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Ajalvir de Ctra 66 1 2 nodrt rs hsbig,a laswe we when always as bridge, this cross to order In status present its and universe the of birth The NF-Ittt iAtosc lntlgaSpaziali, Planetologia e Astrofisica di Istituto - INAF NA-Dtd agsUie inisdlEspacio del Ciencias y Utiles Cargas de Dpt - INTA RNIRRSAC NATOHSC:A PAE REVIEW UPDATED AN ASTROPHYSICS: IN RESEARCH FRONTIER omlg am-a uss—gaiainlwvs—Xrybinar X-ray — waves gravitational — bursts gamma-ray — cosmology .INTRODUCTION 1. , 51 .Giovannelli F. 68 (2019) 66–88 , ABSTRACT RESUMEN 1 n .Sabau-Graziati L. and reysvrleape frslsta,i accordance in that, results of examples several briefly o GoanliySbuGait 04 GSG2004) 2004: Sabau-Graziati y (Giovannelli so” fa“ipe atru sson–w a note can we – shown network is metabolic bacterium the “simple” of section a a of where – panel) (adopted big 1988). infinitely Rees to small from infinitely the From 1. Fig. ai21a 04,,21,21ab.W ilg along go will We 2016a,b). 2015, 2014a,b, 2012a, iati tı uod eiio E mat elsexperimentos los de impacto revisi´on “El rt´ıculo de nel 03 ivnel aa-rzai2012a, Sabau-Graziati y Giovannelli 2013; annelli no eo elzd n srcaslcio elos selecci´on de estricta una realizado hemos ento, h i agadBooy infiatpr of part significant A Biology. and Bang Big the n sd aeouio enetoUies tratando Universo nuestro evoluci´on de la de as aoiio,cnttynlsplrsqesostienen que pilares los opini´on, constituyen ra ned fw oka h iue2(upper 2 Figure the at look we if Indeed, aa-rzai20:GG04 n subsequent and GSG2004) 2004: Sabau-Graziati h topics. the f lmnr eu˜o xeietsraiao en realizados peque˜nos experimentos manera al ril Teipc ftesaeeprmnson experiments space the of impact “The article u otelmtdetnino hswr and work this of extension limited the to Due c.Smlry ml xeiet nErhor Earth on experiments small Similarly, ace. iad so eutdspoinnd grandes de provienen resultados estos de tiva pratsrslao.Dbd alimitada la a Debido resultados. mportantes 2 ies V Workshop on Robotic Autonomous Observatories (Mazagón, Huelva, Spain, October 16-20, 2017) Editors: M. 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Castro-Tirado - DOI: http://doi.org/10.22201/ia.14052059p.2019.51.14 etmaueet ftecosscin fthe of sections cross the Di- the of physics. of 3 astroparticle measurements one all as rect of points appears crucial stars most in occurring reactions cor- evolution stellar describe in SABAU-GRAZIATI to & hard occurring GIOVANNELLI rectly. is reactions it nuclear stars of the sections cross the fun- a stars. review in to reactions need nuclear we between antecedent: Biology Bridge damental and the Bang crossing Big Universe the our of lution 68 hi and chain ihgo cuaytekyratosD(p, reactions key the accuracy good with the of Laboratory Sasso Gran running INFN. the experiment valuable in most underground the is It astroparticle in physics. relevant sections mea- cross to nuclear devoted suring is Astrophysics) Nuclear derground 10-year (1998). Adelberger a al. by as reviews et the intended to is supplement and 2009, update January work- in This a held of shop conclusions theory. the in summarizes which experimen- improvements review, new and facilities, techniques, new tal of including precision rates, the key increasing further for opportunities e rs etos n eomne spectrum recommended a for for Recom- given and provided is sections, are cross production. uncertainties key neutrino and solar values hydrogen-burning mended to other and and Sun stars energy the to in important sections generation They cross fusion data (2011). available nuclear the on evaluate al. critically et and Adelberger summarize by published been Pro- Neutrinos”. 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Li 3 ) He( 15 7 α Be(p, ecino the of reaction O , γ 4 He, ) 6 i(nese l 2014). al. et (Anders Li γ γ ) 8 ) eratoso the of reactions Be 7 e hs measure- These Be. 2 H( α , γ ) 6 i(Anders Li CNO-cycle 4 6 He, Li—has γ γ ) 3 ) He, 6 pp Li l 2012); al. deo tla vlto aebe tde ythe by e.g. studied been experiment: have evolution LUNA stellar of edge 25 ecinDt EFR a efudin: found be can //www-nds.iaea.org/exfor/exfor.htm (EXFOR) Data Reaction 2014). al. et Leva (Di xsigtdy h -L ilb bet orc for correct to able telescopes 13 be optical will gather E-ELT largest The will the today. existing and than light world more the times in telescope infrared address to about questions us Universe. unsolved our pressing allow most the will of many that telescope 40m-class (E-ELT) b) cosmic by released energy sources. the calibrating in and tion Einstein’s Relativity. and Albert of of quasars Theory tests distant General new 500,000 stringent provide about will mission study The also System. 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O(p, https: γ ) 18 F V Workshop on Robotic Autonomous Observatories (Mazagón, Huelva, Spain, October 16-20, 2017) Editors: M. D. Caballero García, S. B. Pandey, & A. J. Castro-Tirado - DOI: http://doi.org/10.22201/ia.14052059p.2019.51.14 d) evolution ( forma- the system science.html to the solar planets own to and our Bang of stars, Big galaxies, first of the the tion from after ex- history: glows will under- cosmic JWST luminous to of quest phase origins. every our our amine in and forward Universe leap the giant stand a be will c) in Tele- found facilities/eelt/docs/ Large be Extremely can Universe European the scope) of the view with expanded (Science An Organi- ELT - for Release). 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Krylov Since Na- Juan. servatory, Alexander (ICATE), Moscow, San Russia, Espacio of Progenitor: del Astro- y University Ciencias Tierra tional la de de Instituto nomicas (OAFA), Aguilar Fe- lix Astronomico As- Observatorio 2012 MASTER-OAFA: de since vii) Instituto Argentina, (IAC). The Canarias 2015 trof´ısica de since Astonomi- Islands, Spain, African Canarias MASTER-IAC: vi) South (SAAO). Observatory cal 2014. since Africa, Moscow Sutherland, South MASTER-SAAO: Stern- Lomonosov v) Observatory, University. Institute, State Pulkovo Astronomical the Kislovodsk berg of Kislovodsk. Station Near Solar MASTER- Russia, iv) Kislovodsk: University. Astronomical State Kourovka Ural near Observatory, 2008. Russia, Since MASTER-Ural: Ekaterinburg, iii) Irkutsk Institute, University. Rus- Physics State Applied MASTER-Tunka: Irkutsk. near ii) sia, University. State Blagoveschensk Pedagogic MASTER-Amur: Blagoveschensk. i) near Sites: is Russia, re- Net network are MASTER The following the the In mag. ported world. 