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O SOFTWARE LIVRE GRÁFICO NA ARQUITETURA: Uma Experiência De Avaliação

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O SOFTWARE LIVRE GRÁFICO NA ARQUITETURA: Uma Experiência De Avaliação UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA BAHIA FACULDADE DE ARQUITETURA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ARQUITETURA E URBANISMO ANTÔNIO CARLOS DE SOUSA BRITO O SOFTWARE LIVRE GRÁFICO NA ARQUITETURA: Uma experiência de avaliação Salvador julho, 2011 ii ANTÔNIO CARLOS DE SOUSA BRITO O SOFTWARE LIVRE GRÁFICO NA ARQUITETURA: Uma experiência de avaliação Dissertação apresentada ao PPGAU – Programa de Pós- Graduação em Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade Federal da Bahia, como requisito à obtenção de título de Mestre em Arquitetura e Urbanismo. Orientador: Antônio Pedro Alves de Carvalho Salvador julho, 2011 iii RESUMO As transformações econômicas e sociais desencadeadas pelo processo de globalização dos mercados, pressionam empresas e profissionais a se inserirem no contexto da automação, como prerrogativa para manterem-se atuantes, face à competitividade gerada com a crescente corrida pela capacitação tecnológica, em resposta às necessidades da sociedade contemporânea. Como reflexo disso, a indústria da informática cresceu exponencialmente e, atualmente, se configura como uma das mais poderosas organizações do sistema de acumulação capitalista, detentora de monopólios baseados na manipulação do conhecimento e na produção da tecnologia. Em contraponto, observa-se que a prática da “pirataria” dissemina-se nos mais diversos meios, relacionada, dentre outros fatores, com a necessidade de modernização dos processos produtivos e o alto custo para obtenção desses recursos. Dentro desse contexto, surge a filosofia do software livre, que tem chamado atenção no âmbito do debate mundial acerca do tema da inclusão digital, suscitando a busca de alternativas para o desenvolvimento e a produção de tecnologias acessíveis a todas as camadas sociais. Trazendo essa problemática para o campo da arquitetura, observa-se que a automação do projeto estabeleceu-se de forma sólida tanto no ensino como na prática profissional, visando a inserção do seu contingente produtivo na realidade do mercado. Contudo, as ferramentas computadorizadas de auxílio ao projeto mais difundidas e empregadas são provenientes de empresas desenvolvedoras de software com finalidades exclusivamente comerciais, que cobram preços altos, e muitas vezes restritivos, pela licença de utilização desses programas, expondo os usuários em situação irregular a graves sanções legais, atingindo principalmente pequenas corporações, os setores públicos e acadêmicos, bem como usuários autônomos. A característica independente e não uniforme da produção e da divulgação do software livre, ao mesmo tempo em que ele se estabelece como alternativa promissora de acesso à informatização, levou a indagar sobre a possibilidade de aplicação de ferramentas dessa natureza no campo do projeto de arquitetura, face às restrições impostas pela indústria do software proprietário, mais especificamente das companhias que produzem ferramentas da computação gráfica, amplamente empregadas na prática projetual de arquitetura. Nesse contexto, o estudo iniciou-se com uma abordagem conceitual sobre software livre que se estendeu a aspectos de seu desenvolvimento, abrangendo a forma de organização e o perfil das comunidades de programadores e usuários. Seguiu-se a essa abordagem uma análise histórica do desenvolvimento das principais aplicações da computação voltadas para o campo do projeto, desde sua origem, até os dias atuais, como forma de estabelecer um panorama das tecnologias mais difundidas e o estado da arte da automação do projeto. Em seguia identificou-se ferramentas livres enquadradas nessa categoria, com potencial de aplicação na produção de projetos de arquitetura e, utilizando-se de técnicas prescritas pela ABNT – Associação Brasileira de Norma Técnicas, selecionou-se entre elas um conjunto de três programas gráficos: Caduntun, Inkscape e Blender, que foram submetidos a um processo de avaliação qualitativa nos ambientes acadêmico, institucional e corporativo de produção de projetos arquitetônicos, obtendo-se resultados que permitiram formular conclusões e tecer recomendações para o uso e desenvolvimento dessas ferramentas na prática e no ensino da arquitetura. Palavras chaves: Software livre, Software Gráfico, CAD e Avaliação de Software. iv ABSTRACT The social and economic transformations that have been unleashed by the process of markets becoming globalized, pressure companies and professionals to insert themselves in an automated context as a prerrogative to remaining operative in the face of the competitiveness derived from the budding race for tecnological capacity which exists in contemporary society. As a consequence, the information science industry has grown exponentially and presently, it is one