The Study of the Dominant Interventions (beliefs) on the Aesthetics of Zand Street in in Three Periods of History 601 Maryam Esmaeil Dokht

Reference list • Alizadeh Birjandi., & Naseri, A. (2016). The • Esmaeili, H. R. (2009). Political culture dominated connections between art and politics in Qajar dynasty in Pahlavi period. Historical Studies quarter. 26, 27- and its consequences. Bagh-E-Nazar Journal, 13(42), 65. 67-78. • Habibi, S. M. (2005). Description of streams of • Nadim, M. (2015). Karim Khan Zand Street in contemporary and urbanism thoughts in contemporary Shiraz. Shiraz: Publication of Fars Shenasi. . Third Congress of architectural and urbanism • Mansouri, S. (2015). Landscape Architecture in history of Iran. 2, 9-34. Tehran Today. MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of • Habibi, S.H. (2003). From “Shar” to “Shahr”. thelandscape, 7(31), 116-119. Tehran: Publication of Tehran University. • Sheybani, M., & Esmaeeldokht, M. (2016). Iranian • Kiani, M. (2004). Architecture of first period of Shârbâgh; The Position of Persian Garden in Urban Pahlavi. Tehran: Contemporary historical studies of Landscape. MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of Iran. thelandscape, 7(33), 14-21. • Sane, M. (2001). In the memory of Shiraz, old • Atashinbar, M. (2012). Landscape approach in pictures of Shiraz. Tehran: Sane. analyzing streets. The thesis of Doctorate in landscape Ettinghausen, R., & Yar-Shater, E. (2000). Highlights architecture. Tehran: Tehran University. • of Persian art (H. Abdollahi & R. Pakbaz, Trans.). • Atashinbar, M., Mansouri, S.,& Sheibani, M. (2013). Tehran: Aghe Publisher. Order: the main element in the scientific analysis of • Hoseini Fasaei, M. H. (1999). Fars-Nama-ye Naseri. avenue landscape. The Monthly Scientific Journal of Tehran: Amir Kabir Publisher. Bagh- e Nazar, 9(23), 93-102. • Safamanesh, K. (1999). Architectural and urbanism • Shabani, E.& kamyab, J. (2013). Urban Politics in evolutions from 1920-1941. Second Congress of Iran’s Contemporary History (1921-1941) with an and urbanism. Cultural Heritage. Emphasis on Public Spaces of Tehran. The Monthly Tehran: Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Scientific Journal of Bagh- E Nazar, 9(23), 83-92. Iran. • Sane, M. (2011). Shiraz of our childhood, old • Forsat Shirazi, M. N. (1998). Asar-e Ajam. Edited pictures of Shiraz. Tehran: Sane. by Rastghar Fasaei, M. vol. 1 & 2. Tehran: Amir • Shamim, A. A. (2008). Iran in Qajar dynasty, Kabir Publisher. thirteenth and first half of fourteenth century of solar • VaghayeDaily. (1997). By the attempt of Sirjani. S. year. Behzad: Tehran, Iran. Nashr-e-Peykan: Tehran, Iran. • Jackson, A. V. W. (2008). Persia past and present: • Zibakalam, S. (1998). How Did We Become What a book of travel and research (M. Amiri & F. Badrei, We Are?. Rozane Publisher: Tehran, Iran. Trans.). Tehran, Department of cultural and higher education: scientific and cultural publisher. 5459 quarterly, No.18 | Winter 2018