20-21 whole to the along up spread Night One One is and in goal Sky up MASTER real- follow software. own auto-detection with alert, time network Global positioning telecopes fast twin survey very is TER MASTER robot the in 2012). type c) al. its et of (Hamuy supernovae, project hemisphere 130 successful southern than most the more being produced has CHASE × eysalstlie o utfeynyas- multifreqyency for satellites small Very h usa lblntoko telescopes of network global Russian The 10 × 0cm 10 aebe icse yHdce al. et Hudec by discussed been have 3 n yial egtof weight a typically and × Lpnve l 00.MAS- 2010). al. et (Lipunov 10 × 0cm 30 3 yial pto up typically , ∼ 1 . kg. 3 V Workshop on Robotic Autonomous Observatories (Mazagón, Huelva, Spain, October 16-20, 2017) Editors: M. D. Caballero García, S. B. Pandey, & A. J. 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Fig. After sugges- repetitive a remembers (FG) us of One E prmn Goanlie l 93.SX was SIXE 1993). al. et (Giovannelli xperiment ∼ 4yaseprec bu Multifre- about experience years 44 n ewscompletely was he And S panish aorthe Favour I talian X - V Workshop on Robotic Autonomous Observatories (Mazagón, Huelva, Spain, October 16-20, 2017) Editors: M. D. Caballero García, S. B. Pandey, & A. J. Castro-Tirado - DOI: http://doi.org/10.22201/ia.14052059p.2019.51.14 i.1.SX ( SIXE 10. Fig. SABAU-GRAZIATI & GIOVANNELLI 74 odsalqatte fwso nphysics. and in observations wisdom of multifrequency quantities of small good help Institutes!!! the INAF with all 1500 in paper than read more most now the Gate). 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V Workshop on Robotic Autonomous Observatories (Mazagón, Huelva, Spain, October 16-20, 2017) Editors: M. D. Caballero García, S. B. Pandey, & A. J. Castro-Tirado - DOI: http://doi.org/10.22201/ia.14052059p.2019.51.14 yuigti oml ti osbet bana ex- in: an found obtain delays the- to and oretical experimental possible the is between agreement it cellent formula this using By accreting disk-fed for 2017). Giovannelli model & general (Bisnovatyi-Kogan Time-lag XRBs 11. Fig. etfitn h te aa oee,i euethe use we if However, line the data. of other outside the clearly system is fitting 12) 3-640 best Figure 1118-61/Hen in A cross to (red relative point The (P period eainhpbtenteH the between relationship a igemaueeto h qiaetwdh(EW) width equivalent H the of one of used (1997) measurement 3- Coe & single 1118-61/Hen Fabregat Reig, A which system for 640, X-ray/Be the to referred 11. 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Fabregat, al. et Reig, Villada (after systems X-ray/Be otdi h ieaue hs w Lsalwdto allowed P FLEs re- two periodicity: FLEs these their the determine literature, with the Together in ported “quiescence”. than higher in much that FLEs), Events: 13. (Flare-Like Figure tivity in shown as Lupi, Distribu- RU Energy of Spectral (SED) the tion that construct bands to energy different allowed in emissions simultaneous of the detection was program multifrequency term Giovannelli review by A published was 1996). of (1994). 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Fig. eido ULp.Ide,i eueterelation- the use (L we luminosity X-ray if the Indeed, between Lupi. ship RU rotational of the be period could This 1994). (Giovannelli days ntoocsos ULp hwdasrn ac- strong a showed Lupi RU occasions, two In long- the during obtained results main the of One papers, main two in published were results The program multifrequency (1982-1988) long-term A 4.2 h lsia ar trR Lupi RU star Tauri T classical The . ∼ 5 as,ntytkon scom- is known, yet not days), 350 FLEs α 27 = E n P and -EW X . essthe versus ) α 686 E 70 = -EW ± 0 orb . 002 in V Workshop on Robotic Autonomous Observatories (Mazagón, Huelva, Spain, October 16-20, 2017) Editors: M. D. Caballero García, S. B. Pandey, & A. J. Castro-Tirado - DOI: http://doi.org/10.22201/ia.14052059p.2019.51.14 as(shnah19)adh aea g of age an gave he T 0852.0-3946)— 1998)—and X- (RX (Aschenbach He in Jr All-Sky-Survey rays Vela ROSAT 2016). the SNR (Aschenbach during the discovered SNR test a as of used age the mining fR uii vrapdwt e rs,adthe and cross, cross. red blue the a with with position overlapped “wrong” is Lupi RU of (v velocity tational i.1.SD(1,200-50,000 SED 13. Fig. SABAU-GRAZIATI & GIOVANNELLI 76 ga fteXrylmnst (L di- luminosity the shows X-ray 14 the Figure of pa- 1991)— agram the (1994). in Giovannelli commented al. by largely et per days—that is (Giovannelli origin 3.7 wrong exist of whose not literature does the simply in reported value 0 etdt h ulcatoiyte“ih Ankoku “Risho pre- the monk authority buddhist public the This to sented Daishonin. 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Fig. ildeclination tial or ftertadteo 1:0p o30 am). 3:00 to pm (11:00 10 ox culminated the event and the The between rat 1271, the of of the month sol- hours on ninth the the happened of This Terrified, The day execution. twelfth the panic. blinded. off called eyes with diers his filled face, were his soldiers on across The fell shot surroundings. executioner the Moon) illuminating (full brightly sky, object the luminous a headed, death. to reason sentenced this and For persecuted authority. was of clear he and behaviour the strong the a for to times: critic Teaching three country) the Correct in peace the (Establishing Ron” Bouvier after 1994 is (Giovannelli 1990). position cross wrong blue the a RU and with cross, of marked red position a right with marked The is (square). Lupi systems CVn RS and htppr oee,w r bie odsusa discuss to obliged are at we look However, to invited paper. is interested that reader been The has Sabau-Graziati & Universe (2016a). Giovannelli our by of published physics recently the of knowledge path. new a such opened Experiments have Physics (PPEs) Passive and Ex- (APEs) Physics periments Active from new model coming results standard a Recent the (SM). developing over probably, for going, for inputs physics experimental new provid- for ing and theories, current strong verifying a for given impulse have space–based and ground– iments .TEPEETSTAINAOTTHE ABOUT SITUATION PRESENT THE 5. tta oetNcie a bu ob be- be to about was Nichiren moment that At netnierve ntestainaotthe about situation the on review extensive An exper- generation new of advent the Undoubtedly NWEG FTEPYISO OUR OF PHYSICS THE OF KNOWLEDGE • ,lt-yedaf +,dedesas( stars dKe-dMe (+), dwarfs late-type ), − 46 ◦ UNIVERSE psto fVl Jr). Vela of (position ◦ bv h oio,celes- horizon, the above ⊕ ), V Workshop on Robotic Autonomous Observatories (Mazagón, Huelva, Spain, October 16-20, 