There is often hesitation, for example, how to find and interpret material, but how to not a database) needs to be changed, rather than from art departments regarding the quality of analyze and evaluate the source of the material. accept a librarian’s expertise as authoritative. reproductions in digital material, though even Some sources of information considered to be Then, there are the more minor differences: a this is changing. My colleagues and I have scholarly, like databases, may have material search engine will often display related search been loath to remove physical copies of art indexed in them that is not scholarly — like terms at the top or bottom of the search, while journals for this reason, and it makes sense that trade journals and letters to the editor — while related terms and keywords in databases are the trepidation would extend to eBooks. How- other sources that are generally deemed to not usually found in the records of the results or in ever, in the few short years since I completed be scholarly, like Wikipedia, might be the best the thesaurus. All of this is, of course, in addi- my master’s degree in library science, quality place for starting research, because they have tion to the analytical skills needed to be taught has rapidly improved, and I am hopeful this more current information than other general to a generation of students who trust search will become less of a problem in the future. reference sources and often link back to more engine rankings. So many of my students have Another subset of digital materials is authoritative or scholarly sources in their ref- thought the first result on a database search was streaming video and music. Services like erences that the average user would not be able good enough and refused to look for more. Kanopy allow institutions to by one-year or to find on their own. Academic libraries must offer digital re- three-year licenses for streaming video that Their patrons have changed as well. Stu- sources to meet the demands of 21st-century faculty can use in their classrooms. These dents — as well as younger faculty members researchers. That being said, they must also be services are newer and most likely less familiar — would have had access to computers from prepared to modify their teaching and reference to the average institution, but their popularity an early age, if not their whole lives. The con- practices to accommodate not only the new is rising. These licensing agreements give the cept of digital natives was born over a decade resources but the changing student. As tech- faculty an opportunity to change their routine, ago and has made its rounds in the literature. nology becomes more integrated into society, while still ensuring that common videos will Prensky (2001) coined the term digital natives it will change how we perceive information, be available long-term with a minimum of to refer to individuals who “spent their entire and librarians should be ready to guide their fuss. The best way to shift faculty members lives surrounded by and using computers and patrons in the analysis and evaluation of such, to this format, in my experience, is to identify videogames, digital, music players, videocams, no matter its format. individuals who are using video in their class- cell phones, and all other toys and tools of the room and give them suggestions of videos in digital age’’ (p. 1). While it is important to References the streaming service that are complimentary to take into consideration cultural differences and Prensky, M. (2001). “Digital Natives, what they already socio-economic sta- Digital Immigrants.” On the Horizon, 9(5) use. This will fa- tus, this definition p.1-6 cilitate a gradual does describe a Wright, J. (2013). “Considerations of a change in the fac- lot of the students Digital Age: The Hows and Whys of Electronic ulty without over- that academic li- whelming them or continued on page 51

50 Against the Grain / April 2015 The Scholarly Publishing Scene — Professional, Scholarly and Other Magazines Column Editor: Myer Kutz (President, Myer Kutz Associates, Inc.)

subscribe to half-a-dozen magazines whose NYU), universities (NYU again, King’s members. Some of the magazines are impres- print issues arrive in my mailbox. Included College London, Essex twice, Aberystwyth, sive. The Institute of Electrical and Elec- I are The New Yorker (I began reading it when Birmingham, Birbeck, University of Lon- tronics Engineers (IEEE), which bills itself I was an undergraduate in the late 1950s), The don, Georg-August Universitat, Cambridge as the world’s largest professional association Nation (I began reading it in late middle age), twice, King’s Lynn and Winchester), plus a (LinkedIn doesn’t count, of course), publishes DownBeat and Jazz Times (both cover real jazz, boatload of other learned organizations and IEEE Spectrum monthly with a circulation a passion since my teens), and the New York associations. In addition, many contributors to of over 380,000 worldwide. The American Review of Books (NYRB), started during the both publications moonlight as members of the Chemical Society (ACS), publishes Chemical New York newspaper strike in the 1960s and professoriate — or is it the other way around? & Engineering News (C&EN) 51 times a year in my mailbox or bought on newsstands from After poring over the LRB’s ads, should with a staff of over 50 writers and editors. It’s the outset, and the London Review of Books readers feel the need, they can turn to the the largest magazine covering the chemical (LRB), which I’ve been taking for the past 10 London Squint Clinic, whose large notice industry, Its circulation of over 127,000 is an or 15 years. appears under medical services classifieds. order of magnitude larger than that of IHS’s Just in case you haven’t seen them, these By the way, I would be remiss if I didn’t alert Chemical Week, for example. last two publications are tabloid size with text you to the book, They Call Me Naughty Lola: IEEE Spectrum has been in continuous of most articles in four-column format. Read- Personal Ads from the London Review of publication since 1964. (It was a successor ership for both skews academic, I’d guess. Books, compiled by David Ross, employed to a magazine called Electrical Engineering.) I base my hunch not only on the readable at the MIT Media Lab, no less. Publishing C&EN has been in continuous publication scholarly tone and substance of many of the example: “Employed in publishing? Me too. since 1923. Mechanical Engineering, also articles (although “readable scholarly” may Stay the hell away. Man on the inside seeks in the top rank, is much older. It has been in sound like an oxymoron, in my experience woman on the outside who likes milling around continuous publication since 1880. there are many academics in all disciplines who hospitals guessing the illnesses of out-patients. According to Mechanical Engineering’s can write clearly and with verve), but also on 30-35. Leeds.” And if you haven’t had enough editor John Falcioni, to whom I spoke in the plethora of university-based advertising in of that, there’s a follow-up volume, Sexually, late February, ASME’s membership bounces the NYRB and in the case of the LRB, back-of- I’m More of a Switzerland: More Personal Ads between 100,000 and 140,000, including 20% the-book ads for university offerings, such as from the London Review of Books. international, depending on members’ annual short courses and conferences about writing. As if all of the above weren’t enough, there dues cycles. The magazine’s circulation aver- A recent NYRB issue had full-page ads are still more magazines that arrive in my ages around 120,000 copies. Libraries world- by university presses at Cornell, Toronto, mailbox. I get three alumni magazines. Then wide, who pay non-member rates, account for Harvard and Princeton, plus a half-page ad there are two technical magazines: Mechani- 15,000 to 20,000 copies. by the University of Cali- cal Engineering and Plastics Mechanical Engineering’s staff numbers fornia Press. In addition, Engineering, which come to just 10. Not so many years ago, the magazine the University of North me monthly as a result of my published more pages than it does now until its Carolina Press took over membership in the Ameri- advertising base was reduced by the Internet the back cover to advertise can Society of Mechanical alternative that hit most print publications (the eight books, half of them on Engineers (ASME) and the ad base has been stable in recent years). U.S.-Cuba relations, and the Society of Plastics Engi- In order to engage a younger readership, University of Connecticut neers (SPE). Mechanical Engineering’s design was com- took over the inside front Publishing flagship mag- pletely revamped in January 2013 to give cover to tout its expertise azines like these — both are the magazine a more contemporary look, in 3D printing technology. printed on glossy stock and according to Falcioni. Graphic elements were A recent LRB issue had are colorfully illustrated — is completely changed, fonts were made more ads from university presses a benefit that major technical contemporary, and a different color pallet was (Princeton, Leuven and societies provide to their introduced. Falcioni told me that the front of the magazine is of particular interest to readers. Besides his own topical column, there is a multipage section called Tech Buzz, which University. She researches and publishes in features numerous trends and developments Optimizing Library Services the areas of electronic resources, academic of interest to ASME’s membership, including from page 50 library services, pedagogy, and technology. salary surveys, and a Vault page, which features While her first love is libraries, her second articles published in the magazine decades Resource Management from a Collection De- is sociology, in which she researches gender, ago but still of interest. There’s no shortage velopment Perspective.” In N. K. Patra, B. religion, and popular culture. She is the of practitioners and academics who want to Kumar, and A. K. Pani (Eds.), Progressive author of a book chapter in the IGI Global write feature articles. Mechanical Engineering Trends on Electronic Resource Management publication Progressive Trends in Elec- publishes 35 to 40 a year in total (fewer than in Libraries (pp. 17-30). Hershey, PA: tronic Resource Management in Libraries, used to be published due to the popularity of IGI-Global. edited by Patra, Kumar, and Pani, and an Tech Buzz). encyclopedia entry in the third edition of The Falcioni reports to the person who runs Encyclopedia of Information Science and ASME’s entire technical publishing program, Jennifer Wright Joe is the Owensboro Technology, also published by IGI Global, which includes, among other things, over Campus librarian at Western Kentucky as well as various other articles. two dozen scholarly journals. An Editorial continued on page 52

Against the Grain / April 2015 51 The Scholarly Publishing Scene Random Ramblings — Rational from page 51

Advisory Board, comprised of just four Individual Decisions that Lead to ASME members (C&EN’s advisory board has 29 members) provides what Falcioni called Irrational Global Consequences “feedback” during our telephone conversation. He noted that the magazine is “pretty Column Editor: Bob Holley (Professor, Library & Information Science Program, independent from the volunteer structure so Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202; Phone: 248-547-0306; Fax: 313-577- that the staff can publish material on a diverse 7563) number of topics.” Until his recent untimely death, the board n a small community somewhere in France, even undergraduates publish to enhance their was in the good hands of the outstanding Bob Italy, or Spain, the villagers wish to honor potential for academic success. Candidates for Nickell, whom I met back in the late 1980s, a well-liked and respected couple on their tenure-track faculty positions often have three when I chaired the ASME Publications I 50th wedding anniversary. Each of the fifty or four publications plus multiple conference Committee. At that time, there was a dustup families in the village agrees to empty a jug of presentations and poster sessions. New jour- between the ASME president (who serves for wine into a large vessel. The couple happily nals have appeared, and existing journals have only a single year) and the editorial staff over takes the gift home only to discover that they increased their page counts to meet the demand the magazine’s content. Those of us who were have nothing but water. Each family made the for publishing channels. Even if the quality for editorial independence prevailed with the rational decision that substituting one jug of of this higher scholarly output is good, which establishment of the advisory board, which water for wine wouldn’t make a noticeable dif- many doubt, the increased number of journals consisted for some years of my late friend ference with the forty-nine other contributions has stressed library budgets and helped created Bill Begell, who ran Hemisphere, which pub- of wine. While the above is only a fable, the the current crisis in scholarly communication. lished in the thermal sciences area. (Bill told same principle often applies in today’s econ- Furthermore, the increase has also made life me that he survived the Holocaust by simply omy. Corporations in their desire to increase difficult even for journal publishers as static walking away from a concentration camp one profits have reduced wages, an extremely library funding has been spread out over a day. He was a teenager. When I heard this rational, if heartless, decision. The global greater number of potential subscriptions. story, I responded that I doubted that anything consequence, however, is an underperforming after that day could lay a glove on him. Sadly, American economy because workers have Increased Standards for Faculty that wasn’t to hold true.) been squeezed to the point that they don’t have Tenure and Promotion Of course, society flagship magazines like enough money to buy what the companies are The same factors as mentioned in the the ones I’ve been talking about are available selling, which leads to reduced corporate prof- preceding paragraph apply to faculty who are to members in digital form and with all the its. In the same way, installing solar panels or seeking promotion and tenure. Administrators bells and whistles that everyone now expects. windmills should cut electricity costs for home and Tenure and Promotion committees know Mechanical Engineering’s digital edition is owners and make money for them through the that they can demand more because so many open only to ASME members; libraries have sale of any surplus power. The unanticipated candidates are waiting in the wings for an to digitize the print edition. consequence is that the electric utilities are opening. The unanticipated results, however, In the case of C&EN, around 12% of finding that they don’t have enough revenue can be somewhat different and even a bit fa- ACS members have changed their access to to maintain the electrical grid and must build vorable for the scholarly communication crisis. the magazine from print to electronic copy, enough capacity to provide electricity when the To give an example, I had a friend who, upon according to Wikipedia’s latest information, sun doesn’t shine and the wind doesn’t blow. earning tenure, decided to screw the system which may be out of date. I haven’t bothered The utilities are thus asking for rate increases that had screwed her for six years by taking to find out if I can change my access to Me- that undermine any savings from self-gener- several years off from publishing. While part chanical Engineering from print to electron- ation. I won’t even say anything about the of the tenure process is finding faculty who will ic. I still like pulling issues out of my mailbox, negative consequences for the economies of continue to be productive, merit increments, if even though I realize that I should be doing the developed world from couples not having they exist, and the possible promotion to full my bit to be more environmentally correct. expensive children. professor don’t rationally justify the push for maximum publication for those who have made Except on rare occasions, I don’t read any Hiring the Best Faculty Candidate issue of any magazine from cover to cover as it over the tenure hurdle. Even the dedicated soon as it arrives. (They’re still a terrific bar- Most search committees work hard to faculty member may now decide to focus less gain.) So the magazines pile up in the house. find the best faculty candidate to hire. The on the quantity and more on the quality of the I make sure to keep the number of piles at two, days are long gone when middling schools publications. didn’t interview graduates of elite institutions not just because of the clutter factor. I bear in Getting the Best Price mind something said by my old friend Eric because these candidates wouldn’t accept the Proskauer, refugee from Leipzig in the 1930s position. The shortage of faculty positions In these tough economic times, a rational (he was another of Hitler’s unwitting gifts even in STEM areas has completely changed strategy for collection development librarians to America) and co-founder of Interscience, things so that universities and colleges benefit is to negotiate the best price. While I admit which merged with Wiley in 1962. Inter- from a buyer’s market. The end result, how- that this strategy is less likely to have negative science published the great, valuable polymer ever, has been a massive change in scholarly global consequences, they can occur. Libraries journals; Eric knew a thing or two about communication that has made life difficult want vendors and publishers to stay in business periodicals. As Eric put it, a pile of unread for libraries. As the shortage of positions for to provide the services and materials that the periodicals, with dates on their covers, looks newly minted PhDs has increased, the rational libraries want. To do so, these companies need at you with reproach. The gaze from a pile of strategy has become to do whatever possible to make a profit. If the vendor pool in any area unread books has much less urgency in it. to become a more desirable candidate. Part of shrinks too much, the remaining players can in- this strategy is to have an increasing number crease prices as competition lessens. The most of publications to show the search committee dangerous situation occurs when a company is that the candidate will achieve tenure and facing bankruptcy and decides to lower prices also enhance the reputation of the institution. as a last-ditch effort to remain solvent. If this When I graduated with my doctorate in 1971, strategy does not succeed in saving the failing candidates weren’t expected to have any pub- firm, libraries may find themselves losing lications. This has changed to the point that continued on page 53 52 Against the Grain / April 2015 ate demand from a Random Ramblings faculty member or from page 52 student. Where we disagree is about the money for pre-paid materials or services or, at consequences of this a minimum, having to use staff time to find new decision. The Inter- providers or update their records. The Faxon net, the out-of-print debacle of 2003 caused some libraries to lose book market, digi- over $1,000,000 in serial pre-payments. The tization, and print- effects of the recent Swets shutdown are yet to on-demand have be determined. I would hope that more librar- made PDA possible ies bought pre-payment insurance to protect because most books themselves after the earlier disaster. remain accessible A second danger of negotiating a too-low long after their ini- price may occur with the approval plan. The tial publication. If company that bids too low may stop providing the library doesn’t materials that it is contractually obligated to buy the book today, supply but where it can’t make a profit by the same book will claiming that these items are not available. most likely be easily For the library, the hassle of enforcing the purchased ten years contract is usually not worth the effort. Li- from now when braries should blame themselves for a third someone does want risk when they prepay for a set that the pub- it. It might even lisher never intends to deliver after a sample be cheaper. The volume or two. new, more restric- tive PDA-purchas- The Big Deal ing model may well The big deal makes sense in that the library have several unin- acquires a much larger package of materials tended consequenc- for a relatively small increment over the price es. If the universi- of purchasing individually what the library ty press requires a really wants. The big deal vendors benefit by certain volume of distributing their less popular journals and can immediate sales to satisfy their shareholders through the account- stay in business, this ing trick of allocating costs across all the serials change will make in the package. The vendors also claim that the press less likely faculty and students use the extra journals that to select a book with came as part of the package. One speaker at a limited marketabil- conference once even contended that this use ity. For example, a book on the Ferguson for faculty that the administration wants to showed that librarians don’t really know what incident would be more likely to be published keep. Administrators get paid to look globally their users wanted, to which a librarian in the though it will be completely forgotten in five at the institution’s goals and to move money audience replied that faculty would stop using years rather than a book on eagles in 17th-cen- around to meet them. tury heraldry even if this book’s impeccable the journals once they discover how bad they Conclusions are. In any case, the unintended negative con- research will remain valid for decades. In Do I have any answer to the issues raised sequences of the big deal are well documented. universities where a tenure book is required, above? Of course not. If I did, I would bottle From the library perspective, the library loses faculty with niche research interests will be the solution and become a millionaire. It makes budgeting flexibility since cutting an individual less likely to be hired or to receive tenure. little sense when making rational individual title in a big deal saves no money. It is Since graduate students are decisions to worry about diffuse global conse- difficult to explain to faculty why intelligent, they will be quences no matter how real they are. For one their preferred title must be more likely to choose or even a group of institutions to take the moral cut because it is an individual popular research ar- high ground would most likely have little effect subscription when the medio- eas and thus narrow upon the “system” and would penalize the in- cre title in a big deal continues the scope of future dividual institutions much more than it would to be purchased. The big deal scholarship. solve the problem. In some cases, as given has also created pressure on Other pushbacks above, the other side has potential pushbacks university presses, scholarly less favorable to li- to make the rational decisions less rational and societies, and small indepen- braries are also pos- thus change individual behavior. Groups can dent publishers to merge with sible. Some com- also seek to change the government rules, as the larger publishers with big mentators suggest is the case right now for requiring open access deals or at least find some way to get their that university presses raise their prices. for grant-funded research, but doing so is diffi- publications included in the packages. The fact Some presses manage to stay in business by cult and can sometimes itself have unintended that the Université de Montréal got so much publishing esoteric scholarship at high prices negative consequences. The principle behind publicity for cancelling a big deal indicates that for those libraries that wish to collect com- the issues raised above has been around since it doesn’t happen very often. prehensively. I doubt that most PDA libraries civilization began, and somehow humans have would stop purchasing the books their faculty managed to muddle through for better or worse, Patron-Driven Acquisitions (PDA) want if the prices increased by 50%. Another though worse often has a higher probability. I’ve left the most controversial topic for outcome would be for academic administra- Knowing this principle does help explain how last. I completely agree with Rick Ander- tors to calculate the money that libraries are the world works and the rationality behind son that a library has no obligation to buy saving from PDA and to recapture some or all some irrational consequences. any book, including one from a prominent of it to subsidize that institution’s university university press, that doesn’t have immedi- press or to provide the gold open access fees

