Natzwzeiller-Struthof, Un Camp De Concentration En Alsace Annexee

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Natzwzeiller-Struthof, Un Camp De Concentration En Alsace Annexee NATZWZEILLER-STRUTHOF, UN CAMP DE CONCENTRATION EN ALSACE ANNEXEE Après I' Armistice du 22 juin 1940, pistes de ski mais parce qu'à proximité tians sur le gaz phosgène, et Haagen l'Alsace et la Moselle vont être de fait y a été découvert en septembre 1940 poursuivit ses travaux sur les effets du annexées à l'Allemagne, des fonction­ par un géologue SS un filon de granit typhus ; d'autres eurent lieu sur la vi­ naires du Reich sont nommés pour di­ rose, dont les Allemands vont décider sion, la stérilisation de femmes. Tous riger les administrations aux lieu et l'exploitation . travaux qui conduisirent ces scienti­ place des Français, la législation alle­ fiques à demander à l'administration mande y remplace la française, L'OUVERTURE D'UN CAMP ... SS du «matériel humain» pour leurs l'usage du français est interdit, le Les premiers déportés arrivés sur expériences, cobayes dont beaucoup reichsmark remplace le franc, les le site, pour y construire les infrastruc­ succomberont aux traitements subis, structures politiques et répress_ives du tures minières ainsi que, sur les flancs d'autres étant préalablement assassi­ régime nazi mises en place. A partir du Mont Louise , les baraquements nés pour des prélèvements d'organes de 1942, les Alsaciens et les Mosellans pour la main-d'œuvre concentration­ ou de squelettes ; ou postérieurement seront appelés au service militaire naire et la garde SS, provenaient du aux expériences, pour en étudier par obligatoire dans la Wehrmacht. camp de Sachsenhausen par deux autopsie les effets. convois les 21 et 23 mai 1941 ; le Dans le cadre de ces expérimenta­ LE SYSTEME camp souche, achevé en octo­ tions de la «médecine» nazie, une CONCENTRATIONNAIRE bre 1943, fut déclaré alors zone inter­ chambre à gaz fut aménagée en Sur le plan économique, les biens dite. contrebas du KL-Natzweiler dans la industriels stratégiques sont spoliés et Le KL-Natzweiler va être, assisté salle des fêtes de l'auberge du Stru­ transférés à administrations et firmes d'un adjoint, dirigé par un Lagerkom­ thof, où une petite pièce de 9 m2 fut privées allemandes, intégrés à l'éco­ mandant, dont le plus «célèbre» va transformée à cet effet en août 1943. nomie du Reich , qui dès avant-guerre être Josef Kramer, muté au camp de Du 11 au 19 août 1943, 86 déportés a exploité la main-d'œuvre des camps Bergen-Belsen avant la fin de la juifs provenant du camp d'Auschwitz de concentration, dont le 1er fut ouvert guerre1• Sous leurs ordres, 80 officiers, y sont gazés pour établir la collection en 1933, quelques semaines après sous-officiers et hommes de troupes de squelettes du professeur August l'arrivée au pouvoir d'Hitler, pour y in ­ SS ; environ 250 y furent affectés Hirt, devenu directeur de l'Institut terner les opposants (communistes, jusqu'à la liquidation du camp. d'anatomie de l'Université du Reich social istes, démocrates, syndica­ Comme dans tous les camps de de Strasbourg. La chambre à gaz sera listes ...); des camps placés sous l'au­ concentration , l'administration SS fai­ aussi utilisée par Otto Bickenbach torité de la S.S. qui en fournit les sait aussi appel au concours de déte­ pour l'étude d'un traitement contre le gardes. nus permettant d'alléger les effectifs gaz de combat phosgène (traitement Heinrich Himmler, chef de la Ges­ de la garnison. à base d'urotropine). Quarante-quatre tapo, de la police et Reichsführer SS, Le KL-Natzweiler va être le lieu de déportés, dont des Tsiganes, y servi­ décida en 1938 de créer une entre­ plusieurs sertes d 'expériences ront de cobayes lors de deux séries prise minière SS, la Deutsche Erd-und pseudo-«médicales» menées dans le d'expérimentation. Steinwerke (DEST}, ayant vocation cadre des travaux de l'université du d'exploiter sous l'autorité de l'Office Reich (Reichsuniversitat), à Stras­ LES ASSASSINATS central de l'Administration écono­ bourg, et de l'administration SS de re­ DE RESISTANTS ... mique de la SS (WVHA), la main-d'œu• cherche et d'enseignement l'Ahne­ Des réfractaires à l'incorporation de vre déportée dans des camps qui vont nerbe (« Héritage ancestral»), à force dans la Wehrmacht, tels les être ouverts à proximité des mines et caractère racial , créée en 1935 et di­ treize jeunes de Ballersdorf, seront as­ carrières, comme cela va être le cas à rectement rattachée à Himmler. sassinés le 17 février 1943, les 11 Mauthausen ou Flossenbürg. Ces «expériences» vont être me­ membres de la filière luxembourgeoise Initialement destinés aux oppo­ nées sous la direction d'authentiques d'évasion seront exécutés le 19 mai sants allemands, ces camps de scientifiques tels August Hirt, profes­ 