2017) Editors: M. D. Caballero García, S. B. Pandey, & A. J. Castro-Tirado - DOI: http://doi.org/10.22201/ia.14052059p.2019.51.14 CS xeieta H eetdanwbsnat boson new a detected 125 Solenoid (Gianotti LHC Muon at Compact boson The experiment compatible (CMS) Higg’s 2012). is of al. et value Aad mass 2012; This expected the detected. with been has GeV ag arnClie euy(Hb tLCde- LHC at (LHCb) beauty Collider Hadron Large physics. of would SM confirmed, the result, if complete ATLAS, This from that 2012a). with Collaboration together CMS The 2012; etrudrtnigo h pnpolm still problems astrophysics. for open modern useful the the be in of could existing understanding opinion, better our in a that, topics few faot15GVadtepoete fteStandard the boson. of properties Higgs the mass Model and the 4th GeV with 125 particle about new on of a for collaborations Evidence 2012. Solenoid) July CMS Muon and ApparatuS) (Compact LHC Toroidal (A ATLAS the ob- Universe. HE the for to tool directly complementary the looking of a servatories life is the provide LHC of can moment Universe. experi- first experiments the different These about the LHC. information the with of particular in ments in constructed world, accelerators powerful the most the with parti- scalar massive Seez & a (Jakobs boson to 2015). Higgs Model rise Standard the giving cle, and 1964 in masses proposed have mechanism, bosons Englert-Brout- Higgs-Guralnik-Hagen-Kibble Z breaking symmetry the and the Within via W generated the physics. particle Model for became Standard of mass goal elucidation acquire W important the they an 1980s, the which early by of the mechanism discovery in the the of the bosons of case Z case After the and the electromag- in in interaction. gluons the bosons strong and of Z interaction, weak case and the W the interaction, par- in exchanged netic photons The of are exchange ticles particles. the elementary through their further govern mediated that elementary as forces fundamental interactions the be describes and to particles, leptons and quarks Standard completed. the be detected, would field. is Physics of Boson Higgs Model Higgs what with Universe. the be interacting if our Thus, to created mass that said obtains Bang” called Matter it’s “Big often because the is caused particle” which boson God Higgs “the the of detection . hnst olsosa 3TVteexperiment the TeV 13 at collisions to Thanks rmALSrsls 5.0 a results, ATLAS From by announced was discovery boson Higgs The ago years few a started boson Higgs to hunt The takes physics particle of Model Standard The the is LHC from results exciting most the of One 3 ± 0 . e ih4 with GeV 6 5.1 ciepyisexperiments physics Active . . 9 σ infiac (Incandela significance RNIRRSAC NATOHSC 77 ASTROPHYSICS IN RESEARCH FRONTIER σ xesat excess ∼ 126 . 5 h lnkta ulse ae ntelvlof whole level the the across on measured paper emission a dust 2014 published polarized September team In claim Planck 2014). 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Bernardis scales a angular are large modes at CMB the (B–modes). curl– fields and curl–free (tensor polarization both waves producing gravitational inflation) of ii) vec-relics (E–modes); polarization field curl–free relics a tor (scalar producing perturbations inflation) density of anisotropy i) quadrupole by: turn, induced In is Bang. Big the after s eiggaduicto pc at pre- epoch the unification of end grand by the marked ceding triggered that been transition have inflation. phase to the the thought of is proof expansion experimental The for search the is 2015). al. protons et the and Aaij are 2015; neutrons that (Cardini quarks of the constituents of fundamental combination new the a for gives way Pentaquark since 1964). suggested (Gell-Mann theoretically 1960-ies was pentaquark existence The the Pentaquark. of the particle: new a tected h i ag ti o nw xcl hnthe have when to exactly thought known is between not it but been is ended, It epoch inflationary Bang. Big the n yqarpl nstoya eobnto that z recombination at at occurred anisotropy scatter- quadrupole Thomson by via induced ing is photons CMB the of in polarization decade. CMB following of the (2007, problem Winstein the discussed 2009) polarization. inflation (CMB) the Microwave of Background Cosmic of proof measurements from experimental come could The Bang. Big infiac Aee l 05.I -oepolariza- B-mode If 2015). al. et (Ade significance n ftems motn usin tl open still questions important most the of One ned e lmn otepioda interpre- primordial the to element key a Indeed, exper- BICEP2 the of collaboration the Recently on field curl–polarization a for sources other No eko rmteter htlna polarization linear that theory the from know We 5.2 asv hsc experiments physics Passive . ∼ ≈ 10crepnigt t to corresponding 1100 10 − 33 and s ≈ 10 ≈ − 32 10 ∼ − fe the after s 36 1 . 2 after s × 10 13 V Workshop on Robotic Autonomous Observatories (Mazagón, Huelva, Spain, October 16-20, 2017) Editors: M. D. Caballero García, S. B. Pandey, & A. J. Castro-Tirado - DOI: http://doi.org/10.22201/ia.14052059p.2019.51.14 k elAtno19;Tsn20 n refer- lensing and gravitational weak 2000 the Tyson and 1998; therein), Kochan- ences Dell’Antonio Tyson, & (e.g. ski lensing gravitational strong ex- constant. Hubble to the scale namely distance objects, the absolute tragalactic astronomy, the grav- in of problems addressing of determination fundamental in use the standards” the of “gold one assess as and lensing describe Schechteritational & They (Williams over- Universe 1997). the the to of scales, geometry various all on to distribution phenomena, clusters, mass and astronomical the galaxies of like objects, range individual a from study to used that Tele- operating. doubt is Space any lensing Dai gravitational without Hubble the showed (e.g. The 2005) observations Kochanek Chandra & and sources. of (HST), samples radio scope Array flux-limited Large GHz of Very 5 images obtaining snapshot by (MG)— (VLA) lenses survey found Bank radio Green that first MIT the survey—the mentioning lens lenses”, 10,000 finding of General of theory theory). the (GR of Relativity validity the confirmed sults Inflation. the of proof experimental an 2016). find (Ijjas time in beginning pos- of to sort related any of tulating problems advantage conditions the 2008). have initial Starkman universe avoiding the & of Turok, models Steinhardt, (Erickson Cyclic 2007; Universe “plau- the al. a “bouncing” for et be model a could Membrane- alternative be endlessly sible” inflation. clashed could need that but not Universes Bang, Universe does the that Big of Universe the origin the not that re- is suggest 2013 Planck They after (2013) sults. Loeb & Steinhadt Ijjas, SABAU-GRAZIATI & GIOVANNELLI out. dust ruled polarized be contribution not by mode could B explained primordial a entirely although sig- emission be mode B and could BICEP GHz the nal 150 that to conclusion down the black- reached dominates) CMB the dust of where tail Wien GHz body the 353 in Planck frequency the extrapolated (a in map also seen signal (Planck work dust field polarized This the BICEP2 the 2014). in Collaboration particular in and sky, 78 eea aeshv enpbihdaotthe about published been have papers Several successfully and widely is lensing Gravitational hows and whys “The discussed (2003) Kochanek re- experimental further two years few last the In to important more even is reasons these all For by criticized is inflation of theory the However, 5.3 ofimto fteTer fGeneral of Theory the of Confirmation . 