Against the Grain / April 2015 53 And They Were There Reports of Meetings — 34th Annual Charleston Conference Issues in Book and Serial Acquisition, “The Importance of Being Earnest” — Francis Marion Hotel, Embassy Suites Historic Downtown, Courtyard Marriott Historic District, Addlestone Library, College of Charleston, and School of Science and Mathematics Building, Charleston, SC — November 5-8, 2014 Charleston Conference Reports compiled by: Ramune K. Kubilius (Northwestern University, Galter Health Sciences Library)

Column Editor’s Note: Thank you to all of the Charleston Con- ference attendees who agreed to write short reports that highlight Improving the Library Research Skills of Graduate Students & sessions they attended at the 2014 conference. All attempts were made Postdocs: Perspectives from a Librarian and a Former Postdoc to provide a broad coverage of sessions, and notes are included in the — Presented by Carol Feltes (Rockefeller University); Kinga reports to reflect known changes in the session titles or presenters, Hosszu (Faculty of 1000) highlighting those that were not printed in the conference’s final program (though some may have been reflected in the online program). Reported by: Ramona La Roche (Student, University of South Please visit the Conference Website, http://www.katina.info/confer- Carolina-Columbia) ence, for the online conference schedule from which there are links to many presentations’ PowerPoint slides and handouts, plenary session videos, and conference reports by the 2014 Charleston Conference Feltes (University Librarian Rockefeller University) and Hosszu (a former postdoc at Stony Brook University now working at F1000) blogger, Donald T. Hawkins. Visit the conference blog at: http:// shared their experience and insights. www.katina.info/conference/charleston-conference-blog/. The 2014 Charleston Conference Proceedings will be published in partnership Feltes described the Frits Markus Library, established 1904 and with Purdue University Press in 2015. housed in the biomedical research university (Rockefeller University). The laboratory school consists of 75 labs. The educational program In this issue of ATG you will find the second installment of 2014 began in the 1950s, had its first Ph.D. graduates in 1959, and has birthed conference reports. The first installment can be found inATG v.27#1, 24 Nobel Prize winners. Student composition is about 200 at any given February 2015. We will continue to publish all of the reports received time; twenty to thirty are accepted annually. in upcoming print issues throughout the year. — RKK A students’ survey determined the ineffective utilization of the library by users, who in most cases were not aware of what they didn’t know. THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 6, 2014 Medical researchers often believe that science/medical librarians cannot (continued from previous installment) be of assistance to them. There is universal concern that students are MORNING CONCURRENT SESSIONS not using more expensive research sources, but instead rely on Google Scholar, Google, Wikipedia, and PubMed. How Libraries Use Publisher Metadata Redux — Presented by Hosszu described graduate students, postdocs, and faculty as need- Steve Shadle (University of Washington Libraries) ing library portals with resources — funding, job search, fellowships, workshops info, thesis collections, writing, research, reviewers, teach- Reported by: Rachel Walden (Student, University of South ing, emails, coursework, reference/citation management, deadlines, standardized institutional Web design, personalized/ subject-specific Carolina-Columbia) library resources, chat services interfaced with research, etc.

Libraries should provide rotational classes,, online streaming of liter- This session covered how libraries will use publisher metadata to ature recommendation software, metrics, data analytics, OA, publishing, provide and support access to electronic content. Case studies were pre- and collaboration tools such as Google docs, Github, and predatory sented, and examples from several publishers were highlighted. For this journals. If library staff is limited vendors, grants management and study the different user groups and their needs were determined. This writing centers can teach graduate credited courses. was done by the use of personas. The five user groups were beginner, researcher, scholar, professional, and visitor. The beginner and researcher personas were focused on. The most important need for the beginner Just a Click Away: One Academic Library’s Experience with was ease of access and for the researcher to have current information and Patron-driven Streaming Video Licensing Thread — Presented to be able to manage citations. Open link resolvers and library discovery by Anita Foster (Illinois State University); Anne Shelley services were discussed, and it was explained how they increase access. (Illinois State University) Libraries use open-URL link resolvers because navigating a library system is time consuming for the users; the resolver gets the user to the appropriate copy and also can provide alternate services if full text Reported by: Cheryl Aine Morrison (University of is not licensed by the library. Library discovery systems support “find” Washington) and “get.” Users are able to gain access to the materials right from the search results. There are two big problems with discovery metadata that Based on the success of their electronic patron-driven acquisition comes from publishers. One is the issue of changing ISSN and titles for (PDA) program, and the growing demand for streaming media, the materials. When it doesn’t include Milner Library, at Illinois State University, decided to embark on the previous information the older a pilot project with Kanopy, a distributor of online education media, materials will not be found with to test a streaming media on-demand licensing service. Foster (Head, the newer. Also the problems of Acquisitions and Electronic Resources Unit) began with a brief in- differing terms, such as “review,” troduction of the institution and the patrons they serve as well as an is that a book review or a literature overview on the eBook PDA program. She then outlined the challenges review is a research paper. continued on page 55

54 Against the Grain / April 2015 And They Were There You Got Surveyed! Real-time Polling on the Landscape of Use- from page 54 Driven Acquisition — Presented by Erin Gallagher (Rollins College); Michelle Leonard (University of Florida) faced with their current streaming and physical media options, particularly self-hosted material. She then gave a brief introduction of the Reported by: Julia Blake (Franklin University Nationwide pilot program. Shelley (Music and Multimedia Services Librarian) University) gave more details about the program including licensing term options, provision of MARC records, and discovery options. She discussed their marketing campaign and the very positive reaction from faculty Gallagher and Leonard are in the process of writing a book on and students. Then she covered some of the problems discovered in what’s happening in use-driven acquisition (UDA), and used the ses- the first few months of the program, including the confusion caused sion to follow up on their widespread survey from summer, 2014. The by titles discoverable on the Kanopy launch page, which are not session took advantage of Poll Everywhere real-time polling software available for PDA licensing. So far they are very happy with the to engage the audience, who could respond to questions anonymously program, although they did concede that its popularity may create via a Web browser or text. Questions and discussions ranged from how budget concerns at some point in the future. many types of UDA are being implemented or offered to how they might be publicized and managed.

Real Time Acquisition Workflows - Vendors & Libraries Panel THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 6, 2014 — Presented by Ann-Marie Breaux (YBP Library Services); Liz Butterfield (Willamette University); LIVELY LUNCH DISCUSSIONS Amanda Schmidt (Ex Libris) 50 Shades of Grey and Beyond: The Impact of Popular Reported by: Matthew Whitney Haney (Student, University of Culture on Collection Development. Do Traditional Methods South Carolina-Columbia) of Building Collections Bring These Materials in or Filter Them Out? — Presented by Genya O’Gara (James Madison University); Joyce Skokut (Ingram/Coutts); Pam MacKintosh The representatives from the companies and Willamette University Library discussed the many benefits which have occurred because of (University of Michigan) this update in software that was tested. The process for acquiring items through Alma for the librarians was cut from seven steps to only three, Reported by: Rebecca Wingfield (Stanford University and whereas before a person was forced to wait till a set time the next Libraries) day to access the items and for them to appear in a library’s system, it is now automatic. The delay was especially problematic for libraries in Skokut (the Director of Collection Development at Coutts), opened other parts of the world, like Australia. However, while the new system the panel by encouraging dialogue and questions from the audience, update does correct many problems, there are still a few issues that need which made for a lively discussion. Skokut provided an overview correcting. The main issue the librarian from Willamette University how Coutts treats popular culture titles on approval and noted some of found was in the entering of codes. Because many universities and the useful geographic metadata that can be applied to popular culture locations have similar names or abbreviations, the librarian sometimes content. O’Gara (the Director of Collections at James Madison Uni- would not be able to retrieve the desired items at first. Overall, the panel versity) discussed some of the challenges of collecting popular culture provided an excellent session, offering the audience plenty of time to ask for libraries whose collecting profiles are strongly oriented toward questions, and while the panel was not able to speak on how larger uni- curricular and research needs. MacKintosh (Economics Librarian versities in the study handled the changes, the information was offered. and Coordinator, Shapiro Library Reference Services, University of Michigan) concluded the program by discussing how popular culture is selected for the undergraduate library at the University of Michigan Successful E-Resource Acquisitions: Looking Beyond by a cohort of selectors and the balancing act between collecting popular Selecting, Ordering, Paying and Receiving to Discovery and culture and providing materials that provide curricular support. This Access — Presented by Denise Branch (Virginia panel provoked an interesting discussion among audience members and Commonwealth University) the panelists about some of the major challenges of collecting popular culture and provided a glimpse into the popular culture collecting prac- Reported by: Stephanie Spratt (Kraemer Family Library, tices at a range of libraries, from community college libraries to major University of Colorado, Colorado Springs) research university libraries.

Branch (Head, Continuing Resources) used her session to report Do Libraries’ Needs Still Match Publisher Offerings? “The on how the Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) has used Ex Truth is Rarely Pure and Never Simple” (Oscar Wilde) — Libris’ Library Management Solution, Alma, to aid Technical Services Presented by Nadia J. Lalla (University of Michigan); Don workflows in an environment where the previous focus on acquisition, West (ACCUCOMS); John Banionis (ACCUCOMS) organization, delivery, and documentation shifted to a focus on access and discovery. This shift in focus, in addition to being the catalyst Reported by: Oriana Bedolla (Student, University of South for implementing Alma, also led to a reorganization of the Technical Carolina-Columbia) Services department. The library moved from Aleph to Alma in 2012 and is also using the Primo discovery layer. VCU’s story is not unique. Many libraries have struggled in their response to the growing realm of True to the title, the panel of this discussion offered an informative electronic resources. What is unique, however, is the optimistic approach and detailed look at the current state of the relationship between pub- that VCU took in responding to the changing environment. Where lisher offerings and the needs of libraries. Many different issues were others seem to focus on the doom-and-gloom of having to change and outlined including those related to users and lease versus ownership of adapt workflows, VCU saw it as an opportunity to improve services. materials. The panel concluded with a question-and-answer segment While not all aspects of Alma have yet been implemented, it sounds like regarding the aforementioned issues as well as possibilities for a new VCU is well on their way to standardizing the messy e-resource access e-resources acquisitions model which sparked dynamic debate. Many and discovery scene in which we find ourselves. For those libraries questions were raised regarding the possibility of a new acquisitions that can afford these or similar library systems, the future of Technical model including the feasibility of incorporating journals and eBooks Services looks bright. continued on page 56

Against the Grain / April 2015 55 and for authors, to encourage authors to publish OA again. OAK is And They Were There used by 240 institutions in 68 countries, mainly in Europe and the U.S. from page 55 Goodrich reported on an October roundtable of leading UK universities, Jisc, and publishers. Both institutions and publishers shared the same into a single model. The result was an open-ended conversation that left issues: the need to standardize OA policies and licenses, harmonize vo- more questions than answers. However, the panel stated firm agreement cabulary and identifiers, simplify processes, make activities sustainable on one concept: a better working relationship between publishers and and scalable, preserve academic freedom and author choice, and make libraries rests on the need for innovation, collaboration and flexibility. research valuable for the user.

Guided Encounters: Mapping Content Strategies — Presented Selectors of the Future: What Should (or Can) They Learn in by Gail Yokote, Moderator (University of California, Davis); an MLIS Program? — Presented by Helene Williams (Universi- Lenny Allen (Oxford University Press); Kittie Henderson ty of Washington Information School) (EBSCO Information Services); Jan Maxwell (Ohio State University); Myra Appel (University of California, Davis) Reported by: Rachel Walden (Student, University of South Carolina-Columbia) Reported by: Ramune K. Kubilius (Northwestern University, Galter Health Sciences Library) This session covered the curriculum for one collection development course and welcomed feedback on how to improve it so the students Yokote introduced the session, observing that a desirable aim is to will be prepared for the career field. Reality-based teaching was the collect data that has context. There are issues, and this requires strate- core of the class with sufficient background knowledge of collection gies. At her institution and that of Appel, who went into more detail, a development thrown in. Many different aspects of collection develop- massive reorganization created a Collection Strategies Department that ment are taught including policies, approval plans, acquisition process, incorporates all subjects and locations (including Archives and Special budgeting and finance, working and negotiating with vendors, selection Collections). Evidence-based assessment, evaluation, management and workflows, liaison work, and consortial and collaborative collection are quantitative and qualitative. Available data is more transparently development. The class also does not focus entirely on books and teaches available to liaisons and collected centrally from vendors. Allen shared all aspects of collections including e-resources, which so many other the publisher’s interest in data of the costs variety — digital publishing programs don’t do. The feedback from the students is that having an costs that are the same and different from print, the “wrenches” (chal- end product of building a collection for a work setting really enhances lenges) that DDA and short-term loans create trying to do three-year what they have learned and allows them to apply it. The participants profit analyses. Henderson talked about the ecosystem of scholarly in the session described the library as a business or a factory and that publishing and the analyses that EBSCO has done surveying academic all the pieces have to fit and work together. Having new professionals libraries and publishing partners. Results reflect the journey (transi- who are capable of and have experience interacting successfully with tional phase), diverse needs. “Build services in advance of needs,” she vendors, faculty, and other staff is very important when they are looking advised. Maxwell, new as a collection strategist, overviewed what is for new employees. Collection development is a group effort, and no in place at OSU: a strategic plan, quarterly collection progress reviews. one person will be able to do it in a vacuum. Without a doubt, consortia change how libraries do business. There are politics to decisions, and the math has to be done. Libraries are part of a whole, but still produce knowledge locally (oa) vs. OA (the cost of THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 6, 2014 which OSU is studying). Yokote jumpstarted discussion by opining CONCURRENT SESSIONS 1 that institutions should reinvision archives to incorporate the whole careers of researchers, from graduate school to faculty, to transferring Are We There Yet? A Longitudinal Study of the Student E-Book elsewhere. Repositories should be developed to meet needs. Produc- Experience — Presented by Kendall Hobbs (Wesleyan Universi- tivity metrics should be retrievable at individual, department, school ty); Diane Klare (Wesleyan University) level. As for the discovery end, attendees shared that the discovery of an item vs. content is different. Reported by: Anne K. Abate (Library Discount Network) How to Handle Article Processing Charges — Presented by Anthony Watkinson, Moderator (CIBER Research); Simon This session featured Hobbs (Interim Head of Reference, Wesleyan Thomson (Open Access Key); Barbara DeFelice (Dartmouth University) and Klare (Interim University Librarian, Wesleyan Uni- College); Patty Gallilee (Simon Fraser University); Jennifer versity) reporting on the results of a study of student use of eBooks Goodrich (Copyright Clearance Center) that was conducted at Connecticut College, Wesleyan University, and Trinity College. This four-year longitudinal investigation was Reported by: Crystal Hampson (University of Saskatchewan) a qualitative study including interviews, usability studies, and usage statistics for students to reveal how they use eBooks. The investigators attempted to do the research in a non-leading manner in order to get real answers from the students. The questions were: What is an eBook?; Watkinson indicated that a session had been proposed with this title, Have you used one?; Can you find an eBook? Use this ebrary book?; but the primary speaker withdrew. The (conference) directors chose to Use this Ingram MyiLibrary book?; What do you see as the future of invite panel members from a variety of stakeholders, under the same eBooks? The results proved that more students are using eBooks than (initial session) title. Galilee described her mid-sized institution’s Open four years ago, but pretty much in the same way. Students are not really Access (OA) fund and its growth. SFU’s authors collaborate with those using advanced features of eBooks. Laptops at a large institution with no OA fund, which are the most frequent access tool. Students may increase SFU’s costs. DeFelice’s fund is still prefer print for both academic and leisure small-scale. She finds that the service opens reading. When asked about the future, students conversations with others on campus. The fund were hoping for more integrated content and is part of their suite of OA supports. Thomson collaboration tools. The session description discussed OAK, a platform to manage APC provided an accurate summary of the results payments. One time-motion study indicated that were detailed in the presentation. the cost to process an APC was $150. OAK makes the work more efficient for institutions continued on page 57

56 Against the Grain / April 2015 And They Were There from page 56 Here’s the remedy

Deploying Mendeley to Support Research Collections — Presented by Helen Josephine (Stanford University); Jennifer Chang, Moderator (Elsevier); Indira Yerramareddy (International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI))

Reported by: Laksamee Putnam (Albert S. Cook Library, Towson University)