of the most powerful organizations in the capitalist system; monopoly-holder in the manipulation of information and technological production. In contrast, the practice of piracy has spread to a variety of milieus, all related, among other factors, by the necessity of the modernization of the productive process and the high costs of obtaining these resources. It is within this context that the philosophy of Free Software has established itself and in which it has garnered notice in the worldwide debate over digital inclusion as well as sounded a call for the search for alternatives in the development and production of technology that is accessible to all societal levels. In bringing this debate to the field of architecture, we can see that the automation of project design has firmly established itself in both the teaching and professional practice of said field and thereby has driven the insertion of architects into contemporary market reality. However, the most widely-known and used computer-aided design tools originate from software developers with exclusively commercial intentions, and who charge restrictive and expensive prices for the licensing of said programs which in turn place illlegal users, usually small-business owners or smaller corporations, the public and academic sector as well as individual and autonomous users, at risk of serious legal sanctions. The independent and changing nature of the production and dissemination of Free Software, while establishing itself as a promising alternative for access to information science technology, also led to the inquiry of its applications to computer-aided design in architecture in spite of the restrictions imposed by the software industry owners, and more specifically of the companies which produce graphic design tools widely-used in architectural project design. And, following the norms prescribed by the ABNT – Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas, a grouping of three graphic design software programs was chosen: Caduntun, Inkscape and Blender. These three programs were subjected to a process of qualitative evaluation in academic, institutional and corporate environments of architectural project production, obtaining results which allowed for the formulation of conclusions and inclusion of recommendations, for the use and development of these tools in the practice and teaching of architecture. v LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES Figura 1 - Diagrama de um projeto de software livre em desenvolvimento...................... 23 Figura 2 - Sketchpad em uso.............................................................................................. 35 Figura 3 - IBM PC, versão original.................................................................................... 39 Figura 4 - Lisa.................................................................................................................... 40 Figura 5 - Apple Macintosh................................................................................................ 41 Figura 6 – Qualidade no ciclo de vida do software........................................................... 66 Figura 7 - Modelo de qualidade para qualidade externa e interna..................................... 67 Figura 8 - Níveis de pontuação para a métrica................................................................... 70 Figura 9 - Relacionamento entre as normas do processo de e as de suporte para a avaliação............................................................................................................ 71 Figura 10 - Processo de avaliação, segundo a NBR ISO/IEC 14598................................. 71 Figura 11 - Interface gráfica do Caduntun.......................................................................... 90 Figura 12 - Interface gráfica do Inkscape........................................................................... 92 Figura 13 - Interface gráfica do Blender............................................................................ 94 Figura 14 - Imagem de modelo construído com o Blender................................................ 95 Figura 15 - Estrutura do GQM........................................................................................... 104 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. vi LISTA DE QUADROS Quadro 1 - Steakholders e seus papéis............................................................................... 19 Quadro 2 - Motivações no desenvolvimento do software livre.......................................... 20 Quadro 3 - Composição do sistema CAD.......................................................................... 44 Quadro 4 - Série de normas da ABNT para avaliação de produto de software.................. 65 Quadro 5 - Definição dos atributos de qualidade em uso................................................... 68 Quadro 6 - Síntese do processo de avaliação do "pacote”
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