5.3.1 rvttoa lenses Gravitational . Relativity 0 = z nlbakhl asi 62 is mass hole black final Fgr 5.Tesuc isa uioiydis- luminosity a at lies 410 source of The tance 15). (Figure nerdsuc-rm nta lc oemse are masses hole black 14 initial source-frame inferred h inlwsdtce tsignificance at detected UTC. 03:38:53 was at signal 2015 26, The December detectors on twin LIGO the the by of sig- observed The was GW151226, holes. black nal, stellar-mass two the of by coalescence produced signal al. gravitational-wave a et of vation (Abbott merger hole black binary observa-2016a). a de- first direct the of first and tion waves the gravitational is of This tection stellar- systems. hole binary black of obser- mass existence These the intervals. demonstrate vations credible 90% define tainties M oemse r 36 are masses hole 0 = z n ndvain rmteG theory. 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PMN of observations a Kochanek radio of & J1632-0033. on identification Rusin based secure Winn, image, by most central published the (2006). was reported (2004) Micro” al. and et Lens- Weak “Gravita- Meylan “Gravitational on Strong, on review book & ing: A A Blandford by (2004). published Kochanek 2000). been have Lenses” tional al. et (Wittman ⊙ . 2 bote l 21b eotdtescn obser- second the reported (2016b) al. et Abbott h nvreta otisb ento l the all definition by contains that Universe The the- GR the supports dowel further a Therefore, +8 − c . . 3 2 09 090 . . 3 7 aitdi rvttoa ae.Aluncer- All waves. gravitational in radiated − +0 M − +0 0 . . 0 ⊙ 03 04 . . 03 04 − +160 − +180 5.3.2 l netite en 0 credible 90% a define uncertainties All . n 7 and ntesuc rm,teiiilblack initial the frame, source the In . 180 190 . 8 rvttoa waves Gravitational . +6 − p orsodn oaredshift a to corresponding Mpc p orsodn oaredshift a to corresponding Mpc − +5 . 1 5 . . 4 1 7 ± M M 2 ⊙ ⊙ . M 3 n 29 and efidta tleast at that find We . ± ⊙ M 4 n h nlblack final the and , ± ⊙ M 4 ih3 with ≥ ⊙ n the and , 5 . σ 0 ≥ The . ± 5 . 0 1 . σ 5 V Workshop on Robotic Autonomous Observatories (Mazagón, Huelva, Spain, October 16-20, 2017) Editors: M. D. Caballero García, S. B. Pandey, & A. J. Castro-Tirado - DOI: http://doi.org/10.22201/ia.14052059p.2019.51.14 hrfr hi eeto ae pt v detections five to and Up signal, GW rate. their detection boost higher their stars The therefore first origin. the of primordial masses of is GW150914 tion otiuini ubri eaieysal They small. of relatively their probability if a is even found number signals, Ow- primor- in GW of aLIGO. strong contribution remnants the produce the stars of masses, dial higher rate their detection to the den- ing rate to merger and the con- to sity the stars estimated primordial They of tribution stars. first the of formation the simulate to com- model et cosmologically semi-analytical representative, self-consistent, their Hartwig a by developed of (2016) paper interesting al. merger An in- the remnants. be pact via be might to observable stars, believed present-day directly are than which massive stars, more first objects. the astrophysical Especially unobserved yet investigate to gravi- waves. with tational astronomy facilitate multi-messenger to in- for community providing planning astronomy of the intention to the formation with over decade, and next detectors (aLIGO) the gravitational-wave LIGO Advanced Virgo the Advanced for scenario ing the physics. awarded in been prize have Nobel Thorne 2017 Kip Weiss, & ago—Rainer Barish years Barry 100 Einstein by predicted of units estimated 2016a). in the al. et Top: separation Abbott from hole Bottom: (adopted radii black event. 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Fig. rvttoa ae rvd eouinr tool revolutionary a provide waves Gravitational observ- possible a present (2016c) al. et Abbott waves—first gravitational of detections these For ≥ %ta h urn detec- current the that 1% RNIRRSAC NATOHSC 79 ASTROPHYSICS IN RESEARCH FRONTIER egra itneof distance a at merger 2017a,b). of al. distance projected a at ∼ be the to localized and was measurement, merger gravitational-wave the with vdnefrcsi ceeainfo yeI Super- Ia type from acceleration cosmic for evidence data SN the (z con- that ation show the (z acceleration of they recent independent universe, favor is the which of test tents new definitive. a a evidence for Using SNe the Only is constant acceleration. dark cosmological present the of the of nature causing strength the energy the upon that depends show conclusion was this They universe the decelerating. that once evidence direct z some at and provide interpretation 1997ff universe accelerating SN the & of favor Turner 1.7 observations life. from its (2002) along Riess Universe and the acceleration of of pos- deceleration phases the different about having question Perl- of a 1998; sibility opened 1999) al. et al. (Riess et down mutter slowing not and up ing presented. brilliantly de- this is century In last cosmology the of 2011. about velopment Physics journey in historical Back- a Prize Scientific paper Nobel as the Royal on Sciences” the ground of of Physics for Academy “Class very Swedish the by A pub- 2011 been in cosmology. has lished argument for this about milestone paper a interesting is Universe the happy! As- particularly Multifrequency are the we of trophysics, pioneers As born! physics (2016). Giovannelli 1988), by Postnov commented & recently Lipunov and 1987; gravimagnetic (Lipunov of evolution rotators the describes that chine” GWs! detecting of G 93a itneo just of distance galaxy a early-type at the 4993 with NGC opti- associated was The source cal observations. op- (SSS17a/AT2017gfo) and tical 170817A), (GRB neu- gamma-ray two (GW170817), gravitational-wave with through discovered consistent was stars masses tron with objects pact III Pop a as identified merger be remnant. BH-BH unambiguously a detect can should that Approximately we decade, mergers. per BH-BH orig- once III sensitivity Pop design final from at inate aLIGO with year per p wyfo h aayscne Abt et (Abbott center galaxy’s the from away kpc 2 iuo ta.