Chang introduced Mendeley, a bibliographic management tool that also serves as a social network for academics. Users can utilize Men- deley for free, or institutional subscription access Action! Library Media Service can be provided, allowing larger groups and improving various Mendeley features. Chang Your single-source solution for media then introduced the two speakers, Josephine providing a perspective from a university setting, Video Acquisition and Yerramareddy providing a perspective from firm orders approval plans corporate science. is filled with headaches shelf-ready small distributors Josephine presented Mendeley as an ana- foreign imports out of print titles lytical tool that students and faculty can utilize beyond the basic bibliographic management. streaming video Partnering with her school’s writing centers, Josephine helped run a variety of workshops in www.ActionLibraryMedia.com order to teach Mendeley to undergraduate and 800-886-4408 graduate students. Students can share resources within a class, such as a lab group, essentially crowdsourcing a database and ensuring important citations aren’t missed. accepted FLCs, with their “set” curricula and objectives, have fo- Faculty can gather alt-metrics on resources, viewing trends such as cused on information literacy and OA. Output products have included which articles are the most read. The more groups utilizing Mendeley, conferences and journals. Members were engrossed in topics such the stronger a tool it becomes. as journal costs, author rights, open peer review. They could be Yerramareddy mirrored similar points in her portion of the session. enraged when given examples (or underwent personal experience) However, her perspective could be taken to a global level. Rather than of unexpected results with OA editors. They were engaged since just a class of students, large working groups could be created within discussions were member-facilitated. The groups broke down silos, Mendeley to allow scientists from around the world to collaborate. were of varied demographics. Faculty members are interested in Bibliographies to share information allowed the scientists to find part- promotion and tenure (their behaviors could change). The library’s ners in projects, contribute to active discussions on various topics, and status on campus increased. Library involvement in FLCs so far has increase the visibility of partnerships by creating a live collaboration that had successes and has necessitated re-evaluation of activities if too could be shared. The use of Mendeley as an active online science forum advanced or too ambitious. encourages a fast-paced exchange of ideas and could be considered an alternative to peer-review. Mendeley is continually being improved, and Libraries Leading the Way on the ‘Textbook Problem’— as more institutions and individuals join, it holds potential to increase Presented by William Cross (North Carolina State University crowdsourcing as a viable factor in moving science forward. Libraries); Brendan O’Connell (North Carolina State University Libraries); Marilyn Billing (UMass-Amherst); Charlotte Roh Engrossed, Enraged, Engaged: Empowering Faculty in Trans- (UMass Amherst) forming Scholarly Communication — Presented by Jen Waller (Miami University); Jennifer Bazeley (Miami University Libraries) Reported by: Jennifer Culley (The University of Southern Mississippi) Reported by: Ramune K. Kubilius (Northwestern University, Galter Health Sciences Library) A good-sized crowd gathered for the thought-provoking session regarding libraries and the issue of rising textbook costs. Cross, It is always nice to hear that an academic library is able to plug O’Connell, Billing, and Roh addressed the idea of faculty creating into an initiative that is already in place on campus and recognized their own texts for student use. This session addressed the changing by faculty as a strategic endeavor in which to be involved. At landscape of textbooks, the influence of these changes, and how li- Miami University, the library’s attempts to involve the academic braries see themselves assisting in the changes. It met, and exceeded, community in scholarly communication discussions, esp. on OA, my expectations of how much good and useful information would be through its 2009 Scholarly Working Group, did not lead to adoption presented during the session. of an OA resolution. However, since 2011, involvement in several The presenters explained that technologies are evolving and that fac- of the university’s trans-disciplinary Faculty Learning Communities ulty can use it to their advantage to create digital or interactive textbooks has proven to be more successful on various levels. Administrative for their students; these textbooks are also made freely accessible to support, a stipend for continuing education, and recognition in the others outside of the university. If libraries choose to administrate the tenure process were likely factors leading to buy-in by the individuals software and provide guidance for the creation of these new textbooks, (faculty and students) who applied to join. Librarians’ successfully continued on page 58 Against the Grain / April 2015 57 Burton spoke about using video for enhancement. He deliberately And They Were There wanted video content in Ideas Roadshow to emphasize conversations from page 57 and pedagogical goals, and much of their product consists of academic interviews between himself and a researcher. He explored three exam- they will assist faculty, make textbooks more affordable to students, ples of this “deliberate enhancement”: providing a motivational and and help change the marketplace of textbooks. contextual environment for “humanizing” researchers, demonstrating By creating partnerships with faculty and obtaining grants to assist interdisciplinarity, and revealing new insights and perspectives through with costs of textbook creation, the library can assist with better quality informal conversation. textbooks at a more reasonable cost. I was not aware, until this session, After providing a brief history of Alexander Street Press, Law- that there are currently monies available in grants to assist libraries and rence spoke about her company’s focus on added-value tools that they faculty with this endeavor. However, I hope to bring up this, and the develop and provide along with their content. She spoke about differ- topic of textbooks in general, to my library in the hopes we can explore ent models of licensing streaming video, from the traditional (annual some of these cutting edge ideas. subject-based package subscriptions) to the emerging (evidence-based, PDA, perpetual rights, single title, topical bundles), some of which ASP will be offering in 2015. One System, Different Expectations: The User at the Center of Discovery — Presented by Christine Stohn (Ex Libris); Laura Morse (Harvard University) Two Years In and We Are Still Head Over Heels about Our Head in the Clouds: 100% PDA and No Approval Plan — Reported by: Katie O’Connor (College of Charleston) Presented by Jennifer Clarke (Bucknell University); Dan Heuer (Bucknell University)

Reported by: Gail Julian (Clemson University) One main reason to do user studies is that users come to a search with different expectations. Stohn began the presentation by explaining user and usability studies, and how libraries can use these to provide more effective searching for their patrons. Ex Libris collaborated with Two years in, and Bucknell is still extremely pleased with the results Harvard over the past year to collect usage scenarios and feedback from of their move from approval plans to a 100% patron-driven approach to users. Morse explained how this data helped Harvard create personas selection and acquisitions. Bucknell is the largest private liberal arts and scenarios in order to optimize searching in their discovery service. college in central Pennsylvania and uses OCLC’s WorldCat as their Several recurring themes appeared in the studies, including a need for discovery service. Bucknell’s approval plan process was efficient, students to build up their terminology on a subject, and a desire among adding roughly 12,000 titles per year to their collections, but Clarke faculty members and researchers for the newest material in their field. and Heuer found that only titles “rush” ordered or from a specific request were actually being used. Bucknell’s patron-driven plan provides a two-pronged approach: over 200,000 bibliographic records were Out of the Basement: Impact of Video on New Library Resourc- loaded into their catalog based upon a profile using subjects and costs as es and Library Collections and Services — Presented by Julia parameters. These titles were available for browsing, short-term loans, Gelfand (University of California, Irvine); Eileen Lawrence or purchases. If a needed title was not available through this plan or as (Alexander Street Press); Howard Burton (Ideas Roadshow/ part of existing collections, the title was borrowed or purchased through Open Agenda Publishing); Michael Fusco (JoVE) a mediated request form via Illiad. This new approach resulted in a 73% reduction in titles ordered from 2012-2014 and a 75% reduction in mon- Reported by: Anne Shelley (Illinois State University) ies spent although concerns persist about the rising costs of short-term loans. The reduction in staff time needed for selection and acquisition resulted in new metadata responsibilities for technical services staff, and public services staff had more time to spend embedded in classes. A Gelfand began the session, stating that her library has been work- new digital humanities position was created. Bucknell is in the process ing to develop their video support for science and engineering. She of joining HathiTrust, continues to weed their collections, and plans mentions reasons for this initiative, including, but not limited to, the a major deselection project in the future. Saved monies were used to fact that users are interested in using video for teaching and learning, purchase primary source materials, journal backfiles, and materials for there are many new products on the market now, video brings extra Special Collections. This presentation did not address textbooks. interaction and expression to one’s learning experience, and students are more and more creating their own academic work in the form of video. With these enhanced services, though, the library has also confronted That’s all the reports we have room for in this issue. Watch for a number of issues, such as streaming, a variety of formats to manage, more reports from the 2014 Charleston Conference in upcoming and device compatibility. issues of Against the Grain. Presentation material (PowerPoint Fusco spoke about JoVE’s role in helping students engage with slides, handouts) and taped session links from many of the 2014 scientific experiments through video. He presented a number of case sessions are available online. Visit the Conference Website at www. studies and data that demonstrated the effectiveness of learning through katina.info/conference. — KS video in both the corporate and academic sectors.

It is unclear when or if the merger will be ap- the perceptive Nancy Herther are worth read- Rumors proved. The final sentence of the SK editorial ing. Google Deals & Privacy: What Have We from page 48 is worth repeating, “Scale is the new normal, Been Sold? (Part 1 of 2 Parts). Mastering the and those without some element of scale to Curation, Integrity and Citation of Quality Re- http://www.wsj.com their business may soon find themselves with search Data: Research Data Publication, Part II. https://www.insidehighered.com few options.” http://www.against-the-grain.com The Springer and Macmillan potential http://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org Thank goodness it is Spring even though it merger was discussed in detail in Scholarly Given all this consolidation in the industry, means that the heat will return to Charleston! Kitchen by Kent Anderson January 20, 2015. several articles on the ATG NewsChannel by Happy Spring! Yr. Ed.

58 Against the Grain / April 2015 Don’s Conference Notes by Donald T. Hawkins (Conference Blogger and Editor) Data Infrastructure: The Importance of Quality of the data must show that anyone who wishes to repeat the research can and Integrity — A CENDI/NFAIS Workshop access the data under the same terms and restrictions as the original authors, CENDI (the Commerce, Energy, NASA, Defense Information Man- thus eliminating any potential biases. U.S. Patent and Trademark And authors should be encouraged to agers Group, http://www.cendi.gov) and NFAIS (the National Federation Office, Alexandria, VA. of Advanced Information Services, http://www.nfais.org) held a joint deposit their data in a public reposito- workshop on data quality and integrity on November 20, 2014 at the beautiful ry with links to the data and any publications resulting from it. headquarters of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office in Alexandria, VA. Federal Policy Implications of Data Quality Keynote Address Kevin Kirby, Enterprise Data Architect at the Environmental The workshop was keynoted by Marcia McNutt, Editor-in-Chief of Protection Agency (EPA), listed three recent legislative actions relating Science Magazine, who presented an excellent overview of the issues sur- to data quality: rounding data quality and integrity and used three examples to demonstrate • The Data Act, signed into law on May 9, 2014, is the nation’s that public trust in science depends on first legislative mandate for data transparency. It requires open, integrity. standardized data in federally funded research and publication of 1. The data must be trusted. For ex- that data online. ample, several studies of stress levels in • The Open Data Policy, established in response to an Executive animals gave differing results, so people Order issued May 9, 2013, establishes data as an information said the data were unreliable. However, resource and sets open and machine-readable data as the default according to a recent article in Nature,1 for government information. One result of this policy has been a animals tend to suppress pain around resurgence of interest in data.gov, the “home of the U.S. govern- men more than around women, but the ment’s open data,” which currently contains links to over 132,000 investigators had not recorded whether data sets. the studies were done by men or women. • The Information Quality Act of 2002 required the issuance of There was nothing intrinsically wrong guidelines to Federal agencies ensuring the quality, objectivity, with the data, but the unknown variable utility, and integrity of the information they disseminate. gave the perception that the data were In response, the EPA issued its own information quality guidelines Marcia McNutt unreliable. (IQGs) http://www.epa.gov/quality/informationguidelines/, and is pro- 2. Experiments must be reproducible. In the “Miracle on the Hudson” ducing metadata records that describe data sets and provide links to them. plane crash in 2009, the pilot reported that he smelled “burning birds” as the It has also developed standards, controlled vocabularies, registries, and engines shut down. This observation led to experiments in the U.S. and Japan repositories for data elements. Kirby said that references and thesauri are on the limits of engines to tolerate bird strikes; however, the researchers in very important in improving searches for data, and a data categorization both countries could not reproduce each other’s data. Further investigation scheme is still needed. on the methodology revealed that the U.S. investigators were using fresh Daniel Morgan, Chief Data Officer at the Department of Transpor- test birds, and the Japanese were using frozen ones. Once both teams used tation (DOT), wondered if we are managing all of our assets properly. He the same type of birds, the data were reproducible. noted that it is frequently difficult to standardize on definitions, but it is 3. Interpretations should be free from bias. Bias is one of the hardest necessary; for example, the definition of a bridge is important in the National things to avoid in data, and there are two types of bias: false positives and Bridge Inventory (http://nationalbridges.com/). Data can become well false negatives. How a question is phrased can introduce bias into the final regarded and trusted by capturing good metadata. Sometimes it is necessary results. And sometimes experiments cannot be repeated, such as those to instill a culture within an agency’s research community and implement involving earthquakes, because the earth never repeats the same event in a data management plan (which DOT has not done yet.) the same way. Morgan said that we must reward people for sharing their data. Basic Journals have an important role to play in promoting data quality, and researchers need to interact with applied researchers, and we must help them they have an obligation to alert the scientific community when data is found to build good metadata. He suggested that the library community is a good to be not reproducible. Prestigious journals are setting standards for pub- place to turn for assistance in these areas. lication because scientists want to publish their results in them. In a joint Perspectives of Data Initiators, Funders, and Managers editorial2 in Science and Nature (only the third in history between these two journals), McNutt discussed actions that journals were taking to address Laura Biven, Senior Science and Technology Advisor at the Depart- reproducibility, the development of guidelines for publication of research, ment of Energy’s (DOE’s) Office of Science, said that the Office supports and requirements for authors to report their experimental parameters. Over about 22,000 scientists, graduate students, undergraduates, and engineers at 70 publishers have agreed to the guidelines. over 300 institutions. It provides 47% of Federal support of basic research in the physical sciences and is also responsible for supporting over 28,000 Incentives for producing quality data and reproducible results are avail- users per year at the world’s largest collection of scientific user facilities such able to a number of organizations: as those at more than 30 National Laboratories and major universities. As a • Federal agencies have a responsibility to make reproducibility in result, incoming data rates into computing sites are skyrocketing, and there research part of their funding guidelines and to instill a culture of is now an increased value in collecting data because of new analytic tools. scientific and data quality and integrity in their operations. The The Office of Science recently published its data management plan Department of the Interior is the first agency to issue a policy on (http://science.energy.gov/funding-opportunities/digital-data-manage- data quality for its agencies. ment/), including principles and requirements, and its requirements will • Universities train current and future researchers in the scientific be included in all future solicitations for research funding. Other DOE method. One incentive for producing reproducible results is to offices will follow suit by October 1, 2015; by that time, there will be a reward those who do so. single DOE-wide policy on data. Journal articles and accepted manuscripts • Similarly, scientific societies should consider honoring researchers from projects supported by DOE funding are now available on the DOE’s who consistently produce reproducible results and adopt repro- Public Access Gateway for Energy and Science (PAGES) system (http:// ducibility guidelines for their publications. www.osti.gov/pages/). It is clear that a team effort is needed in these incentives, but privacy Dr. Isaac Kohane, Co-Director, Center for Biomedical Informatics at issues may cause problems, especially in areas such as biomedicine where Harvard Medical School, focused on electronic medical records and said patient data is often used in studies. In such circumstances, the policy adopt- that one of the major challenges to reproducibility is getting the data in and ed by Science is a model. If an author cites privacy restrictions, the owners continued on page 60 Against the Grain / April 2015 59 • Market prices of personal data: Don’s Conference Notes $0.50 for street address; $2 for date of birth; $8 for Social from page 59 Security number; $3 for driver’s license number; and $35 for military record.3 out of a repository reliably. Even a small healthcare center can accumulate a large amount of data in a short time. Harvard’s Shared Health Research Metadata is an asset and can be used, thus increasing the value of the Information Network (SHRINE, http://catalyst.harvard.edu/services/ initial investment in the data. Although it costs about $40 to produce a shrine/) is a repository of aggregated data on patients that can be used in metadata record, many articles have a reuse rate of over 50%. medical research studies. Kohane said that the quality of the data is critical DRYAD is now receiving about 80 papers a week for deposit in its in such studies, and it is important to make data available and discoverable repository. It is based on MIT’s DSpace technology (http://www.dspace. so that it can be used. org/); DOIs are generated by the DataCite system (https://www.datacite. Melissa Cragin from the National Science Foundation (NSF) gave an org/). DRYAD began with articles in evolutional biology and has now update on public access plans for data (NSF does not conduct research; it been extended to other subject areas. Some articles have been download- only funds it). As a result of the Open Data Policy established in 2013, NSF ed many times, which is one measure of DRYAD’s success. DRYAD is has expanded its long-standing data sharing policy and is now requiring a governed by a 12-member board that sets policy and goals; a payment two-page data management plan (DMP) as a supplement to all funding pro- plan was launched in September 2014. posals. Publication and data management costs must be included as a direct Bruce Wilson, Enterprise Architect at Oak Ridge National Labora- charge in proposal budgets. Information in a DMP may include types of data, tory, said that his job is to help scientists do their job. There are many standards, access and sharing policies, provisions for re-use, and archiving reasons to enable access to federally funded research; Wilson asked how plans. In a survey of DMPs, considerable variation was found in structure do we ensure data quality to facilitate this? We need to understand what is and content; using DMPs to understand trends is therefore a non-trivial happening when researchers generate data and help them to automate the effort. Cragin suggested that these issues for data need to be considered: process (Wilson called this “data carpentry”). Because of today’s tools, it • Intersection of data management, public access, and preservation, is easy to generate huge quantities of data. We must focus on what users • Moving to a culture of sharing, need; in common with several other speakers, Wilson said that “good • Increasing our understanding of variations in the role of science enough” is not a bad policy. Here are his observations: “drivers,” and • Keep the end in focus: doing science. • Knowledge of and sustaining of the stakeholders. • Make doing the right thing the easy thing. Collaborative work is increasing, resulting in very large and complex − Automation is often key. data sets being produced, which is causing an increase in the need for − Security and usability should not be mutually exclusive. access to tools for data sharing and publication. The traditional role of the • Value standards, sustainability, and simplicity. single investigator with a team of graduate students is changing; big data is radically affecting the “long tail” of science. • Confidentiality is often over emphasized. Think integrity first, then long-term availability. Principles that have guided NSF’s funding activities have included recognition and support for peer review, collaboration among agencies, and • Discovery is essential to availability. Metadata is hard and encouraging support for existing archives. NSF is responding to current essential. changes in scientific research and is developing a new plan for data man- Science is a voyage of discovery, so we need to set objectives rea- agement that follows these core principles: sonably depending on how far ahead we can see. We must protect the • We will proceed incrementally. confidentiality of some data, but how do we balance that with the need for • We will respect the diversity of sciences that NSF supports and access to public data? Many people are looking for data they can easily the communities in which scientific research is conducted and find with common search tools, but they miss the wealth that is available scientists are educated. in areas that popular search engines cannot see. Many tools can expose data; the challenge is to deliver the information that scientists need to do • We will use automated techniques, when appropriate, to re- their job at any time, anywhere, and on any device. duce investigator and administrative burdens while achieving accountability. Megan Force, Digital Research Analyst for Physical Science, Thom- The plan is in the comment phase now; when approved, it will be posted son Reuters, described Thomson’s Data Citation Index (DCI, http:// on the NSF Website (http://www.nsf.gov) along with FAQs and guidance. wokinfo.com/products_tools/multidisciplinary/dci/), which is part of the Web of Science. The DCI provides citations to data sets and can merge Disseminators and Service Providers them into the metadata for an article. A recent study found that many Jane Greenberg, Professor and Director of the Metadata Research Cen- researchers are not receiving adequate credit for their digital scholarship, ter (http://cci.drexel.edu/mrc/) at Drexel University, began by noting that so they are reluctant to share it, and many data repositories do not have data is only as good as its metadata. She is involved with Drexel’s DRYAD clear standards or mechanisms to promote sharing. project (http://datadryad.org), a curated general-purpose repository that The DCI was developed in response to researchers’ problems in finding makes data discoverable, freely reusable, and citable. Researchers are re- and sharing data. So far, 220 repositories are indexed; at its launch in 2012 peatedly creating the same metadata by cutting and pasting it into templates; it contained over 4 million data records. The DCI is cross-disciplinary the motivation for DRYAD is to automate metadata generation and allow and searches can be conducted across disciplines. Criteria for including researchers to concentrate on the things that need human intervention. It is a repository in the DCI include: important to get scientists to think about owning their metadata. • Editorial content that is desirable to the research community, When an article is accepted for publication, authors are asked to deposit • Persistence and stability, with a steady flow of new information (or it in the DRYAD repository and receive a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) at least an assurance that someone is in charge of the repository), for it. The email notifying the author of acceptance is parsed, and a form prepopulated with metadata is returned for completion. (Many researchers • Thoroughness and detail of descriptive information, and will not fill in blank forms because of the time involved, so prepopulating • Links from the data to the research literature. the form as much as possible increases the likelihood of a response.) The Formal citations to data sets are often difficult to find because they data set is stored in the system, and it may be published before the article, are buried in the text of articles or are cited in bibliographies. Efforts are which many journal publishers do not approve of; nevertheless, about 50 of underway to capture these citations and add them to the DCI. them have signed a Joint Data Archiving Policy (JDAP, http://datadryad. Following this session, attendees and speakers were asked for a wish org/pages/jdap) and have become DRYAD partners. Once the data has list for data producers. The following were mentioned: been deposited, it and its metadata can be accessed and reused. A recent report published by the Office of Economic Cooperation and • Better attribution of authorship of data, Development (OECD)10 suggested these valuations of some common • Support for the data carpentry movement, which is a vehicle data elements: for culture change, and • Market cap of Facebook per user: $40 - $300 • The ability to show evidence that current research is moving • Revenues per record per user: $4-$7 per year for Facebook and science forward. Experian continued on page 61 60 Against the Grain / April 2015 Don’s Conference Notes Endnotes from page 60 1. “Olfactory exposure to males, including men, causes stress and related analgesia in rodents,” Nature Methods 11, 629–632 (2014). The audience noted that many of the points discussed in this session are 2. “Journals Unite For Reproducibility,” Science, 346 (6210): 679 related to the incentive structure of science and how scientists get credit (November 7, 2014). for their work. They must perceive benefits of making their data available. 3. OECD (2013), “Exploring the Economics of Personal Data: A Persistent identifiers are essential for data because some data sets may be Survey of Methodologies for Measuring Monetary Value,” OECD in more than one repository. For credit purposes, only one identifier is Digital Economy Papers, No. 220, OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi. needed, but whenever the data is changed, a new identifier must be used org/10.1787/5k486qtxldmq-en for each version of the data set. If a data set has been created from several others, all of the contributing data sets be cited.