Fig. 3. social-physical evolution of areas around Arg of Karim Khan (Shahrdari Sq.) since Qajar dynasty. In top right: Indian soldiers Marching in Zand Street in Qajar dynasty (1912) - garden of British Embassy. Source: Book of “In the memory of Shiraz”. In top left: Zand Street in Shiraz in Pahlavi dynasty (1928). Garden of British Embassy. Source: Book of “In the memory of Shiraz”. In middle right: Zand Street in Pahlavi dynasty (fortieth decade of solar year) - the Embassy's garden and others were faded, the vegetation was changed, and the texture was disintegrated. Source: Book of “In the memory of Shiraz”. In middle left: Zand Street in Pahlavi dynasty (fiftieth decade of solar year) - soldiers moving on foot and by horse. Source: Old Shiraz - Mansouri. Down of (presently named) Zand Street. Lack of controlling the vehicles, destruction of cultural tissue and lack of attention to that. Old tissues, microlith with maximum advertisements etc. 5458 The Study of the Dominant Interventions (beliefs) on the Aesthetics of Zand Street in Shiraz in Three Periods of History Maryam Esmaeil Dokht

Conclution This interposition stream, existing for over (individual symbolism rather than the social 110 years, indicates that traditional system of one): The main problem of individualistic theQajarian period is still dominated on Zand interposition is the official institutes’ decision Street which is a traditional route; although making about dealing with urban issues. Also, this street tends to be modernized, the rate theabsence of social institutes made up of citizens of interpositions is low and, as a result, this being aware of rights of citizenship is the reason street faces less opportunity. In the first period of individualistic urban decision making. The of Pahlavi, the legal attitude resulted from the institute which is decision maker has egotistic constitution and despotic character of Reza Shah eyes and self-hearing ears. Perhaps the main provided a platform for Zand Street structure reason for thedifference between Iran’s and to experience an evolution. At the primary western countries’ modernization is its source. stages of development, Reza Shah attempted to The source of pluralism in thewestern world is build orderly arranged routes in cities, which the society although,in Iran, it is modernism; made the municipality focus its activities on also, more plurality was the result of different building routes. Therefore, fewer buildings political attitudes. Hence, modernism in Iran and applications were added to the street. By during Qajar and Pahlavi period was in the interest of tendency to thepolitical legitimation the middle of thefirst period of Pahlavi, the of the kings. ancient attitude of computer toward architecture 2. Imitative thinking instead of inferential caused a change in physics of the street, and thinking: By imitating thinking, the imitator the earthen walls of Qajarian garden were causes some problems to the street because he gradually substituted with magnificent buildings copies the technology from developed countries that werean indicative of mighty kingdom of regardless of the existing platform and of Reza Shah. In the second period of Pahlavi, the thephilosophical substructure of interaction with cultural politics of Shah caused an increasing the environment in its platform. The significant development of the application of the street. note in this imitations is its hierarchical system. Besides, selling oil, economic development, The imitation type in Shiraz is of the second and mutual communication with theU.S. and level which itself depends on the imitator in Europe provided a platform which increased the Tehran, whose imitation type is thefirst level, so tendency to modernization. This tendency was he is more powerful and more update. influenced by the western culture and style. Qajar 3. Interpositions rate and short-term interpositions dynasty did not even think about this tendency In Qajar period, the growth rate of changes and which was going to be at its culmination in the interpositions was low due to inaccessibility to second period of Pahlavi. The interpositions accelerating technologies for applying changes. were multiplied after the Islamic revolution, Therefore, the street’s physical appearance restricting the power, and dividing it into smaller became less visually turbulent. However, from parts. Pic. 3. The atomistic interposition feature Pahlavi period and especially after the revolution, developed by theactive official institution and the high rate of interpositions from country’s by passive society can be analyzed according to executors disturbed the continuance relationship these characteristics. between people and the street physic. By that time, the interpositions were short-term and 1. Extreme individualism and anarchism were abandoned. 5457 quarterly, No.18 | Winter 2018