1944. Andrée Barrel, Sonia Olscha­ concentration , qu i vont se multiplier seur d'anatomie de renommée inter­ nezky, Vera Leigh et Diana Rowden, sur le territoire initial du Reich de 1938, nationale, d'Otto Bickenbach, profes­ agents du SOE, parachutées en vont essaimer dans les nouveaux ter­ seur de médecine, spécial iste des gaz France, arrêtées et transférées en ritoires qui vont y être intégrés au gré de combat, d'Eugen Haagen, virolo­ mai 1944 à la prison de Karlsruhe en de ses conquêtes politiques (Autriche, giste, découvreur d'un vaccin contre Allemagne, sont envoyées le 6 juillet Sudètes) et r après 1939 - militaires , le typhus inscrit pour cela sur la liste 1944 au KL Natzwzeiler et assassinées des candidats au prix Nobel de mé­ tels l'ouest de la Pologne et, après à leur arrivée par injection de phénol, decine en 1936. 1940, l'Alsèce-Lorraine. Vont y être in­ leurs corps étant immédiatement inci­ ternés les opposants aux nazis origi­ Hirt procéda à des expériences sur nérés dans le crématoire. Les 35 ma­ l'ypérite - gaz moutarde - et projeta naires des territoires annexés mais quisards du Groupe mobile Vosges­ de constituer une collection de sque­ aussi des territoires sous le contrôle Alsace, et les 106 membres du réseau lettes à partir des corps des 86 Juifs Alliance seront exécutés les et 2 militaire du Reich tels la Belgique, les déportés d'Auschwitz, qui fut retrou­ 1er Pays-Bas et. .. la zone nord et ouest vée à Strasbourg après guerre ; septembre 1944. L'évacuation du camp a lieu les 2 et de la France. Bickenbach mena des expérimenta- C'est ainsi qu'au lieu-dit le Struthof, 4 septembre, 5 518 détenus étant sur le Mont Louise, une station touris­ transférés à Dachau, où ils seront re­ tique renommée du Bas-Rhin depuis ' Cinq commandants SS se succéderont à la direction joints le 20 septembre par 401 autres du Struthof. Josef Kramer sera condamné à mort après le début du xxesiècle , fréquentée sa capture par les Britanniques et pendu le 13 décembre détenus. Ils seront rapidement trans­ avant-guerre par les Strasbourgeois, 1945. Les médecins Otto Bickenbach et Eugen Haagen férés dans les camps annexes du KL­ furent condamnés à 20 ans de prison le 15 mai 1954 et va être choisie pour l'implantation d'un libérés ... l'année suivante. Le 2 juin 1945, s'étant caché Natzweiler, sauf dans ceux situés à camp de concentration . Non pour ses depuis la fin de la guerre, August Hirt se suicida. l'ouest du Rh in, eux aussi évacués 4 Le camps de Natzweiller-Struthof, avec le four crématoire. face à la poussée alliée (ce qui concer­ térieur (Aussenlager) du camp du Stru­ Haut-Rhin annexé de fait au Reich nazi nera environ 5 000 autres déportés). thof ; ce qui en fait de fait le seul camp et incorporé au Gau de Bade-Alsace. Les 16 derniers détenus quitteront de concentration situé en territoire Robert Wagner, le Gauleiter, et le Natzweiller le 22 novembre 1944, avec français certes occupé mais non an­ chef du Service nazi de sécurité (SD), les derniers SS de la garnison. Le nexé. décidèrent d'implanter à partir du 25 novembre une patrouille du 7° ré­ C'est dans les mines de fer désaf­ 2 août 1940 sur le site un «camp de giment de la 3° D.l.américaine arrivera fectées de Tiercelet à Thil, dont les ga­ sureté» - de fait de représailles, le «Si­ 2 dans le premier camp de concentra­ leries de 250 000 m s'enfonçant à cherungslager Vorbruck-Schirmeck»2 • tion à l'Ouest de l'Europe, quatre mois 100 m sous terre avec un accès à l'ho­ Placé sous le commandement du après l'entrée à l'Est de !'Armée rouge rizontale que - après les bombarde­ SS-Hauptsturmführer Karl Buck3 qui dans le camp de Lublin-Majdanek ... ments les 17 et 18 août 1943 du site - restera à sa tête pendant toute la du­ notamment d'essais de fusées, rée de son fonctionnement en mon­ L'UN DES PLUS MEURTRIERS d'avions de Peenemünde, sur la côte trant une grande brutalité, le camp de 52 000 personnes - dont près de de la Baltique - la société «Volkswa­ Schirmeck est un camp de «rééduca­ 2000 femmes - originaires de toute gen» décida d'aménager une usine tion» pour Alsaciens - Lorrains «ré­ l'Europe sous domination nazie auront souterraine. calcitrants» à la nazification de l'Al­ été déportées au camp de Natzweil­ Camouflée comme étant la conti­ sace et de la Moselle ; 10 000 d'entre ler-Struthof et dans ses camps an­ nuation de l'activité de l'ancienne mine eux passeront dans le camp pour des nexes (dont 35 % de Polonais, 25 % française, sous le nom de «Minette durées de quelques jours à quelques de Soviétiques, 14 % de Français), no­ GmbH», elle devait produire des «V1 », mois. En théorie, ces détenus devaient tamment des déportés Nacht und Ne­ des équipements pour les avions être libérés à l'issue de leur peine, tels bel.
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