Charleston Seminar — Being Earnest With Our Collections: Determining Key Challenges and Best Practices

Charleston Conferences have traditionally concluded with a “rump want to replicate the course reserve shelf without undermining their mar- session,” where a few hardy attendees gathered for a free-flowing discus- ket. Course adoption often sustains unprofitable monograph publishing; sion on topics of interest. During the past few years, a desire for a more it will be important to develop models that will be workable for all parties structured session grew, and it came to fruition this year in the form of but that will not add to a library’s costs. The book rental market is also a new Charleston Seminar entitled “Being Earnest With Our Collec- changing the economics of textbook publishing. tions: Determining Key Challenges and Best Practices.” The seminar 5) What is the future of the scholarly monograph and how can both attracted significant interest and drew about 50 attendees, who listened to libraries and end users be accommodated in an age of electronic publish- four presentations on topics of current interest. ing? Is monograph publishing sustainable in an environment of shrinking budgets and, thus, shrinking purchases? Can this form of scholarship eBooks: Key Challenges, Future Possibilities thrive in a digital world? One possibility is for a hybrid purchasing model Michael Levine-Clark, Associate Dean for Scholarly Communications in which the library buys the book text, and the users (students) pay for and Collections Services, University of Denver, and Rebecca Seger, added functionality such as searching, the ability to make notes, etc. It Director, Institutional Sales, Oxford University Press USA, began by is important for libraries to work with publishers to find solutions, and identifying the following key challenges facing today’s eBook market. there should be more communication between them. It is also important 1) Developing sustainable, flexible, and predictable business models to recognize that print still matters in an eBook environment. has become difficult because today’s trends affect all the players. Budget crises occur regularly in libraries, causing publishers’ revenues to become Mapping a Cloud Strategy and Transitioning even more unpredictable than they have been in the past. In the academic From Legacy Systems library market, demands for short-term loans and multiple eBook access Robert MacDonald, Associate Dean for Library Technologies, Indi- models (subscriptions, purchases, or demand-driven acquisitions (DDAs)) ana University, said that cloud usage is booming. He quoted a recently have arisen. All of these forces are challenging, resulting in little predict- published RightScale “State of the Cloud” Report (http://www.rightscale. ability and sustainability in the eBook market. com/lp/2014-state-of-the-cloud-report) which reported that 94% of today’s 2) In order to preserve their content, eBook producers and aggregators businesses are using cloud storage. The next major trend will be an increase must consider which hosting platform will provide them with sustainability in public cloud usage; in the last year alone, global spending on public cloud and long-term access to their products. Leased eBooks and those available services has dramatically increased, from $47 billion to $170 billion. Many through DDA are subject to these concerns. Every book that a publisher enterprises are taking a hybrid approach to cloud services, using both their produces is a market risk and has continuing fixed costs. (Thus, long- own servers as well as public services such as Amazon’s Web Services. term scholarly publishing in some disciplines is changing; for example, (As the market leader, it is four times the size of every other competitor.) Wiley has ceased publishing physics books.) Publishers and aggregators Libraries must decide when or if they should move their data to the have become the “library shelves” for eBooks, and they are experiencing cloud. Key decision points include: Where does my data actually reside? pressure to impose hosting fees for content that may or may not be pur- How do I control it? How do I get it into the system and back out? They chased. Perhaps a dual hosting model would be viable, with aggregators also need to consider from a cost or service perspective when would be the providing access across a range of publishers and managing discovery, right time to migrate. There may not be any urgency, and because costs and publishers implementing post-purchase access. It is important to are currently decreasing, it might be prudent to wait. A new type of cloud ensure that all published scholarly monographs are preserved in a trusted service, business processes as a service (BPaaS), has recently emerged, repository such as Portico (http://www.portico.org/digital-preservation/) in which a user can configure a cloud-based system from parts of several or LOCKSS (http://www.lockss.org/). other services. Such an environment gives users more control of a cloud 3) Resource sharing in the print world is commonly done via in- ecosystem, but it may require technical support from people with system terlibrary loan (ILL) — a core value. Some librarians have suggested administration skills. implementing ILL for eBooks as well, but does that make sense? When a Moving to a cloud-based service is a large and potentially transforma- print book is out on ILL, access to it at the owning library is unavailable; tional change for libraries. Jill Grogg, Electronic Resources Coordinator, how can that be implemented for eBooks without causing confusion to University of Alabama Libraries, discussed the importance of consider- users? Levine-Clark and Seger said that we should work with publishing the human element of change, noting that if something is not terrify- ers to establish a model that allows immediate access to everything with ing, it is not truly change! She said that implementing a change with the faster delivery to users, but is cheaper than ILL. Replacing ILL with magnitude of a move from legacy to next-generation systems necessitates short-term loans is a positive development; perhaps owning libraries a serious self-reflection and a thorough understanding of communication. could ask publishers if they could pay for usage when the eBooks in their We communicate every day with many people: our bosses, co-workers, collections are actually used, or else borrowing libraries could pay a “DDA and our children. Understanding communication means understanding fee.” Or perhaps content from short-term loans could be embargoed until negotiation. Analyze and interpret noise, both literal and metaphorical. the publisher’s production costs have been recouped. Whatever model Change is unsettling, and it makes people anxious. It is important to deal eventually emerges, it is critical to ensure that eBooks are more portable with questions showing anxiety at the time they come up, then act at the and accessible to users, not less. appropriate time, provide good feedback, and move decisively. 4) Now that many textbooks used in academic courses are available as eBooks, how should libraries handle them? Libraries traditionally do not Alternative Serial Distribution Systems For Libraries purchase textbooks for their collections. Publishers are concerned about Jonathan Harwell, Head of Collections and Services, Rollins College, loss of revenue when textbooks that would have been purchased by many and James Bunnelle, Acquisitions and Collection Development Librarian, students on a campus become available electronically. Libraries want Lewis & Clark College, said that we need to focus our attention on creat- books in their collections regardless of their use in a class, but publishers continued on page 62 Against the Grain / April 2015 61 Rick Anderson, Associate Dean for Scholarly Resources and Collec- Don’s Conference Notes tions, University of Utah, concluded the seminar with a presentation of from page 61 a model of depth perception in academic libraries. He said that libraries are expected to provide services along two vectors: a short-term temporal ing alternatives to developing serials collections.1 Harwell and Bunnell vector to students and faculty on campuses, and a long-term spatial vector wondered why article-level acquisitions are not being more widely used by to a global scholarly communication environment and ecosystem. Their librarians to meet their objectives of acquiring serial content at the point of needs are different and can be in contention with each other, especially need, leading to long-term ownership. They suggested adding DDA as an when resources are limited. Anderson’s model (a matrix) lets us think option for serials at the article, not the journal, level. (In fact, preliminary about how this tension can be resolved. (See Anderson’s matrix in ATG suggestions along these lines were made at Charleston Conferences by v.26#5, November 2014, p.78.) Banks in 2006 and McCracken in 2011.) Monographs and serials are Anderson said that each of us is an employee of our library, which is not different forms of information, but libraries have long treated them part of an institution, and we need to ask ourselves the following questions. differently. That is also changing; for example, “book chunking” (selling • In which quadrant(s) does my host institution’s expressed books at the chapter level) is becoming more prevalent. And some special issues of journals have long been aggregated, bound, sold separately, and mission fall? handled as books (both printed and electronic). • How well does my library’s expressed mission fit within my Librarians build their collections for long-term access, supplement- institution’s? ed by short-term loans to supply items they do not own. We need a • How fully do my library’s policies and practices fall within standard method to acquire electronic content on demand for the long my institutions expressed mission? term, regardless of its format. One might think that ILL and document • How well do my own preferences and inclinations match the delivery might be appropriate ways to add content to library collections, expressed mission of my institution/library? but they are only short-term on-demand solutions. We would not want these to be the only ways of acquiring eBooks; why should we accept • How fully do my actual activities at work fit within those them for serials? expressed missions? Because of budget cuts, libraries are cancelling subscriptions every year, After looking at the institution’s role, we need to turn the focus on which creates challenges for publishers who want to gain new subscriptions ourselves and ask what motivates us and why we are in this profession. and for librarians who want to provide new serials content. ILL and pay-per- This seminar generated a significant interest and was a success. There- view (PPV) are only temporary alternatives. Journals exist as vehicles for fore, plans are underway for further seminars on other topics at future researchers to publish their results. If some articles were worth collecting on Charleston Conferences. Watch the ATG blog for future announcements their own and adding to a library’s collection, what would happen if publisher and developments. “tokens” provided access to such articles? Students might find such a model attractive because they generally do not read entire issues of journals, only the articles they need. Libraries do not own their digital content; it is more Donald T. Hawkins is an information industry freelance writer based like a long-term lease. But users are generally unaware of the difference; in Pennsylvania. In addition to blogging and writing about conferences how does the perception of ownership affect pricing? for Against the Grain, he blogs the Computers in Libraries and Internet Here is Harwell and Bunnelle’s concluding slide which is an eloquent sum- Librarian conferences for Information Today, Inc. (ITI) and maintains mary of today’s serials problem and a plea for cooperation in moving forward. the Conference Calendar on the ITI Website (http://www.infotoday. com/calendar.asp). He recently contributed a chapter to the book Special Libraries: A Survival Guide (ABC-Clio, 2013) and is the Editor of Personal Archiving, (Information Today, 2013). He holds a Ph.D. degree from the University of California, Berkeley and has worked in the online information industry for over 40 years.

Endnotes 1. Until recently, libraries made extensive use of subscription agents in developing their serials collections, but today’s systems allow libraries to easily manage their own subscriptions, so the days of agents as managers of subscriptions are closing. Many of them are becoming “acquisitions agents,” helping librarians negotiate pricing deals with publishers.

@Brunning: People & Technology At the Only Edge that Means Anything / How We Understand What We Do by Dennis Brunning (Director, The Design School Library, Arizona State University)

The Last Library on Earth Once Phil concludes he’s alone, he plans his played by the comedian and actor Kristen It’s too soon to say, but my TV addicted suicide, just not wanting to live alone. He can Schaal. Phil drives over. He finds a pink bra. pals figure the new Fox comedy “The Last Man have anything that remains but quickly learns it They begin a reverse creation story. on Earth” will take with Sunday’s fickle audi- isn’t much. He paints a target in red and white Phil and Carol find out quickly they are not ences, long enough, at least, to produce a few on a big solid boulder and takes aim with his old match.com matches. They realize, though, they memes. The library is dead, the library lives! pick-up truck. Good idea, except the old F150 must recreate civilization from scratch. doesn’t have much horsepower to gain much Phil Miller, played by former SNL and They reverse engineer life from the junk of speed. Phil has too much time and manages to Nebraska actor Will Forte ends up in Tucson, man. To irrigate a tomato garden Phil reads up give one last look-around to his kingdom. He Arizona after a futile tour of the United States at the public library about this sort of thing. sees smoke. Rising. In the distance. looking for living people. They’ve disappeared No running water, no electricity, no Wikipedia. because of a virus. Nothing remains except the At her own campsite, the last woman in the But there is a library. artifacts of American culture. And Phil. world lives. That would be Carol Pilbasian, continued on page 63

62 Against the Grain / April 2015 He makes great points; here are some: Take the world depicted on CBS’s new CSI @Brunning: People & Technology • Actual content of communications franchise, CSI Cyber Crime. I can believe from page 62 is less nosey and insightful than that cyber crime is out there happening just “meta-data.” beyond these keyboarding fingers. Yet I can It’s a comedy, so there’s no big lesson • Government cyber-espionage agen- no better assess the truth of the hyper-cyber here except for the fun of watching ontogeny or the cyber cyber of this new world of crimi- recapitulates phylogeny — or bringing man to cies like the NSA do not need illegal data taps on wired and wireless nality. The logic at hand and deployed makes woman, woman to man, and order on a world sense, entertains me while vexing me. Is their whose switch has been turned off. Internet as much as simply the data waste given off by normal Internet world my world? As librarians, we have to delight in imag- and mobile network activity. I feel like a hopeless and hapless Diogenes ining a library as a useful place when all is • Under ubiquitous surveillance, we seeking the honest man. In my opinion, hon- doomed. I’ve got a former colleague who esty, good behavior, altruism, golden rule — went from the library to better things, warning can be influenced to buy when we simply act hungry or be charged all these blend. I sense that most of us feel me to get into gear and save libraries from a this way. The definitive way is not through fate of becoming mausoleums. Because of the for crimes that may or may not be construed from a video cam. the Web or any other tool. These tools obscure Internet and Google and all of that. as much as they help. I could use CSI Cyber • The biggest issue isn’t net neutrality Now I can point to the Fox Sunday night tools at my finger tips. I could use Patricia or a corporate Internet but that all of primetime line-up and do a re-direct of the Arquette on my speed dial. us have drunk the kool-aid that the common wisdom. It takes a library after, well, Web can only work in its present Perhaps, software, networking, and all whatever. free access in exchange for almost that server-posted content might help me Of course, Phil could, for amusement, at complete omniscience of the mili- think like the cyber sleuths on CSI. I could anytime burn the library down for fun. He still tary-industrial complex. think like a machine. Machines help predict, has matches and there is all sorts of kindling. and if you behave predictively, so much the Was Ike right? Was the major threat not He won’t though. He needs those tomatoes. better. Unfortunately, we, all in Diogenes’ Marxist-Leninism but Big Brother in the And eventually some tips of midwifery — footsteps, encounter along the way so much unified and seamless cooperation of Big Gov- because she, our Eve of Tucson, feels a moral one-off behaviors. The driverless car powered ernment and Big Business? imperative and a stirring in her loins, all is not by Google zigs when the driver zags. lost on the last man on Earth. Schneier’s assessment of the post- Snowden, post-9/11 cyber world is less than Thankfully, a human can intervene and sanguine but more than nihlist dystopia. He’s take over controls. The human side of all of this and, for this column, the human in search Let’s Book Data and Goliath down, as the kids might say, with our own ability to understand the issues. All may want is where the librarian may thrive. We can be Schneier, Bruce. Data and Goliath: the drone pilot, we can be the adviser The Hidden Battles to Capture Your Data Snowden to answer for the NSA whistle-blowing, but no one agrees who connects the dots that machines and Control Your World. New York: W. W. do not pick until someone real Norton, 2015. and all scratch their heads, at least as citizens, about our self-impris- tells them. The public library is trusted, isn’t it? The onment by online data and be- Certainly the annals of public doesn’t fear librarians will give away havior. There are one too many search will devote much information about its patrons. Privacy is etched data links where data should be time to artificial intelli- into our DNA. Few believe use of it is at risk secure — bank accounts, health gence and smart search. of being divulged to authorities or corporations. records to name a few — for Some suggest it will end We respect contracts, patron records; we don’t anyone to go unnoticed. with the machine becom- look over shoulders at computer screens. We In the United States and oth- ing more human than its don’t care what you are reading or what you are designers. Likely, smart looking at. True, we’ve often filtered pornogra- er democratic countries we’ve taken for granted the inalien- people will step up and phy and hate speech. We are the good parent. draw a line in the sand Before Snowden, we knew the government able right to make decisions and behave lawfully in the context where machines can take and corporations collected our online data. As charge. consumers we are subject to the new privacy of equal human and legal rights. that exchanges free online to the Worldwide Underneath all of this is the pre- The Turing Test to guess Web in exchange for informative data on our sumption of privacy and rights whether or not a human is Web habits and behavior. We ate the cookie like the one to not self-incriminate. Almost communicating with an out-of-sight machine like everyone else. The way library computers overnight these values have been compromised is simple. A human judge must determine work, the ones we own and run, simply weren’t in effect to make a communications system if by questioning alone whether he or she is set up to track users. We were so good about it work effectively. The trick now is to figure speaking with a machine or human. Can the that we played an unwitting role in the events out how data can become a David, how those machine successfully imitate a person? of 9/11. Even now libraries are better places of us who work for the NSA and Google for Surely, the Diogenes tale of searching the to scheme than any Internet cafe. Especially free might fashion a slingshot and stone out of world for an honest man needs revising in the better than using a contracted cell phone. ones and zeros. modern world to extend to machines. Dio- In Data and Goliath, Bruce Schneier Oh, yes, as librarians our stance is well- genes will have to answer — is this a machine takes us on a quick tour of post-9/11 and post- known. Let’s keep it that way. or person? What need he ask to find out if Snowden cyberspace and where government, he’s found an honest man or honest machine? corporations, and users are when it comes to Who knows? But it is clear Diogenes the individual’s privacy. Annals of Search Diogenes Edition would not be able to Google it. We’ve created an online world where user I’m not finding you. I won’t find you, privacy is no longer valued. In fact, we are not will I? safe if not spied on, and we don’t get a great You never know where life will take you. user experience unless we’re well-known by You never know what you’ll need to know or the companies with whom we trade and the will be able to know. Online search holds out government which protects, educates, and hope that more can be known about all this, keeps us healthy. but, alas, it can’t deliver.