ownership (private and corporate property) a small eliminated the element of water from the life scale causes more disturbance and includes private of Zand street by canalization and covering of property. 76% of municipality’s density of District streams and at great expense, dropping irrigation 1 is allocated to government uses which influences of vegetation of the district. Installation engineer’s the discipline and visual perspective of this part of major reasons with respect to canalization the street. While municipality of District 2 has the anddropping irrigation included: compliance with most disturbance with minifyingscale and giving worldwide standards, water shortages and drought, this part to popular groups and its transformation to a increasing street width, preventing collapse of single ownership marketing texture. The interesting water, preventing pedestrians from accidents and point about the municipality of District 8 is that so on. One of the main reasons in the loss of street identity and visual disturbance seems to be the the north side has changed into single ownership removal of water from street because the flow of marketing texture while the south side belongs to water in the street made possible the connection municipality’s building as a single user. Also, the of street elements through the permanent presence municipality of District 8 is one of the most regular of water in each motion sequence and visual parts along the south side. features along the street. If the shortage of water and drought are included as a matter of urgency, • Physical Aesthetics effective and general solutions can be found The presence of water in all parts of traditional which leads to the continuity maintenance of Iranian cities and its sound and irrigation of trees natural elements and water movement. Also, it through the movement of water in different parts could make the aesthetic experience consistent of the city (Shaybani & Esmaeil-Dokht, 2015) is with the Iranian landscape culture on Zand street an element of identity to the streets and alleys; but fir the pedestrians (Table 4). on Shiraz Zand Street in 2012 the municipality of District 1 initially and three other districts

Table 4. Evaluating the street aesthetics in the result of the interpositions of governor’s point of view since Islamic revolution until now - source: Negharandeghan.

Effective criteria Effective parameters on according to the index Interpositions of dominant point of view street aesthetics dominant point of view Administrative, economic, residential, therapeutic, Social The use people educational aesthetics activity Political, social, economic The use Changing texture to microliths of high density Advertisements of microlith walls Variety of materials: Iron, concrete, glass, break, etc. Physical Wall The physic Constructing the indicator buildings such as Hotel aesthetics Pars, etc. Pavement constructed of blacktop and mosaic. pavement Varyingly disarranged Change in uses from macroliths to microliths. Macrolith texture, implemented in Pahlavi period, The interaction of physics Historical Continuity changed into microlith texture and the visual unity was and people over the time aesthetics pluralized. Although the activities are still routine, the texture has physically and operationally become old. 5456 The Study of the Dominant Interventions (beliefs) on the Aesthetics of Zand Street in Shiraz in Three Periods of History Maryam Esmaeil Dokht

Qajar gardens with the least materials were replaced established. After division of the municipality into with billboards. The university, Namazi Hospital, various districts the ruling view of Zand street was Helal ahmar organization, buildings of inns and so changed. Now Zand street is about 2300 meters on were constructed favorably with style of second long and is developing under the supervision of Pahlavi’s time architecture (international). The four municipalities of Shiraz. It seems that in this best structure with an architecture of international period, turning the ruling view of the street into style was “the city and village” building which still four parts leads to maximum interference while it is exists with a view of rock and glass in the form interrupted (Fig.2). of rectangular straight lines. In 1305, Reza Khan ordered to pave Zand street. During this period, • Social Aesthetic municipality tried hard to plant trees and make a In areas where state and mas property and private irrigation system (Sha’bani and Kamyabi 2012: organizations are dominant, there is less disturbance 87). Connected brooks were created and maintained and more discipline. In parts with a private in traditional cities. In 1338, the street changed into a boulevard and trees of Qajar time which were planted for the construction of Chaharbagh were placed in the middle of the boulevard. One of the most important technologies influencing on the view of Zand street in this period is the establishment of power office in 1307 to supply the street with lighting (Table 3).

From Islamic revolution till now •The dominent view In 1359 the municipality of Shiraz, District 1 was Fig. 2. Zand Street map in Shiraz - source: Google Earth 2016.

Table 3. Evaluating the street aesthetics in the result of the interpositions of governor’s point of view in Pahlavi dynasty - source: Negharandeghan.