(95 rdce h NS-NS the predicted (1995) al. et Lipunov ile,Gffni&Sra 21)fudmarginal found (2016) Sarkar & Guffanti Nielsen, speed- is universe the that 1998 in discovery The of expansion accelerating the of discovery The Astro- Multimessenger 2017 17, August On Ma- “Scenario the by born was prediction This n21 uut1 h egro w com- two of merger the 17 August 2017 On > 5.4 0.5). h ceeaigUniverse accelerating The . ≤ 0Mcadtepossibility the and Mpc 50 < .)adps deceler- past and 0.5) ∼ 0Mc consistent Mpc, 40 ∼ V Workshop on Robotic Autonomous Observatories (Mazagón, Huelva, Spain, October 16-20, 2017) Editors: M. D. Caballero García, S. B. Pandey, & A. J. Castro-Tirado - DOI: http://doi.org/10.22201/ia.14052059p.2019.51.14 es tmr hn4.56 Uni- than accelerating more an at indicate verse alone found data (2017) SN the al. et that Haridasu contrary, the On novae. al. et Bennett 2005, Schuecker (after 2000; parameters 2013). al. cosmological et of Bernardis Constraints de 16. Fig. SABAU-GRAZIATI & GIOVANNELLI 80 lses ()(+) n h M radiation CMB the and (1+z), of T(0) temperature = galaxy T between el- inversely distance light Universe clusters: typical of the the content to of proportional fixed temperature a the of ements, presence the predits aa-rzai2016a). Sabau-Graziati & n a e httecsi atrdniyi close is density 2005). matter Schuecker cosmic CMB Ω the ii) 2003; to that see 2004); galaxy can al. iii) One 2013); al. et al. (Schuecker et et Bennett clusters Riess 2003; 2003; al. et SNe (Spergel type-Ia al. i) et (Tonry approaches: three observational with combi- obtained different contours the Uni- shows likelihood 16 the flat Figure of spatially of nation panel a right with The consistent 2000). verse. fully al. are et They Bernardis (de experiment Observa- Ge- omagnetics) and Radiation (Balloon Extragalactic Millimetric BOOMERanG Of tions the with 16. tained Figure in illustrated is state present tests The cosmological flatness. the its of of problem the is verse osati rudΩ around is constant density e rwh ihrdhf ie( z) + (1 mat- like cosmic redshift of with density growths the ter spatially However, a suggests universe. and flat density energy cosmic total sidpneto .Tefia eut rmWMAP from results final The z. of independent is 5.5 h i agNcesnhsster a been has theory Nucleosynthesis Bang Big The . h i agNcesnhss(B)theory (BBN) Nucleosynthesis Bang Big The h etpnlo iue1 hw h eut ob- results the shows 16 Figure of panel left The Uni- our about points critical most the of One m .,adta h omlzdcosmological normalized the that and 0.3, = ρ Λ eae otecsooia osatΛ constant cosmological the to related 5.6 ∼ steUies Flat? 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H the of of determination age of and problem needed size important is the it estimate because to cosmology in numbers portant fteuies a otynurlsnerecombina- since content z neutral gas at mostly tion the was universe that the suggest of scales angular degree ob aeu nteconclusions. necessary the is misalignment in it little Thus careful Universe”. be a “flat to shows of line 2013) the with al. et (Bennett . ms km 2.5 oee,Rese l 21)wt h S de- HST the with (2011) al. et Riess However, osti eemnto,fial,coetehistory the close finally, determination, this Does o icsinaotH about discussion a For rudbsdosrain fteCBo sub- on CMB the of observations Ground-based h ubecntn (H constant Hubble The 0 ti eesr ohv w measurements: two have to necessary is It . ∼ 00utlaotz about until 1000 − 1 0 5.8 Mpc ≈ 69.6 = 5.7 eoiainEpoch Reionization . ,fo bevtoso h spectra the of observations from 5, ubeConstant Hubble . − 1 0 ± Kmtue l 01.Ben- 2011). al. et (Komatsu 73.8 = . ms km 0.7 0 ∼ soeo h otim- most the of one is ) ± 0 Gei 00and 2000 (Gnedin 100 0 . ms km 2.4 e ivnel & Giovannelli see − 1 Mpc − − 0 0 ? 1 1 . 0 au is value Mpc 71.0 = 0 − — 1 . V Workshop on Robotic Autonomous Observatories (Mazagón, Huelva, Spain, October 16-20, 2017) Editors: M. D. Caballero García, S. B. Pandey, & A. J. Castro-Tirado - DOI: http://doi.org/10.22201/ia.14052059p.2019.51.14 h ueosmaueet nterneo h VHE that the remark of to range the important in is measurements numerous It the Res- (1990). Turner by EBL & reported such 20 sel those shows over updated 17 that spectrum Figure measurements electromagnetic wavelength. in the decades in radio to esnbelmtt h pc ftereionization the (2012). of al. epoch put the (z to to end possible limit is it reasonable strong probably a of opinion our object In is debate. stopped and started reionization rglci akrudlgtitniyfrom ex- intensity the light to background related measurements tragalactic the This covers Applications. review and Measurements Light ground 1997). Aharonian & (Coppi “ hnst esrmnso h usr3 7 (z 279 3C quasar 2012). the Costamante of ≃ measurements (e.g. to redshift col- extragalactic Thanks high to many from possible at data been of emitters amount has large sensitiv- it a high lect Thus space–based experiments. and ity ground– many the 00,i a endmntae htteUniverse the to that transparent demonstrated more at been is al. sources has et it many (Abdo observatory 2010), the FERMI the with (GRBs) with Bursts and Ray measured Gamma 2008), including redshift, high al. et bert o rbn hs iuerdainfilsi h UV the through in is approach fields bands powerful radiation far-IR diffuse to A these probing foregrounds. for local bright to 1990). Extra- Turner diffuse & (Ressel the DEBRA called known as back- before is long cosmic (EBL), UV Light relic Background to galactic This IR from history. ground cosmic throughout whole Universe the observable objects the compact accreting populated and that stars the all by duced therein). Giovannelli references in the found and (2016a be Sabau-Graziati can & topic this about cussion ization rg fteHE-VHE the of erage 2014). Buson 2012; Costamante (e.g. energy critical teuto ntesetaof spectra the in attenuation nryabove energy ltt nrrdi ffciea attenuating at effective is infrared ultravi- to from olet wavelengths with photons EBL against nrypoos culypi rdcin(e production pair Actually photons. energy reionization 0 nitrsigrve about review interesting An ory(06 eiw h xrglci Back- Extragalactic the reviews (2016) Cooray ietmaueet fteELaedffiutdue difficult are EBL the of measurements Direct pro- light the with filled is space intergalactic The h atdcd a enfrbdn fafl cov- full a of foreboding been has decade last The . 