Against the Grain / April 2015 63 Both Sides Now: Vendors and Librarians — Pssst… I’ve Got an Offer for Your Library That You Can’t Refuse. Column Editor: Michael Gruenberg (President, Gruenberg Consulting, LLC) www.gruenbergconsulting.com

A salesman walks into a library and says, To me, this sales rep revolving door approach used by some compa- “I’ve got a new Database Product that the company has just de- nies in our business is one of the root causes of why a number of major veloped, and I wanted to personally tell you all about it. When information industry firms are not hitting their sales objectives. They I describe its features and benefits, your library will want to buy are forgetting the most basic premise of the sales success mantra, which it. We even have some special, limited-time incentives for you states, “People buy from people; they don’t buy from companies!” Ours to consider that are tied directly to this product.” is a relationship business, and to establish this mutual trust, time to work “Oh yeah” says the librarian. together must pass between the two parties. If over a five-year period the library has seen multiple salespeople from the company, how can a “Can I try it out for free for a year?” relationship even hope to be established? It simply can’t. The correct answer to the librarian’s question is: For most sales organizations, the rule of thumb in the measurement a) If it were up to me, I’d do it, but our company policy is that of salesperson attainment of their goals is broken into three categories trials are extended only for 30 days or less. based on the reps’s performance. There is the top 20%, the bottom 20%, b) I can honor your request, but only if you make a three-year and the rest of the staff falls somewhere in the middle 60%. This means commitment to buy. that a good sales director, with company support, will reward the top 20% c) Great idea, but I’ve got to speak to my manager for approval. and will hopefully prepare them for senior executive positions, while at Hopefully, he’ll be in a good mood today. the same time, actively replace the bottom 20% and then concentrate d) Sure, but only if you agree not to take your salary for a year. on working with the middle 60% to get as many of them as possible This way, we both won’t be able to pay the rent. into the top category. The goal of this methodology is to keep the top performers satisfied, weed out the folks who are not doing the job, and e) When pigs fly. work with the majority to help them succeed. This is an example of When the inevitable events of my life conspired to unceremoniously Basic Sales Management 101. drop me into the world of sales, I had many notions of what a salesperson My goal as a manager of salespeople was always to keep the staff is supposed to do, supposed to look like, and, most of all, I had no idea challenged and provide them with reachable incentives so as to allow how a person could earn a living by just speaking to other people. I had them to earn as much money as possible so that both heard tales of how successful salespeople are able to travel the the company and the rep had the wherewithal to reach world in comfort and at the same time make significant sums their yearly revenue goals and, as a result, stay with of money, but my only reference points to the world of the firm for many years. However, with the advent selling were watching the movie “Glengarry Glen Ross” of on-line recruiting sites, reps have a far wider and seeing “Death of a Salesman” on Broadway. Yikes! network that informs them of seemingly better jobs All I could think of was the Richard Nixon poster somewhere else. Tie this fact to a company whose popularized around the time of Watergate that showed internal policies towards salespeople may be per- the disgraced President’s face with the caption, “Would ceived as harsh, and the result is more movement you buy a used car from this man?” Stereotypical visions of men in between sales jobs than ever before. It’s a sign of the times that may plaid suits with inappropriate ties, garish pinky rings, accompanied by a ultimately give the salesperson more opportunity to grow and prosper, fat cigar in their mouth, permeated my thinking as to what a “sales guy” but in the short term, the carousel of interchangeable reps annoys the possibly should look like. “Sign here pal and it’s yours.” customer and puts added pressure on the company to hire better than Although I will admit to have indulged in the smoking of a fine cigar adequate replacements. on occasion, I have neither plaid suits, nor inappropriate neckwear in The problem for the company is that when an employee of many my wardrobe. Moreover, my initial vision of what a salesperson in our years leaves, a part of the company culture also leaves. Sure, the new business should look like was not entirely accurate since the majorities of person may have great credentials, but ultimately it will take some time my sales/marketing colleagues over the years consist of a well-coiffed and for that new person to learn the policies, fit into the culture, and begin to well-dressed group of people that I am proud to have been associated with. create new customer relationships. In my opinion, working with what With the establishment of my consulting practice after many years you’ve got is preferable to constant turnover of employees. of working for some of the finest information companies in our business and then writing the definitive book on the process of buying and sell- Are the “Special Deals” For Everyone, Or Is This Just A ing of information, I have had the great honor to speak at information Ploy Used As An Enticement To Get New Customers? industry events, at local SLA library chapters, and to MLIS students “Have I got a deal for you!” How many times has that been said to at library schools throughout this country. I have spoken about how to you? Probably you heard that more times than you care to remember. break down the barriers of misinformation that seem to exist between But the reality is that companies are always offering incentives to entice the salesperson and the information professional so that the business their customers to buy more products and services. Sometimes, those of buying and selling information can proceed unencumbered. In the offered incentives are designed to only attract new customers. Marketing interest of transparency, I’d like to share some of the questions that departments work tirelessly to create the incentives to help bring in more have been asked of me at these meetings, complete with my responses. business, thus giving credence to the old adage that says, “Marketing Salesperson Continuity creates the need and sales is tasked to fill it.” A recurring question from the audience involves trying to understand A big issue for information companies is making sure that every why there always seems to be a constant change in the assignment of customer is being charged the same as their similar-sized institutions. salespeople to the customers’ accounts. Whether by choice or not, That means that if Library A is paying $X for a specific product, then salespeople seem to be more on the move than ever before, which every other library in the same demographic as Library A should be means that if you dealt with Alan in 2013, who was replaced by Joe in charged as close as possible to the same amount. It’s a nice goal, but 2014, you probably will see Jane in 2015 telling you that she is your sometimes over the years, the goal/expectation of uniform pricing for new sales rep. Hard to establish any rapport with your sales rep under similar-sized libraries goes somewhat amiss. this all-too-familiar scenario. continued on page 65

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In reading the various journals and articles about negotiations written Both Sides Now ... for information professionals, I am distressed to read that some people from page 64 advocate for a contentious attitude on the part of the library person when dealing with a sales rep. And quite frankly, I have a colleague For example, if five years ago a special deal was announced by who believes that a little bit of tension between the two parties is a good the company that gave a significant discount to a specific product and thing in the negotiation process. Library A took advantage of it, then one could easily say that anyone I would almost tend to agree with my colleague were it not for the fact buying that product five years later was being overcharged. That may that this is an annuity business. That means that if I sell you a product or may not be true, but the fact remains that Library A was smart enough in 2014, then barring any unforeseen events, I will be back to renew it in to take advantage of the offer a long time ago and, as a result, has been 2015. Why purposely create an uncomfortable environment when both paying less than a similar-sized library would pay if they bought today. parties know that their paths will cross at trade shows, industry events, So, special deals are offered for a variety of reasons. One reason could and renewal time? Negotiations by their very nature can be difficult, so be that the company has a new product to introduce and wants some quick why add to the burden of establishing the final agreement? So I wrote sales to gain market share. Another reason could be that the company the book to show people how to cut through the nonsense and get both wants to attract “new” customers and is willing to heavily discount the parties on the right track to make a deal. first year’s price. Of course, the pitfall here is that the customer must The Bee Gees had a huge hit in the late ’70s called “Jive Talkin’.” be informed that the selling price offered is way below the actual retail The rather simplistic lyrics say: cost and that in the renewal year, that price may have to be adjusted so as to fall into line with what similar libraries are being charged. “Jive talkin’, you’re telling me lies, yeah. Jive talkin’, you wear a disguise. Jive talkin’, so misunderstood, yeah. Jive talkin’, Some libraries request that renewal prices over a stated time period You just ain’t no good.” are capped so as to avoid having to endure a spike in future costs. This is a wise tactic, since by doing so the library can predict future costs. The goal for any sales organization in any business is to eliminate Beware of “special deals.” Make sure that if the company is offering smooth-talking, jive-talking insincere people and accentuate a positive a significant price reduction on a renewable product that future costs relationship, building a sales team that will create the environment to price increases are capped. buy and sell information efficiently and productively. Why Did You Write the Book? The impetus for writing the book about how a salesperson and infor- Mike is currently the President of Gruenberg Consulting, LLC, mation professional can and should work together for mutual success a firm he founded in January 2012 devoted to providing clients with was to give both sides a look into how the other operates. By under- sales staff analysis, market research, executive coaching, trade show standing each other’s roles and responsibilities, the business of buying preparedness, and product placement and best practices advice for and selling information can proceed without mystery and intrigue. I improving negotiation skills for librarians and salespeople. His attended too many meetings in my career where a lack of preparation book Buying and Selling Information: A Guide for Information and forethought artificially elongated the process and sometimes doomed Professionals and Salespeople to Build Mutual Success is available the whole encounter. on Amazon and Information Today. www.gruenbergconsulting.com

Against the Grain / April 2015 65 International Dateline — A People’s Palace, Ring the Changes by Rita Ricketts (Blackwell’s Historian and Bodleian Visiting Scholar; Author of Adventurers All, Tales of Blackwellians, of Books, Bookmen and Reading and Writing Folk; and Author of Scholars, Poets and Radicals, Discovering Forgotten Lives in the Blackwell Collections)

Introduction row of huggermugger tenements dating from led it to engage in major collaborative projects Professor H. W. Garrod, classical scholar late Mediaeval times. Barely finished, the ranging from international exhibitions, to data and former professor of Poetry at Oxford, saw new building was commandeered for war use analysis, digitization, and scientific investi- books as “the stronghold of Truth” — a truth, in 1940, functioning as a Naval War Library, gation.” The Weston Library’s new Centre Basil Blackwell added, to be discovered anew centre for the Prisoner of War educational book for Digital Scholarship, fully equipped with by each generation, a sentiment reiterated by scheme by the British Red Cross, and as a site digital technologies, embodies the Bodleian Sir David Attenborough at the opening of for the Inter-service Topographical Department Libraries’ emphasis on digital discovery, pres- the Marks of Genius exhibition in Oxford’s of the Naval Intelligence Division. Only at the ervation, and infrastructure to support schol- Weston Library. But in the past only the end of the war could the building finally be arship. “Now at last the Bodleian Libraries rich, top scholars and the clergy had this priv- used as a university library. have a state-of-the-art facility commensurate ilege — and the leisure. Increasingly from the The most recent £80m reconstruction, with their world-class research collections,” eighteenth century, “ordinary” citizens could which has so inspiringly juxtaposed old and said Michael Suarez, Professor of English at try to give themselves an Oxford education at new, is the brainchild of architect Jim Eyre. the University of Virginia, a current Visiting church schools, workers institutes, and at the Its conception, as a space to tempt and gratify Fellow at the Weston. public library: Oxford’s public library was students and scholars from all walks of life, Within the Weston Library, students and opened in the 1850s under the librarianship of even inveterate latte-drinkers, is in great researchers already have their heads down in Benjamin Harris Blackwell. His son opened measure due to the current Bodley Librarian, the three refurbished reading rooms. Along- a bookshop, treated like a free library, opposite Richard Ovenden and his two immediate side, visiting scholars from across the globe are the Bodleian.1 This “alternative college of the predecessors Sarah Thomas and Reg Carr. given shelter in a purpose-built Centre, which university” had no entry requirements, unlike Working closely with Jim Eyre, as Richard owes nothing to monastic asceticism. Behind its neighbour (the Bodleian Library), who Ovenden has explained to audiences across the scenes, in new world-class conservation would only admit scholars. Now, although the world, he sought to create “a 21st-century studios that include an integrated workspace for unbeknown a champion of Outreach for some library where scholars years, the Bodleian has come out. Its reno- work and members of vation of Giles Gilbert Scott’s fortress-like the public explore the building, renamed the Weston Library in Bodleian’s national recognition of the generosity of the Garfield and international trea- Weston Foundation, liberates treasures once sures.” But how was hidden away. More importantly, it is open to this dream to be real- all. Directly accessible from Broad Street, ized — to be paid for? the entire ground floor is one vast democratic It is a tribute to space, The Blackwell Hall, which has been both the concept and generously funded by Julian Blackwell. design that the essential — generous — A Democratic Space support of a number of Under cover of the darkened skies occa- donors was won. The sioned by a rare eclipse of the sun, on Friday, building was renamed 20 March 2015, sheets of corrugated iron were the Weston Library Photo by John Cairns. Copyright Bodleian finally removed from the top of the steps of in recognition of a Libraries, University of Oxford. what used to be known as the New Bodleian. £25m donation to the Shimmering in the spring sunlight, hours later, project by the Garfield Weston Foundation, preservation and restoration, Bodleian experts stood the Weston Library: “a temple to the which was matched by Oxford University are intent on giving painstaking attention to book.”2 Through the glass portals, directly Press. A £5m gift from Julian Blackwell, the university’s most important collections. accessible from Broad Street, spreads the vast Life-President of Blackwell’s — whose iconic Collaborating with scientists to bring new Blackwell Hall. This democratic space, en- Oxford bookshop sits adjacent to the Weston techniques — such as hyperspectral imaging ticing to any passerby and open to all, signals Library in Broad Street — allowed the fund- — they are busy discovering new informa- an end to the old divide between “Town and ing of Blackwell Hall. Charles and George tion about the Bodleian’s amazing artifacts. Gown.”3 Even better, the Weston Library’s David made a £2m donation, and The David Trainee digital archivists too are exploring new digital facilities will make hundreds of Reading Room has been named in honour of state-of-the-art methods of preserving digital millions of pages of its collections available their father, Rhodes Scholar Charles Wen- materials for the future.” across the world, wherever there is access to dell David. Global electronics manufacturer The first book to be brought back into the the Internet. Samsung supported the Library with a gift of Weston Library, after the refurbishment, was The much-maligned and unloved New state-of-the-art hardware and bespoke software a beautifully bound copy of Plato’s complete Bodleian building, which Jan Morris lik- as well as expert consultancy. works in Greek, given to Elizabeth I by the ened to “a municipal swimming pool,” has The Weston Library is one part of the Chancellor of the University of Oxford in metamorphosed into the “Mod-Bod,” as it has Bodleian’s Libraries as a whole, which sup- 1564. Curators are also at work to conserve been dubbed.4 But this is to sell it short. Both port research and learning in Oxford. But the and catalogue major 20th-century archives in- inside and out, the grandeur of this Edwardian Bodleian is also “a national and international cluding, for example, those of Oxfam, Stephen powerhouse of thought and the subtlety of its cultural and scientific institution in its own Spender, Tolkien, and Alan Bennett.5 Their art deco embellishment have been preserved. right.” As such, Richard Ovenden reminded, work is seemingly without end, as collections First commissioned in 1934, the design of “it has major obligations for the preservation continue to be deposited. Locals and visitors Giles Gilbert Scott, the building replaced a and dissemination of knowledge, which have continued on page 67 66 Against the Grain / April 2015 the next.” And he appeared as much at home for all men: “What we become depends on International Dateline exploring here as he is in the undergrowth of what we read…The greatest university of all from page 66 the natural world. is a collection of books.” Seen thorough a Sharing the platform with Sir David was 21st-century lens, the Weston Library makes to Oxford are warmly invited to come in and the celebrated physicist Stephen Hawking. a grand contribution to this “Outreach.” It is find out more about this work in progress. Oxford, he told the invited audience, is in indeed a “republic of letters” for all. It would Resplendent on the wall of the Blackwell Hall his blood. It was his birthplace, his parent’s “greatly content” Bodleian’s founder, Sir they will see the newly conserved 16th-centu- workplace, and where he studied as an under- Thomas Bodley. ry Sheldon Tapestry Map of Worcestershire, graduate. He returned to pay a stunning tribute: Postscript flanked by interactive screens that provide a “The works featured in the Bodleian behind-the-scenes view of the library’s work. Ten days later, despite volatile Spring Libraries’ Marks of Genius exhibition weather and toddlers on ride-on tricycles, the But any visitor should start with a visit truly are the product of genius, be it Blackwell Hall has become the place to see to Marks of Genius, the first exhibition to be Einstein, Newton, or Shakespeare…I 6 and be seen: smiling surprised tourists, mums mounted in the Blackwell Hall. They will hope that thousands of people, young with buggies, patient carers, grandparents ex- discover exceptional treasures formerly hidden and old, will visit the exhibition and be plaining the treasures in the exhibition halls, from sight: Shakespeare’s First Folio, an inspired to develop ideas of their own, flat-white-sipping writers and readers and busy original draft of Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, to experiment, try out new ways of think- business people rushing in to buy a mouth-wa- the 1455 Gutenberg Bible, the dust cover ing, and share their ideas with others…. tering sandwich or wicked cake, even an ex- of The Hobbit designed by Tolkien, and The Who knows, perhaps the Bodleian’s Vice Chancellor and Sir Basil Blackwell’s Gloucester Magna Carta, dating from 1217; exhibition will stimulate the next Euclid, ninety-one-year-old daughter were spotted. the library holds nearly a quarter of the world’s Newton, or Dorothy Hodgkin to put The Tate Modern had better watch out — it has down their ideas on paper or pixels and original 13th-century manuscripts of the Magna a formidable rival. There’s no disguising the make new Marks of Genius.” Carta. Presiding at the opening of the exhibi- fact that Oxford’s Weston Library has become tion, Sir David Attenborough acclaimed the Will the erstwhile skateboarders, who used the latest people’s palace! Weston Library as “a place where knowledge to demonstrate their prowess on the steps of the is preserved and shared from one generation to New Bodleian before they were barred, hang up their skateboards Endnotes and accept Stephen 1. These themes are explored further in a Hawking’s chal- new book by Rita Rickets, Scholars, Poets lenge? Perhaps many and Radicals, Bodleian Library, Oxford, Jude the Obscures will 2015. come into the light of 2. Sir David Attenborough described the the Blackwell Hall Weston Library as “a temple to the book” and avail themselves at the opening of the exhibition: Marks of of an Oxford Educa- Genius, 20.3.15. tion for free. They 3. See Richard Ovenden’s preface to Scholars, Poets and Radicals, Rita Ricketts, have license. Eight Bodleian Library, 2015. hundred years ago, 4. Reg Little, Oxford Times, 19.3.2015. in a meadow beside 5. The Bodleian Collection of books pub- the Thames, King lished by Blackwell’s, from 1879, with asso- John put his seal on ciated papers, provided a small contribution the Magna Carta — generously donated by Wiley Blackwell. a document seen as 6. A supporting array of books is beautifully the foundation of lib- displayed next door to the Weston Library Photo by John Cairns. Copyright Bodleian erty. Thomas Car- in the Norrington Room of Blackwell’s lyle claimed a book bookshop. Libraries, University of Oxford. education as a right