Effective criteria Effective according to the parameters on index Interpositions of dominant point of view dominant point of street aesthetics view Administrative, economic, residential, therapeutic, Social The use people educational aesthetics activity Political, social, economic, cultural Macroliths used in thegarden that extended from Namazi Sq. to Setad Street The use Combination of microliths and macroliths used in the Physical extent of Setad Street to Arg of Karim Khan The physic aesthetics Advertisements of microlith walls Wall Variety of materials: Iron, concrete, glass, break, etc. Paving the roadbed, orderly trenching, and planting pavement trees Change of uses from eventual activities to routine The interaction of Historical ones, physic became the walls constructed of modern physics and people Continuity aesthetics materials by fundamental changes in almost all over the time Qajarian gardens. 5455 quarterly, No.18 | Winter 2018

ling of public streets, the removal of ground and agency (1310) modern and cultural uses such as air barriers and clearing the city” (Nadim, 2015: cinema inn and restaurant were built on this street 66) has been effective in changing the street view in the second stage of development. Changing uses of Zand. and adding new ones led the occasional social and In the year 1305, the Baldieh building for the sake political activities of the street into daily cultural of stretching the streets attempted to demolish the and social ones.The people were provided new vaults and manor houses located on the streets. technologies and materials for construction. The From 1308 to 1320 there is not enough detailed building of the first bases of Shiraz University information from Baladieh of Shiraz. On Bahman and Namazi Educational Therapeutic Hospital 12, 1322, the Shiraz municipality announces its in the second stage of development caused the urban activities in the area of Zand street: plot- intellectuals and general public pass along this ting and digging the Zand streets to the end of the street. street, leveling the walkway of Zand street, repair- Zand street was a street for the aristocrats and ing the waterways of the city and the Karim Khani nobilities until Qajar time is now the daily building, during this time the main problem of the passage of urban and suburban living people, municipality was the water issue. (Ibid: 83) intellectuals, illiterates and etc. Two political and According to the ancient Kasbah, during the Pahl- avi period, the selection of materials and the color social institutions, the governorate and central of materials and planting of plants was fully de- headquarter of the army were built from 1335 till termined by the municipality, and the people were 1357. Many of the gardens in Qajar time were obliged to irrigate the plants and clean up their destroyed and became residential areas after privacy, which after the Islamic Revolution, the establishment of the governorate. cleaning of passages and the treatment of plants is the responsibility of the municipality. • Physical Aesthetics Iran payma agency was built in traditional style • Social Aesthetics and very beautiful walls in 1310, the first stage The region’s new uses are growing rapidly in of development. The physical structure of the Pahlavi’s time. Applying changes in supply and street was changing along the construction of fine demand system in the first period of development, buildings with an architecture of ancient style Qajar time’s uses were eliminated and new uses (such as court of justice, Melli Bank, Sepah Bank, were created.The administrative and governmental etc.) During Reza Shah time, with administrative centers were established in Reza Shah time and transformation and establishment of document near Karim Khan citadel in the first stage of and state land registry, many of the large properties development. The artillery square which was a belonging to several families were divided into place for politicians’ gatherings and political_ two or more parts. As a result, multi_property social events in Reza Shah time, turned into Melli ownership area turned into the single one. Also, Bank and Sepah Bank,court of justice, treasury, increasing marketing units out of the old texture municipality and Karim Khan citadel changed its was the expansion model and shops for supplying way to prison. The need for new and numerous new non_native goods which were lost due to constructions in the new government that the state building the new street were transferredto the institutions and organizations have the largest street side.(Nadim 61) Conversion of public share of this development and modernization, created a very good ground for archaic nationalists owned land shares into small scale private and expression in architecture. ownership commenced from Pahlavi’s first stage Extensive importing of automobiles in this of development. With the building of new uses time, transportation agencies change the social_ such as cinema and marketing shops in the second economicatmosphere of the street. Iranpayma stage of development, simple and plain walls of 54 The Study of the Dominant Interventions (beliefs) on the Aesthetics of Zand Street in Shiraz in Three Periods of History Maryam Esmaeil Dokht