4 bandwt h AI xeiet(Al- experiment MAGIC the with obtained 54) 5.8.1 ∼ a ulse yZrui(03,adadis- a and (2013), Zaroubi by published was ) okn ttepprb ohkw et Toshikawa by paper the at looking 6), xrglci akrudLight Background Extragalactic . .Hwlrei h esitt hc the which to redshift the is large How ”. ∼ 0GV hspoesitoue an introduces process This GeV. 10 γ γ ryeeg ad hnsto thanks band, energy -ray ry hnbfr believed before than –rays γ – γ γ RNIRRSAC NATOHSC 81 ASTROPHYSICS IN RESEARCH FRONTIER rysucsaoea above sources –ray h pc freion- of epoch The bopino high- of absorption γ ry with –rays γ + -rays e − ) n stecueo h eoiaino h universe. the of reionization the limit of FUV Lyman cause diffuse the the is the of and of shortward component” persists “second background a that be nt fn m nW of units tutailtwvlntssotado Ly background of our diffuse shortward wavelengths about cosmic ultraviolet at discussed the of also knowledge radiation They limited background mystery. FUV a the remains sub- of a of fraction source stantial the dust-scattered stars: the FUV-emitting in of radi- radiation partially background only cosmic originates diffuse ation UV the that Ex- duced 1300-1700 Evolution (FUV, Galaxy far-ultraviolet the plorer in radiation background followed. that years 50 the in cosmology and on impact 1965 its the in of radiation in discovery background (2015) microwave the cosmic Durrer describes review 1%. interesting than her better accuracy an with available 1990-ies. were the limits in upper only or measurements no γ 2016). Cooray rFRIo AI ned nsieo thousands of spite in Indeed, AGILE MAXI. or or SWIFT or FERMI INTEGRAL or or or HETE ASM/RXTE or or such IPN BATSE/RXTE coordinated, or often coming BeppoSAX satellites, data as new experimental investi- and the old further of from light needs the theory in GRBs gation years, Gio- few in last and GSG2004 in (2016a). found Sabau-Graziati A be & can vannelli publications. these numerous of in list found be can (GRBs) i.1.Itniyo h xrglci akrud( background extragalactic the of Intensity 17. Fig. ry LgE (Log -rays lhuhbgpors a enotie nthe in obtained been has progress big Although bursts Gamma-ray about discussions Long er ta.(05 icse h iuecosmic diffuse the discussed (2015) al. et Henry spectrum measured best the remains CMB The − 5.9 ≈ 2 sr 9 am a Bursts Ray Gamma . − − 1 3e)hv le h oewhere zone the filled have eV) 13 safnto fteeeg (after energy the of function a as ) ) hyde- They A). ˚ α tcould it - ν I ν in V Workshop on Robotic Autonomous Observatories (Mazagón, Huelva, Spain, October 16-20, 2017) Editors: M. D. Caballero García, S. B. Pandey, & A. J. Castro-Tirado - DOI: http://doi.org/10.22201/ia.14052059p.2019.51.14 tr,adi h egro eto tro white or star neutron of merger massive the of core-collapse in the and in stars, power, They both GRB formed reservoir. the be energy may of rotational source their as with mainly holes black com- with can pete magnetars millisecond newly-born the how un- GRBs. to of closer nature now real are the we derstand discoveries these to redshift thanks high at of GRBs localization of (z discovery accurate the first GRBs, and the short afterglows GRBs, X-ray from long-lived flares tran- the GRBs. other and includes chase GRBs sients in to discoveries is major domain of time mission list The in primary discoveries Its amazing astronomy. of years ten to 2017a,b). with al. et associated (Abbott event 170817A 170817 GRB GW the of with detection verification the experimental idea its This recently forthcom- obtained experiments. the LIGO/Virgo for Advanced waves promis- ing gravitational most the of of sources pro- one ing binary GRBs short object makes compact genitors the The for of emission. evidence observed nature increasing progen- the the elusive powering on their engine unveil information central to provide tool and a itors properties as these used of be D’Avanzo study can the review, how showed recent and short a GRBs of properties In observational the discussed (2015) hypothesis. support this lends a 2013) to Chornock of & Fong, observation al. Berger, bina- et 2013; recent (Tanvir NS-BH GRB130603B the with or and associated by kilonova NSs 2007) produced double (Nakar be either ries to of believed mergers are In- the GRBs popular. short now is deed, emission (GWs) waves itational Universe. the in galaxies formation, and star stars first the of as e.g. well formation as cosmology, history, reionization study may enrichment, metal explosions to these used how emission out be prompt pointed They the phase. during of understanding mechanism current radiation GRB the from and acceleration studies, afterglow particle colli- and relativistic SABAU-GRAZIATI shocks & about GIOVANNELLI sionless learned have we what cussed 2013a,b). (Zhang hadronic?) Comp- Inverse ton, how (ki- (synchrotron, iii) occur- generated? radius?); radiation dissipation composition? is deceleration is jet’s (photosphere? where is ii) ring? what emission magnetic?); i) energy or their netic elusive: of discov- still problem the the is since GRBs, literature of the ery in appeared papers 82 > h eetrve yBradn 21)discussed (2015) Bernardini by review recent The assisted we satellite Swift NASA’s the to Thanks grav- to associated be could GRBs that idea The dis- paper review a in (2015) Zhang & Kumar )(erl anzo21) n essentially And 2015). Cannizzo & (Gehrels 8) tod ihtoepeitdb h oia fireball conical the by predicted those the with and are odds afterglow correlations at the X- X-ray but emission, the the ray gamma of in correlated prompt be properties break to other appears jet Dado to that the GRBs of curves. discussed afterglow ray light (2013b) broadband Dar their & CB all the that fits se- showing 2013a). model GRBs, long SWIFT Dar a different discussed & of R´ujula (2009) Dado Dar ries De 2000; 1995; & Rujula Dar Dar De Dado, & tran- & (Shaviv phase Dar stars in 1997; compact and in systems, stellar binary sitions compact close of merger in in objects Ic, Type of super- (SNe) core-collapse novae in newly object the stellar in on compact tra- formed material ejected fall-back their presumably of are along episodes CBs accretion matter jetted and Such of radiation jectory. jets the mat- bipolar with ordinary of of ter (CBs) interaction