Being Earnest with Collections — A Look Back at the First Charleston Seminar Column Editor: Michael A. Arthur (Head of Acquisitions & Collection Services, University of Central Florida Libraries, P.O. Box 162666, Orlando, FL 32816; Phone: 407-882-0143; Fax: 407-823-6289)

Column Editor’s Note: Being Earnest with Collections is a column dedicated to addressing Being Earnest with our Collections: De- how librarians are transforming the way users identify and make use of information in the termining Key Challenges and Best Practices digital age. In this and future issues the focus will be on finding efficiencies and developing best was the title for the firstCharleston Seminar. practices for collection development in the 21st-century library. The search is on for specific The seminar replaced the traditional Rump takeaways from libraries focused on exploring new modes of information delivery while also Session with a goal of having speakers with working to establish effective purchasing models. Meeting the information needs of library provocative ideas address key challenges in users in an ever-changing digital environment is difficult. Librarians are facing a delicate collection development. The speakers deliv- situation trying to balance the needs of users while being impacted by a host of conflicting ered with insightful discussions on the future interests. Finding answers to questions about the future of collection development was the of sustainable eBook models, alternative pur- focus of the first Charleston Seminar held during the Charleston Conference in 2014. This chasing models for serials, and the challenges first edition ofBeing Earnest with Collections provides a look back at this special event that facing libraries as the industry moves from was the closing act for the 2014 Charleston Conference. — MA legacy to cloud-based systems. continued on page 68

Against the Grain / April 2015 67 user would provide the publisher with some reve- granularity for purchasing article-level content Being Earnest with Collections nue. This, along with DDA fees, may help offset at the point of need. This should be available from page 67 the reduction in overall monograph purchases. within discovery layers. Publishers should Moving from legacy to cloud-based sys- consider just-in-time purchasing with pricing The idea of this innovative session began tems requires thorough planning and adept tied to usage or even the type of usage. with a discussion between Katina Strauch and implementation. The challenges in moving The 2014 Charleston Seminar was capped Michael Arthur at the 2013 Charleston Con- to a cloud-based system were emphasized by off when Rick Anderson delivered Depth Per- ference. The session replaced the traditional two dynamic speakers at the 2014 Charleston ception in Academic Libraries: A Two-Dimen- Saturday afternoon Rump Session with a new Seminar. Jill Grogg and Robert McDonald sional Model. Rick never disappoints, and in this and innovative way to address key challenges gave the audience a chance to step outside session he was both thoughtful and insightful as facing collection management. the normal issues faced in collection devel- he stressed that the librarian has a fundamental The 2014 Charleston Seminar was kicked opment when they introduced key challenges duty to advance both the mission of the library off by two notable speakers with one of the for the next step in library automation with and of its host institution. Librarians may, at hottest topics when Michael Levine-Clark Transitioning from Legacy Systems to Cloud times, find themselves at odds with the mission and Rebecca Seger presented on the con- Infrastructure. Robert began with an envi- of the library or the institution. Librarians need flicting issues surrounding eBook models. In ronmental scan of the impact of cloud-based to understand the mission of the institution and Ebooks: Key Challenges, Future Possibilities, systems. 94% of businesses report cloud usage. the library, and be aware of the degree to which the presenters identified five key challenges. $47B was spent in 2013 on cloud services, and their own beliefs and goals are in harmony with • Developing sustainable models that that is estimated to increase to $107B by 2017. those of the institutions they serve. They can are flexible and predictable There are many options for libraries through then move toward ensuring that their individual • Preservation of content a number of products including Alma, Intota, goals and activities will help further the missions • Resource sharing Sierra, and Kuali Ole. It is important for librar- of the larger institutions they serve. • Course adoption ies to spend ample time before a migration to One question that emerged from the audience • Future of the monograph gather information about the systems, including discussion was the degree to which a middle Michael and Rebecca outlined key concepts a determination of how functions carried out in ground exists between accepting the institutional for each of the five challenges and discussed legacy systems will be handled as well as ensur- mission and rejecting it — couldn’t a librarian future possibilities for addressing the challenges. ing that any current interfacing to other systems who disagrees deeply with aspects of the insti- Notable suggestions include libraries helping to within the institution will be manageable. Any tutional mission work to change it? Rick sug- make DDA sustainable for publishers by paying change in LMS should also involve a plan for gested that this is not only possible but desirable a small per-title DDA fee that gets passed on to exit strategy. Will the new system be easy to — but that, ultimately, each institution is going the publisher, adding back in a small amount migrate when the time comes? All systems will to decide what its mission and directions will be, of predictable revenue. The recommendation eventually need to be replaced. Planning for a and those who work for the institution will then for a DDA fee varies from current models in move to a cloud-based system can be very costly have to decide whether or not they can continue that the funds would go directly to publishers to and require a major outlay in human resources. to support those directions in good conscience. help offset losses from the reduction in overall Does the library have the expertise to manage As with any new endeavor, the 2014 Charles- book sales. Currently DDA includes fees for the migration? What about the daily manage- ton Seminar had some growing pains. There value-added services by aggregators with little ment of the system after the migration? What should have been more time allotted for Q&A if any of this funding going to publishers. This guarantees does the library have from the vendor and development of specific steps to be taken results in a reluctance by publishers to support regarding support after the sale? to address the recommendations made by the high-impact, low-use titles. The concern is Jill stressed self-reflection and a thorough outstanding presenters. Future plans may include that some publishers will pass on publishing understanding of communication during the breakout sessions or opportunities for moderated academic monographs if they have to rely only process of a shift from legacy to next gen discussions following each presentation. on revenue from DDA. The fee could offset the systems. Understanding the ways in which Throughout the event, questions from the costs of profiling, record loads, archiving, and people communicate, negotiate, and handle audience focused on the assumptions being browsing. Models could be based on book type, change is critical. The time spent addressing made by the presenters. In most cases the pre- age of the content, and sales projections. Librar- these factors and preparing for the uncertainty senters were coming from the view that library ies and users are not well served if the academic of staff members will pay off in the long run budgets (serials and monographs) are being monograph does not remain viable. The present- with a more successful migration. reduced and that new models have to be found ers were asked to address key challenges with Facing unsustainable subscription increases that allow the library to provide content at time eBook models. While there is no data available has been a challenge for libraries for many of need and to move away from the package to support the necessity of DDA fees, it seems years. Many libraries face nearly annual cuts (article or book) and focus on providing content logical that publishers are going to move away to subscriptions and reductions in monograph at a price point acceptable to the libraries while from publishing certain types of monographs if expenditures. Some libraries purchase few if any also ensuring the publishers can continue to STLs continue to impact overall sales. monographs in order to maintain costly subscrip- produce relevant content. Some in the audience The challenge for librarians and publishers is tions. Addressing the concerns many librarians expressed that not all libraries are dealing with to develop sustainable models that will support have regarding the future of subscription models declining budgets or may not feel the need to important academic publications that may not and particularly the Big Deal, Jonathan Harwell move in drastically new directions. have a broad market. It was stressed that ILL is and Jim Bunnelle provided the audience with a means to an end. ILL is more costly and less insights in their Lightning Round: Alternative efficient than short-term loans, so librarians and Serial Distribution Models for Libraries. Future editions of the Being Earnest publishers should work together to develop ways The speakers stressed that the current with Collections column will feature new in which content can be provided faster to users subscription model as the primary approach and innovative ways in which librarians are without the intermediary step of going through to serial acquisitions (supplemented by ILL & meeting the information needs of users while the lending-delivery process. Models that pro- PPV) is unsustainable for library budgets, and managing the many competing issues they vide for low-cost, immediate access to content, thus for publishers. Libraries need flexible al- face. Plans are in place now, and ideas and and that may include DDA fees if necessary to ternatives, such as demand-driven acquisitions potential speakers are being sought, for the offset the reductions in sales, may help libraries and perpetual purchasing of serial content that 2015 Charleston Seminar. If you or someone and publishers in the long run. Currently pub- is similar to that available for monographs. you know is interested in featuring a new idea lishers are losing money when print books are With support from serial vendors and publish- or best practice that helps address collection moved from one library to another through ILL. ers, libraries can leverage discovery layers to development in the 21st-century library This is a slow process for the user. Low-cost add serial content to library collections on the please contact Michael Arthur at . 68 Against the Grain / April 2015 Biz of Acq — Cooperative Collection Development Among Michigan’s Public Universities by Joe Badics (Acquisitions Librarian, Bruce T. Halle Library, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI 48197; Phone 734-487-2402) Column Editor: Michelle Flinchbaugh (Acquisitions and Digital Scholarship Services Librarian, Albin O. Kuhn Library & Gallery, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250; Phone: 410-455-6754; Fax: 410-455-1598)

Column Editor’s Note: This article about The ILL and CD discussion groups meet it is an amicable atmosphere. The new librar- cooperation in collection development among at the same time twice per year, spring and ians and staff are mentored by their seasoned Michigan’s public universities describes fall. One of the institutions volunteers to host colleagues. Since you see these people twice structure, logistics, and benefits, including the meeting. The host picks a date that works per year, you become comrades. People look shared collection development and the coop- for their campus. They suggest housing for forward to these semi-annual meetings erative acquisitions of electronic resources. travelers arriving the night before and often The growth of electronic resources has This article adds nice perspective to previous arrange a group dinner for those arriving the day meant that there is often financial incentives for articles on the University System of Mary- before. The host also traditionally offers a light group purchases. MCLS has lead the way in land and Affiliated Institutions Consortium breakfast, lunch, and free parking to its guests. brokering deals on behalf of state universities, in describing how it’s done in another state, All institutions have hosted the meeting. The as well as other Michigan libraries. We can opt and indeed, Michigan takes a very different logistics can be amazing, considering Michigan in or out, depending on our interests or finances. approach than Maryland but one that still is a large state and three of the universities are There have been several interesting actions provides clear benefits to participating li- in the Upper Peninsula. Attendance is usually that have grown out of the discussions. The braries. — MF very good, and in recent years libraries have had concerns about storage issues and cooperative the option of participating through a conference retention in the CD meeting led to the formation call when travelling is just not an option. niversities compete regularly against of the MI-SPI, Michigan Shared Print Initia- each other, from vying for potential The ILL and CD groups have each created tive. Using the services of MCLS and SCS, students to battling in various sporting a listserv. It is used to announce information Sustainable Collection Services, seven of the U about the upcoming meeting, or people can ask public university libraries reviewed their shared events. Public universities compete for financial support from their state government. On questions or take a poll between meetings or holdings and came up with a plan for retention the other hand, libraries have been bastions of just stay in touch. and weeding. Several other state universities cooperation, from sharing cataloging to shar- Ms. Meyer and Mitchell provided solid have expressed interest in participating in a ing resources via interlibrary loan. The public leadership for the CD group until they retired. follow-up analysis. university libraries have taken cooperation a Ever since then one of the librarians has offered The ILL group has discussed the need for step further in the state of Michigan, thanks to to chair for a year or two. The chair will estab- reaching out to other ILL departments. A sub- COLD (Council of Library Directors). lish the agenda for the meeting, often asking for group worked with MCLS and representatives 2015 marks the 20th anniversary of the first feedback and advice from the others. The ILL from other nearby state libraries to create the Council of Library Directors/Deans Collection group has always rotated chairs. inaugural Great Lakes Resource Sharing Development discussion group meeting. It What happens at each meeting varies. Conference. It was held on June 5 and 6, 2014, was held at the University of Michigan’s Sometimes there are guest speakers, or mem- in Perrysburg, Ohio. Its success has led to a Dearborn campus on April 21, 1995. It grew bers will present about something new at their second conference to be held in summer 2015 out of an idea by co-chairs Bettina Meyer of institution. For instance, JSTOR and Pro- at Kalamazoo, Michigan. Western Michigan and Joanna Mitchell of Quest’s ebrary have sent representatives to As for my library, we became interested Northern Michigan. They were the Collection past meetings. Susan Powers from Central and later implemented a DDA (Demand-driven Development Librarians at their institutions Michigan University has reported on their Acquisitions) program for eBooks after learning and had represented their institutions at a experience in using the Copyright Clearance about Doug Way’s experience at Grand Valley 1994 meeting of the COLD directors. They Center’s Get it Now resource to obtain journal State University. proposed that a discussion group be formed articles. Usually Diana Mitchell from MCLS Unlike our southern neighbor state, Ohio, of the collection development librarians from will inform the CD group about upcoming elec- the libraries at the Michigan public universities the Michigan public universities. A discussion tronic renewals or new offers. Sometimes the do not have a state legislative mandate to coop- group for representatives from the interlibrary topic is relevant for ILL and CD, so part of the erate. We do not have the same ILS. We do not loan units had already been formed in 1991, and meeting will include both groups. The essential all use ILLiad or MeLCat for interlibrary loan. the directors approved of one for the collection point is that the discussion percolates from the We do not use the same serial vendors or book development librarians. participants to the directors: we do not receive jobbers. The impetus for continued cooperation The members of COLD are the fifteen edicts from our bosses about what to discuss. has evolved from the semi-annual discussions. Michigan public universities: Central A popular feature for both groups has been There has been the expected turnover in Michigan, Eastern Michigan, Ferris State, the Round-Robin reports. We go around the library staff over the decades since the first Grand Valley State, Lake Superior State, room, and everyone talks about the latest news COLD meeting that I attended in 1996. I have Michigan State, Michigan Technological, at their library and university. If the agenda is gone from being one of the new kids to one of Northern Michigan, Oakland, Saginaw full, the Round-Robin reports will be put in the old timers. As the COLD discussion groups Valley State, Wayne State, Western Mich- writing in advance. The meeting results are have evolved, we have been having discussions igan, and the three University of Michigan shared with the COLD deans, either in writing about the future. The COLD directors have campuses — Ann Arbor, Dearborn, and or in person at one of the directors’ meeting. expressed their continued support. In 2011 Flint. In addition the Library of Michigan Probably the most important reason to meet the COLD directors created a third discussion and MCLS (the Midwest Collaborative for is for the invaluable networking. There is a group. This is for heads or chairs of reference Library Services, formerly MLC — the sense of camaraderie. You can ask for advice services. I am confident that the COLD discus- Michigan Library Consortium) have been or clarification without judgment and learn from sions will continue, with substantive benefit to included as members. others’ mistakes. People can vent, but overall all of the participating libraries.

Against the Grain / April 2015 69 Decoder Ring — A Look Back at John Allison’s Bobbins Column Editor: Jerry Spiller (Art Institute of Charleston)

anchester’s John Allison may still be In 2009 Allison made another big change, years and counting of the same continuity, the young, but he is an elder statesman moving the clock forward with Bad Machinery. greatest difficulty I have is making my work in Webcomics. He first put pen to This third era focused on a new generation in approachable to new readers while retaining M 1 his comic Bobbins in 1998. After having two competing groups of adolescents (boys vs. the old ones,” he notes on his blog. “But I his samples rejected by United Features and girls, of course) growing up and solving mys- don’t have the luxuries that the creators of King Features Syndicate,2 he put those first teries that grew out of all the inexplicable oth- an issue of [Marvel’s] Alpha Flight from pages of Bobbins up on his own site and kept erworldly goings on in Tackleford. The setting 1988 had. I don’t have an editor to straighten trudging along. of Griswalds school gave readers the British things out. I have a fallible human memory of That early incarnation of what would grammar school vibe with a bit of Northern nearly 5,000 pages of comics, with no master become Allison’s “Tackleverse,” a series of roughness, more Hetty Wainthropp Investigates document detailing the relationships between comics spanning over 16 years and several gen- than Harry Potter. Familiar characters popped various characters.”6 Library and information erations of characters in the fictional Yorkshire up in new age-appropriate guises. Newly mar- professionals: is anyone good with TEI and up town of Tackleford, looks very different from ried, Amy Beckwith-Chilton started running for encoding 5,000 pages of Allison’s work in Allison’s comics today. While always keeping an antique shop in town, while husband Ryan Comic Book Markup Language?7 a loose and instantly accessible style, the look graduated from the record store to the role of These strips’ digital birth does not mean of Allison’s comics has evolved quite a bit over a young instructor at Griswalds. there are no John Allison works in print. He the years, as has the direction of his writing. For the last several years Allison has been has long offered prints of individual strips, Bobbins focused on a cast of young pro- producing four pages or more each week. In books, eBooks, and merchandise through fessionals writing for a Tackleford magazine. fact scarygoround.com is often updated seven Topatoco8 and his own site.9 Since the third Those characters, music writer and inventor days a week, depending on his schedule with Bad Machinery story he has been working Tim Jones, his record store buddy Ryan Beck- other projects. Side stories often revisit old with Oregon’s Oni Press10 to collect that with, wild-eyed ingenue Shelley Winters, and characters from the Bobbins and Scary Go title for print. Oni’s wider reach, especially Bourgeois Boheme editor’s daughter Amy Round incarnations on Fridays or in weeks in the States, difficult for Allison to reach Chilton, became the center of a growing cast. between larger Bad Machinery stories. Sec- with convention and bookstore appearances, Plots revolved around office and romance ondary characters take the spotlight under his has given the author new readership. He told drama often spurred along by Tim’s inventions, Giant Days moniker, as well. Comic Book Resources, “I know the work’s which gave a dose of sci-fi flavor to an otherwise earthly setting reminiscent of television sitcoms. As the stories started to feature more and more sci-fi and supernatural elements,Allison spun the strip off into Scary Go Round in 2002.3 Eventually he switched from vector illustrations with soft colors drawn in Adobe Illustrator back to scanned pencil illustrations colored digitally. For my money, this is really when Allison started to hit his stride, in the middle chapters of Scary Go Round. Amy and Shelley came to share a flat with a freeloading fishman named Desmond, who liked to lounge Figure 2: Panels from Bad Machinery 9/21/2009, Image: scarygoround.com5 around in his underpants, or less. Shelley and her sister Erin went to Hell at one point, some- Not being tied to print opens up many found a lot of readers through libraries. how resulting in the latter Winters becoming possibilities for a creative entrepreneur like That’s an audience I never would have access a demon queen and being removed from the Allison. But it can also make for confounding to. [Oni] works hard to get things out into continuity. Allison himself admits that the all kinds of channels that I had no concept town’s memory. New characters continued 11 to rotate through, and much of the original lines between Bobbins, Scary Go Round, and of.” Giant Days is also available in print Bobbins cast fell out of sight. Bad Machinery are hard to find. “After 16 from Boom Studios’ creator-owned imprint BOOM! Box.12 Still, Allison has clearly been itching to write and draw stories beyond Tackleford. He wrapped Bad Machinery in 2014, feeling its young detectives had grown up enough and had perhaps suffered more than their share of ghostly MacGuffins. The last storyline on scarygoround.com gives readers a finale for many of the originalBobbins crew, including a reunion for the long separated Winters sisters. Lately Allison has been tweeting about a robotic policeman named Robert Cop and offering up sketches on Tumblr of an upcoming project called Yawning Sky. “At the start of April,” he writes on his blog, “it will be time for something new.”13

Figure 1: Panel from Scary Go Round 9/2/2008, Image: scarygoround.com4 endnotes on page 71

70 Against the Grain / April 2015 Decoder Ring Endnotes — from page 70 1. John Allison, Bobbins. Accessed Mar 8, 2015, http://www.scarygoround.com/bobbins/index-archive.php. 2. Wizard Entertainment, “A Ride on the ‘Scary Go Round.’” Accessed Mar 8, 2015 via Internet Archive, http://web.archive.org/web/20070106224806/http://www.wizarduniverse.com/magazine/ wizard/002913299.cfm. 3. John Allison, “Scary Go Round Archive,” Scary Go Round. Accessed Mar 8, 2015, http://www. scarygoround.com/sgr/. 4. John Allison, “Scary Go Around Archive :: September 2, 2008,” Scary Go Round. Accessed Mar 8, 2015, http://www.scarygoround.com/sgr/ar.php?date=20080902. 5. John Allison, “Scary Go Round Comics by John Allison, September 21, 2009,” Scary Go Round. Accessed Mar 8, 2015, http://scarygoround.com/index.php?date=20090921. 6. John Allison, “On Continuity,” A Hundred Dance Moves per Minute, Mar 5, 2015, accessed Mar 8, 2015, http://sgrblog.blogspot.co.uk/2015/03/on-continuity.html. 7. Jerry Spiller. “Comic Book Markup Language” in Decoder Ring, Against the Grain, vol. 26#5. 8. TopatoCo, “TopatoCo: Scary Go Round.” TopatoCo. Accessed Mar 8, 2015, http://www.topatoco. com/merchant.mvc?Screen=CTGY&Store_Code=TO&Category_Code=SGR. 9. John Allison, “John Allison’s Luxury Emporium,” Scary Go Round. Accessed Mar 8, 2015, http://shop.scarygoround.com/. 10. OniPress. Accessed Mar 8, 2015, http://onipress.com. 11. Steve Sunu, “‘Bad Machinery’s’ John Allison Talks 15 Years of Webcomics, Looks to the Future,” Comic Book Resources, December 2, 104, accessed Mar 8, 2015, http://www.comicbookresources. com/?page=article&id=57458. 12. “Boom Studios Announces New Imprint: Boom! Box, An Experimental Line of Titles Created Just for the Love of It,” Boom Studios, November 22, 2013, accessed Mar 8, 2015, http://blog. boom-studios.com/2013/11/boom-studios-announces-new-imprint-boom-box-an-experimental-line- of-titles-created-just-for-the-love-of-it/. 13. John Allison, “On Continuity.”