The reign by Pahlavi was the first governmen- ical and economic divisions. (Habibi, 2003:163). tal in Iran that was supported non – traditionally During the Pahlavi era, development was the pri- governments gained their power by the political ority of this street because the position of the old philosophies inclined to religion, but the political texture of Shiraz and other aspects of develop- ideology of Pahlavi was based on 4 features: ment was not possible due to obstacles such as the Archaism, volunteer nationalism modernism and slope and direction of water, mountain or grave- monarchy (Esmaeili, 2009: 29). yard. On the other hand, the location of the Karim The contemporary or modern nationalism phe- Khan citadel, the bazaar and the Zand street was nomenon was an effort for substituting national in the first place due to the access to the entrance interests with the ethnic and religious affiliations gate of Shiraz from the north, and because of the which over typically in contrast with the interna- cultural situation, due to the presence of the tomb tionalism concept. of Hafez and Saadi. As a result, in the first act of Mehdi GholiHedayat was among the courtiers of the Zand street, a bridge was constructed that was Reza shah, he wrote: “changing the name of cities erected along its perpendicular to other streets, and ports was reasonable and all of these changes and thus the migration of people from the old tis- were basis for weakening the beliefs and even the sue to the new urban fabric began. The Zand street destruction of gate ways considered the disadvan- landscape change occurred during the Pahlavi era tage of making streets”. The Archaism ideology in two development periods. In the first Pahlavi in the with nationalism , had the maximum influ- period (1320-1304 AD), which developed more ence over the interferences inside the city. The Ar- from the lawyer’s market to the present day head- chaism during the Pahlavi era is followed by two quarters and the second period of development in other matters: secularism and westernization. In a the second phase (1357-1320 AD), which further way that for providing the strength of Archaism developed from the headquarters square to the and even expansion or reconstruction every thing present day Namazi Square. against the religion should be crossed out them new and western thirds would be taken into ac- Dominent Point of View (Municipality) count (Kiani, 2004). Construction, development and improvement of It seemed that reza shah wanted to renovate the passages were approved as the most important ac- past history of Iran with the new western values. tions of the municipality under the title “Law on As a consequence, a link would appear between the construction and development of streets and the new Iran & the ancient Iran. streets”. According to the most important dynasty The ideology of second Pahlavi government was of submission in 1311, construction of the build- made along to continue the ideology of the first ing on the front of the public passage was prohib- Pahlavi government (Esmaeili, 2009: 39). ited without the written permission of Baldia. In these regulations, the construction of brickwork, Zand Street in Pahlavi Period fences and legs was banned (Safamansh, 1999: The first step for building a modern street in Naser 256). In 1318, the Law of the “Passageway Rules al-Din Shah period was Naseri Street” (Atashin- of Procedure” was established and approved by bar,2012:123) But in Shiraz until the first Pahlavi expatriate students abroad. era, the term street had no meaning and notion, the By implementing this law, the buildings of the traditional term among people in the old context, mosque of the street were masked by applying in- the alley, the bazaar, and the vault. The streets, as different codes to their old neighborhoods (Habi- part of the implementation of urban plans in the bi, 2003: 164-167). In the same years, the name of Pahlavi era, are so important that Tehran’s first Baldieh changed to the municipality. The actions map of change in the year 1309 (1930) is known of the building branch of the Baldieh Office, with as a street map, a dominant element, specific to tasks including: demolition of old buildings, the the objective and political edge of the new polit- construction of streets, the development and leve- 531 quarterly, No.18 | Winter 2018

