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Nationalism and Archaeology in Europe Margarita Diaz-Andreu, Timothy Champion, eds.. Nationalism and Archaeology in Europe. Boulder and San Francisco: Westview Press, 1996. vi + 314 pp. $59.95, cloth, ISBN 978-0-8133-3051-8. Reviewed by Charles C. Kolb Published on H-SAE (September, 1997) Disclaimer: The opinions expressed herein This book is neither a history of archaeologi‐ are those of the reviewer and not of his employer cal research--as in the tradition of the writings of or any other federal agency. Because this is an Brew (1968), Daniel (1975), Trigger (1989), or Wil‐ electronic book review in ASCII format, it is not ley and Sabloff (1993)--nor is it a summary of Eu‐ possible to insert appropriate accents and diacriti‐ ropean archaeology in the manner of the late Stu‐ cal marks, and this reviewer offers his apologies art Piggott's (1966) well-known text or Phillips' to the contributors. (1980) more recent synthesis. From another per‐ Nationalism and Archaeology in Europe spective, it is not a methodical review of archaeol‐ ogy as a science (see Pollard and Heron 1996). Introduction However, what we do have is a well-crafted set of In this assessment, I shall provide introducto‐ social science and humanities-oriented essays that ry comments, consider the scope and place of the collectively report the development of archaeolo‐ compendium in sociocultural history, summarize gy as a discipline in the context of national politi‐ the salient points from each of the essays, and cal history for several European polities. The book then assess the book as a whole. I believe that the is similar in scope to Kohl and Fawcett's edited set significance of the essays in the volume goes well of nation-state case studies entitled Nationalism, beyond European studies and further afield than Politics, and the Practice of Archaeology (1995) merely the history of archaeology or perceptions which contains fve chapters on western Europe, and theories about the nation state and its agen‐ four on eastern Europe and Eurasia, and four on cies and institutions. There is much to consider East Asia. Margarita Diaz-Andreu (1995) and Vic‐ beyond anthropology, political science, and the tor Shnirelman (1995) have contributed chapters history of science. Because of the potential inter‐ (on Spain and Russia, respectively) to both vol‐ est to a variety of social scientists and scholars in umes. the humanities, I shall provide detailed remarks about the content of each essay in this volume. H-Net Reviews Academic interest in the interrelationship of Ireland, Germany, Poland, Russia, Lithuania, and nationalism and archaeology is receiving re‐ Slovenia. The editors determined this sequence newed attention among both political scientists based upon the history of the development of pro‐ and anthropologists. This interest is exemplified fessional archaeology in these nation states. Four at the third annual meeting of the European Asso‐ of the chapters have been translated into English ciation of Archaeology to be held in September from their original French, Spanish, German, and 1997 in Ravenna, Italy, which includes a session Polish versions. Since the authors of these chap‐ entitled "Archaeology, Nationalism, and the Poli‐ ters acknowledge the translators, one assumes tics of Identity." Likewise, the relationships be‐ that the English language versions met with their tween archaeology and political history have approval. been the subject of significant articles by Don In Nationalism and Archaeology in Europe, Fowler (1987), Philip Kohl (1993), and Bruce Trig‐ fifteen archaeologists from a dozen European ger (1984), among other scholars from the disci‐ countries examine the varied relationships be‐ pline of archaeology. Several books, including Jose tween nationalistic ideals and archaeological ac‐ Luis Lorenzo's (1976) treatise in which he exam‐ tivities during the nineteenth and twentieth cen‐ ines the roles and impact of archaeologists from turies. The editors contend that the resurgence of the United States working in Mexico, and a major‐ nationalism has become a prominent feature of ity of the chapters in Augusto Oyuela-Caycedo's the European political scene during the 1990s. (1994) edited compendium on the history of Latin The so-called "collapse" of the Soviet Union is re‐ American archaeology, reveal interrelationships sulting in the re-establishment of a sense of iden‐ between the nation, nationalism, and archaeologi‐ tity for many peoples in Eurasia, particularly in cal research. Several British and American schol‐ eastern Europe and Central Asia. In western Eu‐ ars have also recently examined the connections rope, the enhanced debate about federation has between archaeology and the nation state (Shanks important implications for the retention of indi‐ and Tilley 1987, Patterson 