plasmoids relativistic the afterglows of highly by their physics and produced GRBs the model, are CB explaining the In for Can- GRBs. model his community (CB) international nonball the of attention GRB on implica- impact of physical their modeling. and observations the observations these Fermi discussed of tions on and based GRBs, recent physics bright MeV, jet reviewed GRB 100 He of above understanding energies. the in highest do- progresses the radio to the from main and emissions particles non-thermal new- relativistic accelerates produces a a which emitting outflow, of Their hole collimated presence black energies. stellar-mass the high born involve very luminosities at huge GRBs of knowledge sim- be might emission ilar. prompt their mechanism produced for emission be responsible the could but it GRBs progenitors different long Then, by and possi- the short toward durations). that pointing bility average are results their the that of seems ratio proportional the (i.e. to energetics lu- different similar have and GRBs minosities They long and understood. short fully that not concluded but of samples with GRB origin confirmed differ- larger only The the been has of however, populations. diversity, this two evidence these direct the between a ence in has as separation GRBs considered This long plot. been duration and vs ratio short hardness of separation parent progenitor respectively. plausible GRBs, a short thus and being long for dwarf, collapse white accretion-induced a the of in or binaries, dwarf eetyAnnDr(07 rpsdaant the to again proposed (2017) Dar Arnon Recently updated the discussed review his in (2016) Piron ap- the about discussed (2015) al. et Ghirlanda V Workshop on Robotic Autonomous Observatories (Mazagón, Huelva, Spain, October 16-20, 2017) Editors: M. D. Caballero García, S. B. Pandey, & A. J. Castro-Tirado - DOI: http://doi.org/10.22201/ia.14052059p.2019.51.14 itdb h Bmdlo GRBs. of model CB pre- the those by with contrary however, dicted the agreement, On good in 1999). are (Piran they GRBs with of marked model is (FB) time trigger s BAT 3257 The = t s. at t 8821 2014) data = al. MAXI t two et and the (Maselli and squares) 2016), (blue al. points et trian- Pasquale (green (De Chandra XRT gles) and Swift fig- Newton XMM experiments: latter circles), different (black This from GRB data 130427A. left reports GRB ure bottom left right 061007, top bottom GRB for: right 160625B, 2016) top compari- Dar 060729, & the de- GRB Dado and CB-model from their 2009), (adapted and scription observations al. Swift et between (Evans son with XRT measured light-curve Swift X-ray the 0.3-10keV The 18. Fig. lsd h Bmdli h eti bouefrthe GRBs. for the absolute governing in physics best the considered the of be is description model can CB GRBs The of closed. behaviour the plaining model. CB the using by 160625B, 130427A GRB GRB 061007, and GRB 060729, GRB of model curves 1999). CB (Piran the model FB of popular validity the against the theories bursts definitively gamma-ray strated of test ical et,cletdwti h atdcds h accre- The decades. last the within collected ob- astrophysical jects, accreting various on amount information great ob- the of space-borne in resulted and has objects. facilities ground-based astrophysical servational of of progress majority vast The the in place b . ial,Dd a 21)dsusdo the on discussed (2016) Dar & Dado Finally, noroiintepolmo h oesfrex- for models the of problem the light opinion our of In fits the example, as shows, 18 Figure crto sauieslpeoeo httakes that phenomenon universal a is Accretion .ACEINPROCESSES ACCRETION 6. RNIRRSAC NATOHSC 83 ASTROPHYSICS IN RESEARCH FRONTIER n demon- and crit- e a enpbihdb ivnel Sabau- & Giovannelli by published been has lem Sabau- & (Giovannelli cosmic 19 the details 2017). Figure all Graziati in in in discuss shown processes will accretion sources of proceedings physics The the 2016. Septem- ber on Federation) (Russian place Petersburg Saint colleagues took in and several institutions, with international collaboration different of in Nuclei us by Galactic X-ray nized Active Objects, Objects, Systems, Related Stellar Binary Young and Variables Sources: Cataclysmic Cosmic in cesses crto rcse cu Goanli&Sabau- & 2015). Scaringi (Giovannelli after 2016b, occur Graziati processes accretion accre- and processes disks. accretion tion ob- of detailed the study conduct servational can one where laboratories avail- not study. are direct reasons, for various able by that, objects gate spatial galaxies. various to on systems planetary self-similar pro- from sense, accretion scales a that in fact are, the cesses is outcomes study interesting intensive this most surrounding of the the of accreting in One of conditions environment. properties physical unique and study objects to turn, us in which, inten- enabled theory, the accretion inspired of pat- observations development flow sive of the results of The elements ac- other tern. envelopes, and jets ac- gaseous an disk, various of cretion in surface and the en- object on extensive creting place of takes process that release the ergy by accompanied is tion Scaringi after 2016b, sources cosmic Sabau-Graziati 2015). different & in processes (Giovannelli Accretion 19. Fig. .HBTBEZN NTEMLYWAY MILKY THE IN ZONE HABITABLE 7. epdsuso bu hsfnaetlprob- fundamental this about discussion deep A nitrainlwrso on workshop international An where systems cosmic of sketch a shows 19 Figure natural unique are stars variable Cataclysmic investi- to opportunities new us gives fact This N EXOPLANETS AND crto Pro- Accretion a orga- was V Workshop on Robotic Autonomous Observatories (Mazagón, Huelva, Spain, October 16-20, 2017) Editors: M. D. Caballero García, S. B. Pandey, & A. J. Castro-Tirado - DOI: http://doi.org/10.22201/ia.14052059p.2019.51.14 srpeetdi re.Tenme fsascon- stars of is number zone The this in green. tained galaxy in Way-like Milky represented a is in zone habitable the where of of radius radius habit- internal Such external an galaxy. has our zone of able zone within habitable exoplanets whole such the of number possible the about iiiyo u oa ytmwti itneof distance a system—within solar ∼ our of vicinity system. solar our of possibility outside the Earth- about life debate planets of serious of a open discovery could the like the since probably now exciting is most astrophysics of field decades. two this last Indeed, during supported strongly been has ois a eandvrulyucagdwt re- with unchanged system virtually solar remained other in in has present present bodies, now is water