The physical aesthetics- Qajar the garden. The entrance of new materials created In Qajar period, some new gardens were con- a new job for selling the new materials. structed along this street. Including the Bagh shah Then the tradespeople (sellers) built some shops which later on was converted into the Britains in the zand street and their new job was just start- consulate (Nadim, 2015: 44). ed. The boss led the water across the kennels. In Taking a look at the traditional streets, the walls this period in they planted trees in the middle of consisting of single buildings and gardens with street. And then the street was panel by sand and the least materials and decorations, reveal some clay (Table 2). historical back grounds. The walls of the con- It seems that from among the 3 interference of sulate shows a return to the greatness of ancient ruling view point in the Qajar period about the Iran’s architecture and even the inside architec- zand street the faith fullness toward tradition ture is kept and the walls which are located in the 8 returning to the greatness of ancient Iran are street gives a view of nature to it. The majority more remarkable them modernism. And because of used materials in shiraz are of brick, clay and of the sow speed of interventions, modernism had wood. But in 1299 some of the rulers used iron effects just in the emerge of modern materials. It work on their roofs (Hosseinifasaei, p. 911). At provided principal evolutions in Pahlavi period. the end of Qajarperiod , the zand street was pawed after putting some sand clay. This period was the The aesthetical orientations of dominant view- beginning of fundamental changes for regulating Pahlavi the city of core that changes were not made in the The Pahlavi governmental like other governmen- physical aspect of it. tal had some theoretical & ideological foundations According to the pictures and information avail- which tried to provide its political legitimacy via able it itineraries (logbooks) the texture is of low that. And the existence of this government was for density and of very coarse- grained applications the changes made in the global politics after the and the entire governmental building were inside first worldwide.

Table 2. Evaluation of Aesthetics of the street as a result of interventions of the ruling Qajar period. Source: Author.

Criteria Effective Result Affected index form dominant point of view components for understanding the beauty of street the governmental A governmental along the citadel consulate street overlapping social & building artillery square application governmental activities in the the adjacencies to social People intersections of bazaar & bazaar aesthetics square governmental cultural activity social Governmental coarse application grain Applications of coarse, grain and the use of least materials in Traditional materials as physical the walls and even the for the consulate which framework aesthetics existence of gardens. show the great The wall architecture of Ancient Iran crushed sand The floor The interaction of The speed of changes is very the in traction of Historical people & the slow here. So the interaction The continuity framework 8 the people aesthetics framework during among frame work & people is just with a little change the time remained as previous. 52 The Study of the Dominant Interventions (beliefs) on the Aesthetics of Zand Street in Shiraz in Three Periods of History Maryam Esmaeil Dokht

(tradition), become the people of Qajar fancied tion of political & social occurring.The defined the selves as the true heirs of safavin (Dalmani, activates of this era were about the political, social 1999: 547). The combination of modernism, re- and cultural ones (Fig. 1). turning to the greatness of Ancient Iran and the faith fullness toward the traditional architecture Dominant view particularly the safavi era, was the cause for the The interference within this period were made by formation of a special kind of building houses. the Baladieh office. Some of their duties in cit- This special kind was inspired from the traditional ies like Tehran, shiraz & Tabriz were as follow: architecture and western architecture . handling the building process of every structure, It was from this era particularly from the end of extending the roads, pawing the alleys, rebuilding Gajar that this special kind of building was ex- those structures which were destroying, keeping tended throughout the cities and it had changed the city clean and pleasant, building the squares , the view of them. Of course, due to , the lack of lightering the alleys and roads , and recording the technical facilities , the speed of changes was ab- built buildings. solutely slow. Tabrizi (1253) wrote a piece of paper in the jour- nal (publication) of the voice of islam: the man- The zand street in the Qajar era (period) agement of a city is on the shoulder of an office The rulers of safavi liked building streets as cha- (organization) named Balddieh. And this office harhagh in Esfahan in every possible city around has got many duties related to improving the con- them. EmamGholikhan (the ruler of farse) con- dition of living in the city. This office consults structed a new street just for accessing to the Bagh with its members about the actions made inor out- shah gateway. side of city and after that it will be accepted or So, the remaining basis from the zandstreet in sa- rejected with the majority of votes: favi period is an axis which the 2 sides of its walls So every kind of interventions in the city were are gardens related to the rulers. In zandie period, done under the supervision of this office in a way the construction of some building in Darbshazde that ever a charge in the weight of personal house and near the Bagh shah gateway mainsail the im- should be reported to the office. portance of this street. Thought out the naseri pe- riod there was a square next to the citadel of karim • Social aesthetics (people) khan called artillery square which was the loca- The artillery square was repaired and decorated in 1281-1279 HjriGhamari by the Allaadoleh. And the light bulbs were setup anode it .every evening , it this square was sprinkled by water, the mu- sic were played and all the high level delegations were gathered together. In this square all the re- ligions and cultural rituals were held. The main activities happened in that period were about the cultural social and political ones. From one side, the adjacency of the to the karim khan citadel caused the interactions among the people and governmental organiza- tions. Infect, the zandstreet had the potentiality of con- verting to a governmental people street. The pos- session of the main street of the city is totally pub- Fig. 1. Accession to the British Consulate in Zand Avenue, Qajar lic (governmental) and the constructed garb dens era (1277). Source: Sane, 2011. of safavi are still available. 51 quarterly, No.18 | Winter 2018