Little Red Herrings — The Moving Finger…Blinks, and Having Blinked, Blinks On by Mark Y. Herring (Dean of Library Services, Dacus Library, Winthrop University)

t the end of February, amid the snow 90% of the time they are also doing something and the false alarms for snow and ice, else: checking email, checking in at a social Acame the following headline: “Why network, or even playing a game. Rosenwald Digital Natives Prefer Reading in Print — opens with a young man, age 20, who simply And Yes You Read that Right!” prefers reading text because of the (http://wapo.st/1BcFIZo). No, it smell, the feel, and even the silence didn’t come from the pen of this of the text: it isn’t making sounds, column’s author (though it could ringing bells, or offering a rabbit have), nor did it come from any hole in which to get lost, literally number of those whom some wish or figuratively. Further, online to brand as Luddites: Nicholas readers tend to skim, cannot fully Carr, Mark Bauerlein, or Sven comprehend what they are reading, Birkerts. Rather it came from and find that their minds really wan- Maryland reporter Michael S. Rosenwald and der — all over the place. Some even complain The Washington Post. The piece is eye-catch- that the light in their eyes rather than over their ing if for no other reason than it isn’t from the shoulders is problematic. usual suspects! Some of those interviewed said they would What Rosenwald discovered is precisely not even attempt a difficult text in electronic what Carr, or Birkets, or Bauerlien, or your form. And who can blame them? Most anyone faithful columnist has been saying for at least can scan a newspaper or even take on a Harry a decade: yes, online reading occurs, and Potter book. But Tocqueville? Plato? Joyce? many digital natives use it for a variety of It simply cannot be done. Joyce underscores reasons. But no one, including them, prefers the print versus online problem in high relief. online reading when trying to comprehend a Perhaps no other author lends himself better difficult text. to the online format of hyperlink hype than It is as if Rosenwald is reading over Carr Joyce because he requires so much elaboration. or Bauerlien’s shoulder. The students he “Met him pike hoses” isn’t going to resonate interviews do not like online reading because with many that Joyce is word-playing with it is distracting. They find online reading dif- metempsychosis. But readers find that even ficult because when they read an online text, continued on page 73 Curating Collective Collections — Double Dipping: Using Digitization Workflows to Acquire Print Preservation Data by Amy Wood (Center for Research Libraries) Column Editor: Bob Kieft (College Librarian, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA 90041)

Column Editor’s Note: Many of the The Center for Research Libraries (CRL) funding for all Global Resources projects com- columns that have appeared in Curating Col- has learned from experience managing its bined. CERES is governed by a subcommittee, lective Collections have treated the reasons, general collection and its JSTOR print archive under the USAIN preservation committee, procedures, and decision parameters for cre- that item-level information is essential for comprising members of USAIN and AgNIC. ating shared collections of print journals and knowing precisely what is in the collection, for The committee guides the priorities within monographs. To a one, participants in such enabling automated collection comparison and the overall scope, develops the guidelines and projects acknowledge and sometimes lament development, for sharing data with multiple process for participating in Project CERES, their having to rely on incomplete, inconsis- catalogs or registries, and for addressing future and chooses how funds are spent each year. tent, or inaccurate holdings data or to accept unknown data needs. Tools that help create an In the first year, August 2013-July 2014, the risks of making retention commitments efficient workflow in validating and recording thirteen participants preserved, digitized, and without being able to verify the condition or the data make it easier and more cost effective shared metadata for approximately 50 titles existence of the volumes retained. The policy to produce granular gap and condition data composed of roughly 10,500 items. In the decisions about the items partners will share for print archives and shared print collections. current year, eight participants are working and the number of copies to be shared, together CRL’s Project CERES offers a model that can on a similar number of titles and items. These with the financial, operational, and gover- be adapted to a variety of projects for producing are significant numbers considering the first nance arrangements needed to sustain the and recording granular data. year’s participants had a budget of $3,125 each retained collection, seem like the hard things Project CERES Background and the average budget of the current year is to do in making a shared print agreement. Project CERES1 is a collaborative effort $5,600. (Each phase had one participant drop But, as anyone who has ever used, let alone between the Center for Research Libraries2 out of the project due to staffing changes.) maintained the records in, a library catalog (CRL), the United States Information Net- Project CERES Preservation 3 knows the devil, angel, or God (depending work (USAIN)., and the Agriculture Net- and Access Data on their metaphorical preferences) is in the work Information Center4 (AgNIC); it cou- data details. Amy Wood’s column raises the ples print archiving with digitization for access. Data is an important output of Project magic data curtain on shared print projects The idea of the project was conceived from CERES. CRL developed the data and data by arguing for taking the time to record data CRL’s 2010 Institute of Museum and Library disclosure requirements for Project CERES to 5 work with existing successive entry cataloging in standard forms for action over time and Services grant-funded project, Cooperative rules,8 which track major title changes and among systems. Like its sibling program for Print Archiving by Discipline: Developing an 9 6 shared print metadata disclosure standards legal materials between CRL and the Law Infrastructure to Sustain Scholarly Resources. This two-year project has created a sustainable developed during the OCLC Print Archives Library Microform Corporation, CERES is Disclosure Pilot10 project. Adhering to indus- also important as an example of domain-based and scalable plan for cooperative management of legacy print materials at the local, state, try standards is crucial for optimal sharing of shared collection building and of the two-way records and information between catalogs and street that projects can walk for digitizing print regional, and national levels in the field of law as well as agriculture as discussed here. registries that disclose holdings committed to to increase access and using already-digitized preservation or shared print programs. Partic- materials to define a print archive. In the In 2012, CRL began working with the ipants are required to: USAIN preservation committee to develop CERES context, readers will recall the recent • create title and issue level metadata, announcement that the National Agriculture Project CERES’ goals, governance, and a Library will affiliate withASERL on physical process for choosing projects on which to work. • disclose holdings in OCLC’s World- journal archiving, thereby adding additional Two primary goals were established: supporting cat and CRL’s PAPR database, heft to efforts for securing future access to consensus-based, cooperative archiving of • provide free access to digital ver- materials in the domain of agriculture. — BK agriculture resources and expanding electronic sions via local digital asset man- access to these important resources. agement systems and CRL’s digital The initial focus of preservation and digi- delivery service, and ibrarians, scholars, researchers, and tization has been: • make the digital versions available patrons live in a world connected by • The extensive body of serials and for archiving with the National data stored and manipulated in databases L government publications on agricul- Agriculture Library. called by a seemingly endless variety of names: ture, rural life, and home economics catalog, discovery system, registry, knowledge Title Metadata published between 1820 and 1975 base, etc. We need all of these in order to Participants are required to create MARC that have been digitized and/or promote discovery, less mediated access, and bibliographic records for both the print and microfilmed under the USAIN pro- more resource sharing among institutions. the digital versions. The MARC record for gram. For librarians participating in print archiving the digital version includes a hyperlink di- or shared print collections, recording granular • Other agricultural and related trade recting users to the digital resource’s URL. gap or condition information at the issue or and industrial journals published in Participants using digital asset management item level often seems an unnecessary luxury, the U.S. and Canada. systems also create metadata records for those but I want to argue with this case study that • Serial publications published by the systems. No project standards have been set for the cost of recording the granular metadata is U.S. agricultural extension services these records, although participants often used a long-term investment that will improve and and experimental stations. Dublin Core. For the most part, participants are ensure access to and management of the col- Project CERES runs on an annual cycle using existing print records from their library lection regardless of current trends of metadata and operates under CRL’s Global Resources catalogs, but if there are no existing records or 7 tagging and formatting. Partnerships. CRL provides $50,000 a year in continued on page 73 72 Against the Grain / April 2015 Metadata Compliance by Project Although filling out the gap and condition Curating Collective Collections CERES Participants metadata was not something they had done from page 72 for other digitization projects, they were able During the first year, project participants to exceed their expected preservation goals for were all able to provide title (bibliographic if the library had not previously tracked major the project by 22%. In their project proposal, records) and completeness data. Condition title changes, new records have to be created. they listed 100 items that would be preserved metadata was requested but not required in Existing records also have to be upgraded and digitized. They completed the digitization the first phase, but some participants provided to current cataloging standards, if necessary. and metadata recording for 122 items within the information. Although some participants Participants are encouraged to request an the project’s single year timeline. International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) were initially intimidated by the amount of from the U.S. ISSN Center11 for each title that data requested, many decided as they input Model of Metadata Capture for does not already have an ISSN. that it was easier than expected and had im- Collective Print Archives mediate benefits. One participant reported Granular Metadata that the library’s archivist was thrilled when There are many elements of the project CRL developed a spreadsheet template to the print volumes were transferred to the ar- that can be adapted to other projects. It is capture granular data about completeness and chives with the metadata spreadsheet because important in a library environment to use condition of holdings. The spreadsheet was no resources had ever been transferred to the MARC bibliographic records because that is designed using Microsoft Excel, but any soft- archives with such detailed information. This what OCLC’s Worldcat database and library ware using tables or spreadsheets would work. metadata enabled the archivist to understand catalogs and discovery systems use now. It is Each column in the spreadsheet records a single what was being transferred and where there important to encourage participants to request category of information (see entire list below), might be condition issues to address. This unique ISSNs because a unique internation- which helps keep the data clean for aggregation made the process of verifying a complete ally recognized ID that transcends individual and sharing in a variety of metadata formats. transfer from library to archive much faster. MARC records and possible duplicates is a key The spreadsheet also minimizes the effort of Another participant found that scanning op- element in sharing data among databases and recording data by requiring entry of a simple erators had made decisions about re-ordering systems. Once the MARC record and ISSN are yes or no response or page numbers. This pages in the scanned version for easier view- in place, the focus can be on recording granular approach also helps eliminate inconsistently ing of images that were meant to be seen in a metadata elements of enumeration variations, entered descriptive terms. horizontal layout; filling out the pagination on publication history, and gaps and condition in Most of the terms for condition have been the metadata spreadsheet helped them catch a flexible format that allows data to be easily taken from the Preservation & Digitization those changes. Participants also found and transformed into a variety of formats for shar- Actions: Terminology for MARC21 field 583.12 recorded variances and inconsistencies with ing. This will enable libraries to respond more Fields included in the spreadsheet are listed in dates and enumeration of issues that were quickly to system innovations of the future. the tables below and in the examples on pg.74. printed on the items. Using spreadsheets to record and manage data during the project gave participants the most flexibility and potential for accuracy with minimal training. Most library staff are familiar with using spreadsheets or tables at the level of entering data, and the format requires little training even if staff do not use tables or spreadsheets frequently. Part-time student workers often completed the metadata worksheet and did so with consistency. There are no tagging or field codes or data formatting and punctuation rules to learn (and re-learn each time the data is entered). Questions that surfaced when entering data were about inconsistencies recorded on the pieces themselves such as an incorrect enumeration or date printed on an issue. Resolutions to data problems encountered by one participant were easily shared among all participants via email. With everyone using the same spreadsheet, there were no additional software-specific data entry requirements that necessitated additional instructions tailored to the software. The spreadsheet has also helped CRL aggregate all of phase 1 participant data. Additional fields to capture administrative Colorado State13 was one participant that CRL is still in the process of aggregating metadata are also included to help manage incorporated the metadata gathering into the the data for the first phase. Steps include: the projects. quality control steps of the overall workflow. loading the MARC records to the CRL catalog, adding records to CRL’s digital delivery system registry, creating MARC holdings records with 583 fields for commitment, gaps, and conditions according to OCLC’s recommen- word searches. Some, though I admit to read- dations for disclosing print archive holdings, Little Red Herrings ing between the lines, also prefer being able from page 71 and loading the issue-level data into a database to do searches in books they haven’t read for that stores the granular data at an item level. materials they may need for a paper. Science The granular metadata in the spreadsheet and such quellenforschung is also better done in materials, too, tend to be online favorites. existing tools enable us to do all of that. print than in a myriad of distracting hyperlinks. So, what are we to make of all this? As I Of course, it isn’t that digital natives or have written elsewhere, it’s part of the tran- Conclusion anyone else refuse to read online. Many love sition. In no way do I believe that this spells There are many successful print archiving, the ability to define words (though they likely the end of online materials. Publishers, who shared print programs and collaborative forget them immediately), or to do quick key continued on page 75 continued on page 74

Against the Grain / April 2015 73 Curating Collective Collections Endnotes from page 73 1. Project CERES description on CRL Website: http://www.crl.edu/collections/global-resources-partnership/global-resources-agriculture-partnership. collection management and programs upon 2. Center for Research Libraries Website url: http://www.crl.edu/. which to model new projects. Project CERES 3. United States Agriculture Information Network Website url: http://usain.org/. offers a unique model in the capture of meta- 4. Agriculture Network Information Center Website url: http://www.agnic.org/. data that can be reproduced in other projects 5. Institute of Museum and Library Services Website url: http://www.imls.gov/. coupling digitization with preservation or a 6. CRL’s Archiving by Domain: Agriculture Webpage url: http://www.crl.edu/node/7371. high level of validation without digitization. 7. CRL’s Global Resources Partnerships Webpage url: http://www.crl.edu/collaborations/global-re- The flexible format for capturing individual sources-partnerships. elements of data in separate fields lends itself 8. CONSER’s Cataloging Manual: 31.18, Changes that require a new record http://www.itsmarc.com/ to modification based on data needs of a project crs/mergedprojects/conser/conser/module_31.18._changes_that_require_the_creation_of_new_re- cords.htm. producing even minimal validation. The focus 9. OCLC’s Web page on shared print management: Detailed Metadata Guidelines: http://www.oclc. of working with existing standards but storing org/services/projects/shared-print-management/metadata-guidelines.en.html. the data in a format-agnostic database enables 10. Final Report of the OCLC Print Archives Disclosure Pilot: https://www.oclc.org/content/dam/ data and resource sharing. The ability to dip oclc/productworks/OCLCPrintArchivesDisclosurePilotFinalReport.pdf. into the data well multiple times for multiple 11. U.S. ISSN Center Website url: http://www.loc.gov/issn/. purposes is a major gain in efficiency and also 12. Standard Terminologies for the MARC 21 Actions Note Field Webpage url: http://www.loc.gov/ lays the foundation for working with any future marc/bibliographic/583terms.html. standards that may be developed. 13. The author would like to thank Beth Oehlerts, Metadata Management Librarian, Colorado State University Libraries, for supplying the following data.

Sample Detail from Metadata Spreadsheet 1

Sample Detail from Metadata Spreadsheet 2

74 Against the Grain / April 2015 in a print world, en- Little Red Herrings joyed Sardanapalian from page 73 benefits, are trying to recapture those cash cows in bits and bytes but with little success. It isn’t so easy, but they’re discovering it is much cheaper to print an electronic book while dropping the price only marginally. Like online courses at war with classroom ones, online books are going to be cheaper and provide a greater return on investment. That ROI does not necessarily include what students are Subscription Management Subscription management investing in, however. If eBook reading increased 200%, it would still Solutions for Libraries & have a way to go before it caught up with print reading if measured in E-procurement integration Corporate Procurement terms of value received and retained. E-journal set up and activation What this means for libraries is obvious, isn’t it? We still have to E-journal URL maintenance collect and support both for the time being, in the same way that we have Prenax Inc. provides subscription management solutions for procurement for years supported microfilm and bound periodical volumes. Microform Click-through access to e-content reading only caught on when there was no other choice. I would find professionals and libraries. As a partner, we provide a single point of contact for Cost center accounting it surprising if eBooks end up in the same dustbin. Microform-reading managing electronic and paper Automatic claiming was never easier, better, or more convenient. Nothing about it enticed subscriptions, professional memberships the reader. Its only attraction was a pedestrian one: it saved space and books. We offer a true one-stop shop Custom and branded e-portals while still providing access, even if a difficult one. eBooks have already for all business, scientific, technical, License negotiation and management shown their value in the benefits mentioned above, but also in leisure medical, research publications and reading. None of us really like lugging suitcases of print books with us electronic content. We save you time Flexible management reporting on vacation (my long-suffering wife will argue that she knows at least and money and eliminate the hassle of Built in approval process one person). Having the ability to take literally hundreds appeals to working with multiple content suppliers. those of us with eyes larger than our brains. Express payments to publishers But when it comes to scholarship that must be recalled and remem- Prenax offers the flexibility of two platforms, one for servicing libraries and Check in option for print titles bered, few of us will choose the electronic text over its printed coun- one suited for serving corporate Partnerships that provide usage terpart. I believe this to be more a facility of evolution and practice customers. rather than something inherently hard-wired in us. Unless or until we statistics, rights management, can rewire our brains — and, for better or for worse, online reading is discovery tools and single sign on. doing that — we will read both formats, depending on the subject matter and/or reason for reading. Basch Subscriptions, Inc. I haven’t had time to sift through the new literacy report, so I Prenax Inc. cannot speak to how well or to what extent the issue of online reading 10 Ferry Street, Suite 429, Concord, NH 03301 contributes to the strength or weakness of it. If the students in the (P) 603-229-0662 (F) 603-226-9443 Rosenwald story are right, and if my own research in this subject www.basch.com www.prenax.com matter is at all correct, it may well unravel many of the gains we have made in recent decades. Poor readers, especially, will have a much tougher time going forward if they must learn to read digitally first. And so, the print versus online debate continues in its ironies, If that continues, we will see future generations underperforming even as you read this article first in print, or, if you come to it much when compared with their past peers. later online.