1995), often following vidual national identity (consider, for example, the concepts of Hobsbawm (1990, Hobsbawm and the proposals to expanded NATO membership and Ranger 1983). the recent EEC debates about Euro-currency). The Co-editor Margarita Diaz-Andreu is a Lecturer editors and their colleagues argue persuasively in the Department of Archaeology at the Universi‐ that the archaeological record provides a wealth ty of Complutense, Madrid, and has particular re‐ of concepts and images to support the claims of search interests in later European prehistory, es‐ national identity as being deeply rooted in past pecially the west Mediterranean. Her colleague, generations. They also perceive correctly that Timothy Champion, is Reader in Archaeology at both history and archaeology have been widely the University of Southampton, and is President used and abused in these modern arguments of the Prehistoric Society. His research interests about individual state nationalisms. Diaz-Andreu include the later prehistory of Europe and the ar‐ and Champion have assembled a collection of chaeology of complex societies. The editors have stimulating essays fashioned by authors who assembled fourteen chapters, a dozen of which share a common concern that archaeology and concern specific European polities, plus an intro‐ the study of the past are intimately related to con‐ duction and epilogue. Each chapter has separate temporary sociopolitical questions--they might sets of references (a total of 711 citations and a have cited economic questions as well. The con‐ fourteen-page double-column index). The twelve tributors bring varied experiences from different nations represented are, in order in the volume: parts of Europe and represent older, established, Denmark, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Britain, independent nation states (England, France, and 2 H-Net Reviews Spain); newly democratized, emerging countries to be recognized by professionals of the discipline (Poland and Russia); some where archaeology has in order to be able to understand and contextual‐ in the past been promoted for political ends (Ger‐ ize our work. many and Italy); and others experiencing strug‐ The authors contend that nationalism is gling with independent nationhood (Slovenia-- deeply embedded in the concept of archaeology portions of the former Yugoslavia). and in its development and institutionalization. The professionalization of archaeology, as op‐ They also consider the interrelationship between posed to antiquarian collecting, emerged in Eu‐ history and nationalism as a political ideology, rope during the late nineteenth century or at vari‐ and state that the three phases of nationalism de‐ ous times during the twentieth century during the fined by Hroch (1985:22-23)--intellectual organiza‐ period of imperialism and nationalism, and was tion, patriotic agitation, and ideological spread-- often interwoven with contemporary politics and may be seen in the history of archaeological theo‐ national goals. The history of the Elgin marbles ry. The relationship between nationalism and ar‐ and the importation of Egyptian and Near Eastern chaeology can be viewed in three ways: 1) the role material culture into the collections of the major of archaeology in the historical construction of European museums of natural history, art, and ar‐ national identities; 2) relationships between the chaeology suffice as examples. Social scientists construction of the national state and the insitu‐ have for many years pointed out how archaeology tionalization of archaeology, the public image of and the historical record can be used to inspire archaeology, and education about the past; and 3) nationalism. For example, Sergei Eisenstein's the role of archaeology in reinforcing linguistic, films, particularly the 1925 epic The Battleship ethnic, and racial elements in the construction of Potemkin and his 1938 cinematic masterpiece a national identity. The periodization of the rela‐ Alexander Nevsky, convey nationalism and emo‐ tionship between nationalism and archaeology tion, respectively, associated with the overthrow follows the work of Hobsbawm (1990, Hobsbawm of Czarist Russia and a call to patriotism in pre‐ and Ranger 1983) in differentiating nation-states paring for the Second World War. and subjugated nations. The authors attempt to The Essays demonstrate that the "special character" of ar‐ chaeology provides an opportunity for national‐ In "Nationalism and Archaeology in Europe: ism because archaeological evidence is "very ver‐ An Introduction" (Margarita Diaz-Andreu and satile" and that the evidence may be "very old" Timothy Champion, pp. 1-23), the editors com‐ (pp. 18-19). ment that "there is no such thing as a non-politi‐ cal, value-free archaeology" (p. 2) and that archae‐
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