The aim of this aspect of beauty is the shared mem- street has been made in the recent decades and from ories of citizens about the different activities which the view of history, the essential layer of shiraz de- are made for a city and it has a great effect on their velopment is being introduced in the modernism. understanding of beauty. The activity aspect of zand street is far more im- portant them the physical aspect of it. For this street •The physical aesthetics of street is an exception which has every kind of institute, The physical aesthetics of the street contains the office including residential, business, educational, formic rules of a street that its related features are sportive, religious and even. Military ones. The unlimited: form 8 activities occurring in the zand street love Proportions, color, scale, and Rhythm (compo- been change: in during 3 historical periods. Now, nents). there comes the question that what are the effective The most obvious physical components of domi- factors over the understanding of aesthetics par- nant view point in interference are the (application) ticularly about this street. and definition of activities, the crust and flooring. The control is an important factor affecting the The aesthetic orientations of the Dominant beauty of the street. Where ever there is a public view- Qajar possession, the unity of visualality is in its approx- The rulers of this era specially Fathali shah and imate yate. Naseradin shah. They have nautical their all atten- When the contexture is bigg and the aggregation tion on art for stabilization of their powers. And (population) is small then the unity of visualistic some interventions are made have. aspect of elements produce the quality of physical These interventions are due to resorting to 3 phe- aesthetics. nomena’s: Modernism: modernism was really effective because of the relationship with Europe •The historical aesthetics and war with Russia. (Etinghawsn, 2000: 37; Jack- In fact, the historical aesthetics is the interaction son, 2008: 89; Shamim, 2008: 76). The travels to of social aesthetics and physical one in the course Europe and the communication with European is of time which is followed by the identity index of considered effective in the process of the develop- mental aspects. ment of art specially the architecture. When the continual activities occurring in the street (Dialafoa, 2002: 689 quoted from Birjandi & Tras- or the physical indexes within the street or both are eri). Due to this communication, the familiarity destroyed, them the historical beauty in that section with new and modem materials became common. will be diminished (Table 1). Retiring to the greatness of ancient Iran Due to the familiarity of fatali shah with the Ancient Irans’s The Features of Zand Street heritage (Chitsazian & Rahimi, 2012: 75), the cour- The major part of the physical context fore of this tier architecture emerged. To be faithful to custom

Table 1. The criteria’s for evaluating the aesthetics of street from the interventions of the dominent view point. Source: Author.

The effective components on the Criteria Criterias of dominant Result understanding of the street beauty viewpoint People Social aesthetics Applications Collative memories Activity The structure Physical Applications Visual enjoyment aesthetics Crust floor The interaction of structure 8 people in Historical Continuity Identity the course of time aesthetics 501 The Study of the Dominant Interventions (beliefs) on the Aesthetics of Zand Street in Shiraz in Three Periods of History Maryam Esmaeil Dokht