Pelikan’s Antidisambiguation — Editions, Tweaks, and User Preferences Column Editor: Michael P. Pelikan (Penn State)

’ve made comments before in this space My first encounter with this material was subjective interpretation, at least in the case of about problems that continue to plague through Project Gutenberg. It came in the form same-language transcriptions — either it was IeBook projects that begin with out-of- of a pure ASCII text file. It had line endings correct or not. copyright print sources. Optical Character and carriage returns, but nothing more exotic I don’t really understand, if a human-gen- Recognition (OCR) has improved hugely over than that. The file itself was not the product of erated, even curated, transcription exists, why the past ten or fifteen years, but achieving the OCR. Instead, it was typed by true enthusiasts: the builders and publishers of e-texts don’t take last incremental improvements that would candidates for sainthood who felt strongly advantage of them. Why start from scratch and bring it close to practical perfection has prov- enough about a particular book to take on the apply machine-driven OCR to printed text if en difficult. Even if achievable, near-perfect task of transcribing as an entire work from there’s already a transcription? Many, perhaps OCR would do nothing to address the backlog printed page into keystrokes, for the good of most, such transcriptions are freely available we’ve accumulated of poor OCR’d texts, many the World. and could be used — it would cost only attri- of which, as mentioned, are out of copyright. The quality of transcription of many such bution and recognition of the source, something This means there’s not a lot of financial works was variable, but improved over time. I’d perhaps wrongly assume that even the most incentive to promote investment in retrospec- This was not in small measure because other craven, financially motivated republishers of tively repairing past results of flawed OCR folks came along and began to make cor- old works could bring themselves to do. projects. This came up for me again recently rections to the hand-built editions, in a way Instead, now, a dozen or more years after whilst reading, for only the second time in somewhat similar to how a wiki article can admiring the transcription of General Grant’s my life, the Personal Memoirs of Ulysses be improved over time. Better, in some ways, memoirs, and hoisting a coffee cup in toast to S. Grant. because there were fewer matters relying upon continued on page 77

Against the Grain / April 2015 75 Let’s Get Technical — Working Together to Move Titles to Off-Site Storage Column Editors: Stacey Marien (Acquisitions Librarian, American University Library) and Alayne Mundt (Resource Description Librarian, American University Library)

n our previous ATG article, “Workflow Circulation Department. The Circulation staff • Checking that multiple date elements Collaboration at the American University has loose criteria to identify damaged books. in the record match each other and ILibrary” (v.26#6, Dec. 2014-Jan. 2015), If a book is checked out with damage, a note is the book in hand. Alayne and I detailed the first time the Acqui- made in the circulation record so that when it • The ISBN. sitions and Cataloging units at American Uni- is returned, the book is placed on a cart for the • Pagination. versity Library collaborated on a project. In processing unit. When the books are returned, this article, we describe how we came together they are also examined for obvious damage. • Title statement matches the book in to work on moving over 100,000 volumes to The books can also be identified when the hand. our off-site storage facility. student workers are in the stacks doing tasks • Publishing statement matches the such as shifting or shelving. The number of book in hand. The Situation damaged books spike at the end of the semes- • Location code. Over the course of the past two years and ter. The cart of damaged books is then given • Barcode matches the book in hand. up to the present, the Technical Services unit to Processing, and a form is filled out for the has moved over 100,000 volumes from our Collection Managers to review. A decision can If any of these elements do not match or stacks to our consortium’s (WRLC) off-site be made for the book to be replaced and moved are incorrect and they are being worked on by storage unit, located about an hour away from to off-site storage or to just be sent without students, the books are set aside for full-time the American University campus, in Upper being replaced. staff to correct. Marlboro, Maryland. The moving of all these The third and final way titles are identified Students have been trained to scan the bar- volumes was done in order to create more study to be moved is from a one-time dismantling of code and create an item record for monographs space for students in the library. Before the our reference collection. Decisions are made that did not have them, and to change the loca- massive relocation occurred, there had been by the Collection Managers about retaining tion code to identify them as a book that will a small-scale weeding project involving the reference titles that would then be moved to the be stored in the off-site storage facility. They science librarian and the librarian responsible stacks or would be moved to off-site storage. place any books that have incorrect elements for collecting in philosophy and religion. This or other problems in a special shelving unit for small weeding project took place a couple of The Logistics full-time staff to correct. years before the big push to move low-use Once the books slated to be sent to off-site Because multivolume sets are more com- books offsite. Both those librarians identified storage are staged for cataloging work to be plicated and need to be treated differently in titles to be moved and asked their respective done, they are placed on shelving in Tech- the catalog because of display issues, work faculty to review the titles. Cataloging handled nical Services. Cataloging student workers on them is reserved for full-time staff. The all of the technical aspects of that project. have been trained by Circulation staff to pull same bibliographic elements are checked as There are three ways that the bulk of the books, so they are able to work on all aspects for single volumes, in addition to: titles are being identified and diverted to cat- of the move to storage workflow: pulling, • Certain fixed field elements. staging, database work, and boxing. This has aloging in order to be moved off-site. Since • Holdings statement in the holdings ensured that there the timeframe was record matches what we actually is always work tight and we had have. no formal weeding for students to do policy, a quick and and there is no • Individual volume information in the dirty criterion is downtime due to item record is correct. being used to pull delays in pulling • Additionally, we add a note into the the volumes. If the from Circulation. holdings record that displays in the publication date Cataloging staff, catalog to indicate that the books are was 1980 or earli- student workers, held at storage and can be requested er and had no cir- and Acquisitions through our consortium loan service. culation statistics staff involved in The Acquisitions unit has been able to since 1998 (when our library implemented the the move-to-storage project, pull books to be contribute significantly to this project over Voyager system), the title is pulled. The head worked on from the staging shelves. There is time. All Acquisitions staff members have of Circulation runs the title lists for the student no proscribed order for working on books, so been trained on the move to storage workflow. workers to locate the books. He excludes titles can be pulled at random. Cataloging has One Acquisitions Specialist has been trained any titles that are charged to administrative developed two sets of procedures for books on more complex elements of the project, and accounts, such as processing and repair. The being moved to storage. One procedure is for has taken on some problem resolution as well student workers take the titles off the shelves single-volume books, which is primarily used as oversight of Acquisitions student workers and put them in an area in Technical Services by student workers, and the other procedure contributing to the project. for the Cataloging and Acquisitions staff to is for more complex problem resolution and multivolume sets. This is because the location Additionally, our Processing Department, review. The process of identifying the titles which is located within the Acquisitions Unit, is more complicated than just running a report change procedures for the two categories of materials are treated differently in the catalog. has played a large role in this ongoing project as we are dealing with many multi-volume by being able to evaluate books slated to be sets. Certain criteria are set up in evaluating Instructions for working on books being moved to off-site storage for damage or mold, the multi-volume sets, and it is complicated sent to storage include: and replacing or repairing books as necessary. enough to warrant a separate article. • Looking the books up by call The Processing and Serials Specialist has The second way the titles are identified number to ensure that the book in trained Cataloging Staff and student workers for weeding is to evaluate the books that are hand matches the corresponding to evaluate books and route them to her for damaged and routed to Acquisitions from the bibliographic record. continued on page 77 76 Against the Grain / April 2015 audio gear to compensate. If your rugs and and opened by the skills of George Martin. Pelikan’s Antidisambiguation curtains absorb high frequencies resulting in, Hendrix’s early recordings were very simple. from page 75 say, a six dB roll-off at 10 kilohertz, you can In the space of a few hundred days these artists boost the response of your system at 10 kilo- were taking their music places few had gone the unknown person or persons who made it hertz by six dB to “equalize” it. before, and they were layering sound upon possible for me to enjoy the work, I’m con- Of course, many folks don’t use these sound to do so. It was the audio equivalent of fronted with obvious, characteristic OCR errors controls to equalize anything but, in fact, to photo or motion picture compositing, placing in a recent eBook edition. Grumble. de-equalize, indeed, to change the frequency elements of differing origin into seamless But this shouldn’t be the end of the story! response of their audio systems simply to suit proximity with each other. Have you noticed that Kovid Goyal’s Calibre their preferences. Those worthies cruising With a multitrack edition of these record- (http://caliber-ebook.com) permits the editing slowly down the street in the low car with ings, one could separate the original signals, of an eBook file? Regular readers of “Anti- dark windows and after-market muffler, whose listen to each individually, and gain a better disambiguation” (at least, those who would audio system’s subwoofer can be heard two understanding and appreciation for how the admit to it) will recognize my shout-out to this blocks away, sending ripples through puddles producer and the artist achieved such phe- extraordinary open source software package. like Crichton’s T-Rex, melting their tympanic nomenal results. Of course, it would require If you use an eBook reader, I mean, at all, you membranes — they’re merely applying user that a multi-channel mixer be part of the owe it to yourself to have a copy of Calibre preferences. signal chain — but who wouldn’t want installed somewhere. This appetite to configure, to tweak, that? And if a particular sound always All right, but say I use Calibre to fix an ob- to personalize, must cause despair, or seemed buried to you, you could vious OCR botch in an out-of-copyright work at least shrugs, among the engineers bring it out in the mix! Conductors like Grant’s — what then? Well, I’d have and producers who struggle to do this when they interpret a score in to sync the repaired file to the several eBook achieve a particular sound in a front of them, shaping the statement readers I maintain, as well as the file servers I produced recording. The thought- and balance of each of the parts of keep at home for purposes of redundant back- less destruction of producer’s and the score through guidance provided up. Ever looked into NAS RAID devices? artist’s wishes has been going to the orchestra. Really, a musical These are a faintly miraculous technology, on for a long time. Ever been in score is a multitrack representation. once accessible only among the corporate or a discount store and heard one So its counterpart in recorded music the hopelessly geeky — now available to all! channel of a stereo recording in — that’s all I’m asking for… I presently employ three of these boxes on my housewares and the other in lawn Blu-Ray and DVD editions of home network, each containing two hard disk and garden? I recall a story my motion pictures often offer options drives configured to mirror each other. Whilst brother told of the fourth and last time he in playback to include or exclude deleted they quiet the mind, they also exact a bit of went to Stanley Kubrick’s “2001, A Space scenes, to change language settings, etc. I’ve overhead in terms of file management — but Oddessy” — it was in 1969 at a drive-in theater seen the occasional book, usually a children’s good file management will always entail a in Indiana. It was raining heavily. You could book, that feature branching in the storyline, blend of good decisions and good practices. just make out the screen through the fogged permitting exploration of alternate plotlines The idea of applying corrective measures windows. The little metal speaker box hanging based upon decisions as you go. to an eBook differs only in degree from things in one side window was struggling to handle I know it will probably not happen in my we already do. Those controls on your audio “Also Sprach Zarathustra” with little success. life time. Works of interpretation are works devices labeled Bass and Treble? Those have Poor little thing… themselves — that’s probably part of the reason been collectively referred to in the past not I’ve long wished for there to be released the why such a great idea won’t easily come about. merely as Tone controls, but Equalization audio version of critical editions of recorded Royalties and Intellectual Property issues controls. The concept behind audio equaliza- classics. As a darn-near-life-long multitrack involving derivative works get complicated. tion is corrective. Recognizing that different audio production guy, there’s nothing I’d like But I’d be happy to sign a license attesting listening environments have differing acoustic more than to get my hands on a multitrack that I would not release a remix of Sergeant characteristics, as do the many and various version of particular classic recordings. As Pepper or Electric Ladyland — I would only transducers in use, thoughtful manufacturers of soon as the Beatles got past “Beatles ’65” they take bits of them apart to see how they work. audio gear provided audio controls permitting were increasingly taking advantage of technical This isn’t too different from standing in front one to tailor the frequency response of one’s possibilities afforded them by their studio, of an artist’s masterpiece in a museum with a sketchpad, working with charcoal and paper to understand what’s going on in the painting or sculpture. There are some promising prospects en- The Results abled by digital audio analysis. Some of the Let’s Get Technical Since the move to storage project began in same algorithms that achieve noise removal from page 76 June 2012, we have relocated approximately through example (sample the offending wave- 102,000 volumes to off-site storage, freeing form, then look for it in compound waveforms triage, as well as to isolate any books that up student study space within the library. and separate it out, leaving a clean signal) can have mold. The secondary benefit to the project has been be used to “de-mix” a mixdown. It might be After performing the check of bibliograph- cleanup of records and ensuring that books feasible before long to divide a favorite record- ic elements and changing the location code, match the record they are attached to before ing back into separate tracks. books are reshelved in the staging area on their sending them to off-site storage. This is in If you’re interested, there’s an intriguing spine. This signals to student workers that addition to evaluating the books conditions PhD dissertation at Stanford’s Center for these books are ready for boxing to be sent to and having the opportunity to repair or replace Computer Research in Music and Acoustics the off-site storage facility. Students track the damaged or moldy materials. entitled “Interactive Sound Source Separation” number of books boxed on a spreadsheet so by Nicholas J. Bryan. The dissertation is that we can report to our administrative office licensed under a Creative Commons Attribu- the number of volumes being sent, since we tion-Noncommercial 3.0 United State License. are charged by our consortia’s main office for Google that title to find the pdf. Outstanding relocating them to the off-site storage facility. work. Our consortia office sends a truck to pick up the boxed books once a month.

Against the Grain / April 2015 77 Back Talk — A Librarian Is Not Like A Bat Column Editor: Jim O’Donnell (University Librarian, Arizona State University)

he famous philosopher Thomas Nagel Our buildings are heavily used by stu- print collection is very important for all our asked in a very influential article a few dents, of course, but many of them aren’t futures, and that at the same time getting it Tdecades ago “What Is It Like To Be a using library print materials when they do. right about what’s truly new in our world is Bat?” (The Philosophical Review, Vol. 83, A fair number are using our online materials just as important. No. 4 (Oct., 1974), pp. 435-450). I woke from inside our building, of course, and we For example, think about your own in- up one day and found out I had become a get an appreciable number of online chat formation gathering, just today, before you librarian. So what is it like to be a librarian? connections coming from people who are took up this copy of ATG. How much of it There are things around me that are just sitting in our facility and could easily find a consisted of reading things that had been different — like all the people who asked if live librarian for face-to-face questioning if written, edited, put in fixed form, published, I needed help unpacking my books — never they looked up from their screen now and and delivered to you in a neat package, had that experience before. Then a couple then. Going to the library, though, remains whether in print or online? And how much, more came along and asked me how my of high value as a way of making oneself get on the other hand, of the most valuable books were organized and if I had cataloged serious about one’s work in a way that isn’t information you have used today came to them. Hadn’t been asked that before either so easy to do in a dorm room or a student you in the form of a page of Google search and was too embarrassed to answer. union food court. hits? Whatever the relative percentage, that Divine wisdom decided to liven up my second category is critically important and But I have the keys to the building now, first month as a librarian by sending Noah’s growing. If you ask a good question, that and anytime I like, I can go out wandering flood to our science library. (The “deluge” first page of Google hits is information for in the stacks, where all sorts of wonderful sprinklers failed in you of extremely high stuff lies in arm’s reach. For a professor of the wee hours of value, but nobody sat classics, that’s pretty neat. I don’t doubt my the morning and down to write it, edit staff will get used to having to send some- burst into action in it, publish it, and de- body out to find me and reel me back in for an amazing torrent I liver it to you in any my next meeting. wish I’d been there traditional way. As That’s all the dream-come-true part, to see. Damage is in soon as you’ve used and I know I’m surrounded by smart and the seven figures.) that information, it interesting and nice people. Already, even With a lot of other will be gone. Yes, in my own behavior, I’m beginning to notice things starting to the search may point interesting things. For example, when I happen, I saw this you to some old-fash- know that I want one particular book from as an opportunity ioned artifacts, but it the stacks, I sit quietly at my desk and click to intervene in the probably also points a few times and then a few hours later go out, necessary reconstruction process, to figure you to some things that are themselves downstairs, and across a broad concourse to out what we should do that would let us not search results; it dives into the deep Web the circulation desk to pick up the book there just reopen but also reinvigorate the building for the particular combination of data points — I don’t actually go out into the stacks to and the services it provides. Everything is that have meaning for you right now. Our look for it. By the time I’ve had it paged, an opportunity if you look at it the right way. libraries are full of resources that offer even I have to walk further for it, but think less. Soon, the bigger conversations are com- richer possibilities for the right questioner as The stacks are pretty quiet most of the ing. Our fifty year old main building needs we move into the age of data mining. time. Our circulation figures don’t show ex- drastic renovation, so that’s an opportunity The question that keeps me awake most actly how much of what leaves the building to think about what we want it to be for the these days is how to deal with the implica- has been personally selected from the stacks next fifty years. That means getting faculty tions of such changes to our practices? What by a patron and how much is paged down and students, who might normally take us for is it going to be like — well, for that matter, to the desk for pickup, but that category has granted, to join in the thinking process. My what is it already like, for us to live in a grown dramatically. instincts tell me that getting it right about the world where the information we most need and want doesn’t come prepackaged, but is created for us at the intersection between our curiosity and intelligence — and that of ADVERTISERS’ INDEX a lot of other people we’ll never meet or have any business dealings with? Librarians used 57 action! Library Media Servicel 10 the Charleston Report 11 Modern Language Association to be able to put the right book on the table 19 alexander Street Press 79 cold Spring Harbor Lab Press 15 osa – The Optical Society in front of readers. 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