fur- and the step oceans, that one Earth’s understood knowledge is system the It carried solar ther. has the “ 2014) in work al. ice et the water contrary, as- of been the and heritage has comets On Earth, as such on teroids. bodies found small water We by the universe. transported the all in that water of knew discov- presence the “usual” from of coming ery is planets habitable merous in- problem. valuable intriguing this provide about will formation space–based instruments generation and Next ground– plan- high. very habitable becomes numerous ets finding of probability the tr nteGlx.Tkn noacutta the that is account disk into the Taking of Galaxy. thickness the in stars igihte rmoronslrsse neigh- system solar dis- focus-areas/exoplanet-exploration/ own to ( “exoplanets” our planets bors from these them call a tinguish We other first around of systems stars. planetary presence and many, now the radio and revealed stel- be few, SABAU-GRAZIATI Then, which in not & emission changes GIOVANNELLI could small lar 1990’s. it planets detected early yet, astronomers other optical And the that until stars. certainty proven, real other near when a orbit decades a became must couple Universe appeared last our the it in in question life scientific of origin sible can We following. the therein. in references summarize briefly and (2016a) Graziati 84 ntehbtbezn forGlx ecudexpect could we Galaxy our of ≈ zone habitable the in ≈ h ieeta oaino h aay h habitable the is Galaxy, the volume of rotation differential the 0 pc 2 133 h rsneo ueoseolnt nthe in exoplanets numerous of presence The exoplanets habitable potential of research The togspoto h osblt fhvn nu- having of possibility the on support strong A h otipratqetosaottepos- the about questions important most The . cpasa motn oei speculating in role important an pc—plays 8 × 3 http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/ hr r 0 at-iepaesdetected, planets Earth-like 808 are there 10 ∼ 6 3 kpc 330 at-iepaes ti vdn that evident is It planets. Earth-like ∼ 3 1kc ssoni iue20, Figure in shown as kpc, 11 hrfr,i navlm of volume a in if Therefore, . ≈ 0 ftettlnme of number total the of 10% ≈ p,a vlae by evaluated as kpc, 1 ∼ p n an and kpc 4 h ancient The ). (Cleeves ” fojcsi h nvrei h aeeghrange wavelength the in Universe the 20 in range objects broad of a conduct- probe to The at observations astronomical aimed ing 1960). is (Dyson observatory purposes space ex- Millimetron these from for range promising messages millimeter is the of and interception civilizations, traterrestrial now the are on human- efforts Major of focused projects. one ambitious most been ity’s has civilizations traterrestrial revision. robust a 1962) of (Drake object formula Drake’s be that must arises. evident Galaxy now the is in It civilization of number a finding space. on in dependent They common not system. be solar however, i.e. our can, emer- of unique, characteristics the not unique favored are the life have of that gence that conditions understand initial to us the allows of This process the formation. during changed planet means not This has water medium. this interstellar that the in that to spect 2004). Fen- Gibson Lineweaver, & after (Gio- ner, 2016a galaxy Way-like Sabau-Graziati Milky a & of vannelli zone Habitable 20. Fig. n rudbsdeprmnsta rvd mea- provide that experiments ground-based and doc- (Aschenbach historical Jr a ument. Vela by SNR supported the experimentally of recal- 2016) the age to the thanks of revisited, be ibration can SNRs of determining age for the for formula discussed Sedov’s we that demonstrating History and Astrophysics between the during wisdom papers. adopt their to of order preparation in hints readers some given the have of to to hope use We Universe. the physics. our examples in wisdom some of with physics emphasized for have the fundamental We of are comprehension opinion the our in that arguments references and 2014, al. et therein). (Kardashev life restrial µ o er,tesac o aiettoso ex- of manifestations for search the years, For of probability the about question intriguing An edsusdaottesaladbgspace- big and small the about discussed We synergy of example Great the important is It several discussed have we paper review this In o2 m nldn h erhfrextrater- for search the including mm, 20 to m .CONCLUSIONS 8. V Workshop on Robotic Autonomous Observatories (Mazagón, Huelva, Spain, October 16-20, 2017) Editors: M. D. Caballero García, S. B. Pandey, & A. J. Castro-Tirado - DOI: http://doi.org/10.22201/ia.14052059p.2019.51.14 d,P .R,e l 05 hv,14 1301 114, PhRvL, 2015, al. 1082 et 723, R., ApJ, A. 2010, P. 12 al. Ade, 848, et ApJL, A., 2017b, A. 1101 al. Abdo, 119, et PhRvL, P., 2017a, B. 1 al. Abbott, 19, et LRR, P., 2016c, B. 1103 al. Abbott, 116, et PhRvL, P., 2016b, B. 061102 al. Abbott, 116, et PRL, P., 2016a, B. al. Jul. Abbott, et 25 P., [hep-ex] B. arXiv:1507.03414v2 2015, Abbott, al. et R., 718, Aaij, B, PhL 2012, Collaboration): ATLAS (The G. Aad, Exoplanet the Program. under Exploration Aeronau- Administration National Space and the tics with Tech- contract of under Institute California nology, Astro- the by NASA’s Archive, operated the Exoplanet is which NASA of the use System; Data made physics workshop. has this attending research for This FG to for support and partial invitation a the for Castro-Tirado Javier berto i.2.UdrtnigorUies Goanli2000). (Giovannelli Universe our Understanding 21. Fig. h oko h aue ems er ora this read to learn must We in written Nature. book”. the is of truth book “The sen- this the that read understand to can able are tence who People (Gio- Universe 2000). our vannelli of mysteries the all explain clearly over. traveled only be not can really is, but 2001) existing, (Giovannelli obviously Big Biology” the between and “Bridge we Bang the science in that of prove field life finally new-born could of this With research Universe. the the the commented about briefly problem Exoplanets fundamental and Way Milky knowledge. limited our far to due open, situation completeness still present the those from and the resolved Thanks discussed problems the we Universe. the about results our of of these advancement physics to the the of for knowledge necessary surements 369 Acknowledgments: ial ecncnld ihFgr 1that 21 Figure with conclude can we Finally the in Zone Habitable the about section final A REFERENCES aytak oD.Al- Dr. to thanks Many RNIRRSAC NATOHSC 85 ASTROPHYSICS IN RESEARCH FRONTIER ao .&Dr .21a p,75 16 775, ApJ, 994 2013a, 696, A. 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