Introduction Nawadeys, streets are the most explicit built envi- the economical 8 social changes and evolutions. ronments and they are, important elements within a city and ever it includes lots of activities about the • Dominant view city 8 citizens. The focus of power in the hands of government. Is For preparing new activities, new aesthetic experi- it most explicit (obvious) political 8 social features ences or providing the best the conditions of cities of the Iran society throughout the history. will change facilities ever. In Iran the political, social 8 economical institutes These changes are the reflections of the beliefs, have never originated. Independent of the govern- view ponts and time facilities which they will pro- ment (such as western societies) and the predomi- vide future patterns. nance of governmental power have shadowed over Sometimes people will benefit from these chang- the whole matters of the society (Zibakalam, 1995: es and sometimes some of them will benefit at the 94). price of not letting others to receive ado war tages. The vital consequence of climate conditions of Iran Sometimes the short term advantages and consid- was the focus of power in the hands of government, ered to cause long-term disadvantages while the this centralization was made in such a way that the other times whole people are dis satisfied by these possibility of raising some social evolutions were changes (Long, 2009: 93). completely abolished or deeply decreased. In the recent decades, the speed of alterations in In practice, this meant that the people participation the streets of a city over such fast that the citizens in guiding the society and managing was so much cannot find out are the fast development of these few. charges have had some break ups in the structured In conclusion, every policy and decision including environments and 11 have provided a base for for- political or social, cultural or economical, minor or mal institutions with out considering the people major, short term or planned have existed accord- tastes of citizens, the major evolutions in this street ing to the guidelines of government (Ibid: 111). ore from the Reza khan period and it is following

The aesthetics of streets •The social aesthetics (symbolic) By having interactive view, the beauty emanates The symbolic aesthetics is related to some extent from the people patterns (Pakzad & Saki,2014:6). with the favorable environment of streets. Some of The aesthetics of streets is the science of interpret- the researchers (as Rapport ) believe that despite ing the components related to the streets (Atash- the professional designers who notice the physical bar, 2012: 14), the relation of the people and these aesthetics, people encourage theirenvironment just two will be studied in 3 aspects: 1)physical aspect because of the symbols and the capability of pro- 2)social aspect 3)historical aspect . viding activates or facilities. The symbolic aesthet- In conclusion, the 2 elements of the thing 8 the ics is created by the background information of the people and the relationship among them is totally people about. vital. Enjoyment (pleasure) or by the existing thought If there is a thing under research, so they will actu- about configuration ant eh characteristics of the ally exists the visual as the tics. (theits chart) since built surroundings (Long, 2009: 206). the aim of this study is to check the effects of the The streets must be places for the social life (Epli- dominant viewpoint on the aesthetics of streets, ard, 2003: 81) some the criteria’s are taken in to consideration In this article, this aspect of beauty is interpreted by which are the outcomes of the dominant view- the very pharse of social aesthetics of street. point. 49 quarterly, No.18 | Winter 2018

The Study of the Dominant Interventions (beliefs) on the Aesthetics of Zand Street in Shiraz in Three Periods of History

Maryam Esmaeil Dokht [email protected]

Abstract All of the governments have the theoretical and ideological fundamentals for trying to cover their political legitimation the city is one of the most important social courses of the which the theoretical fundamentals and ever the political beliefs of the governor effects on it. On the other hand, the first vesiclepicture of the citizens of a city is the view of its streets which forms the larger part of a person’s aesthetic experience of a city. The aim of this survey is to probe the lawbiding. That exists over the actions and interferences of the mayoralty to the formation and continuation of the zand street in shiraz. Moreover, It consists of some historical researches that have been gathered by the data collection from the libraries and field works. These researches are to express and describe the different layers (feature) of the ruler’s beliefs and its influence on the beau tinesr of zand street throughout. The 3 periods of chajar, Pahlavi and Islamic repulic. For this to happen, the criteria’s for evaluating beastliness in the nuler’s viewpoint includes 3 categories which are as follow . 1)physical nestle tics 2)social nestle tics and 3)historical nestle tics. The results show that the interferences are made by formal institutions, and there are no social institutes for controlling these interferences. From one side, these interferences art to reach the law biding view point of the ruler and in each period it will follow the specific political 8 social conditions. From the other side, in each the interferences are under the effect of the extreme individualistic approvals, the imitating thinking system, unfamiliarity with the correct term and not searching about the preactions.

Keywords Ruler’s view point, aesthetics, history, karim khan zand street, shiraz