Appendix 1 Listing of Output Wavelengths from Commercial

The table overleaf lists in order of increasing wavelength >. the emission lines of the most commonly available discrete-wavelength lasers over the range 100 nm-1O 11m. Although continuously tunable lasers are not included, the molecular lasers which can be tuned to a large number of closely spaced but discrete wavelengths are listed at the end of the table. Harmonics are indicated by x2, x3 etc. Other parameters such as intensity and linewidth vary enor• mously from model to model, and no meaningful representative figure can be given. However, the annually updated ' Focus Buyers' Guide' and 'Photo• nics Buyers' Guide' both have comprehensive data on all commercially avail• able lasers, together with manufacturers' addresses. 214 Appendix 1 Listing of Output Wavelengths from Commercial Lasers

A/nm Laser A/nm Laser A/nm Laser

157.5 Fluorine 437.1 628.0 Gold 157.6 Fluorine 441.6 Helium-cadmium 632.8 Helium-neon 173.6 Ruby x4 454.5 Argon 647.1 193 Argon fluoride 457.7 Krypton 657.0 Krypton 213 Nd:YAG x5 457.9 Argon 676.5 Krypton 222 Krypton chloride 461.9 Krypton 680 Ga Al In phosphide 231.4 Ruby x3 463.4 Krypton 687.1 Krypton 244 Argon x2 465.8 Argon 694.3 Ruby 248 Krypton fluoride 468.0 Krypton 722.9 Lead 257.2 Argon x2 472.7 Argon 752.5 Krypton 263 Nd:YLF x4 476.2 Krypton 799.3 Krypton 266 Nd:YAG x4 476.5 Argon 852.4 Calcium 275.4 Argon 476.6 Krypton 866.2 Calcium 305.5 Argon 482.5 Krypton 904 308 Xenon chloride 484.7 Krypton 1053 Nd:YLF 312.0 Gold 488.0 Argon 1060 Nd:glass 325 Helium-cadmium 495.6 Xenon 1064 Nd:YAG 333.6 Argon 496.5 Argon 1092.3 Argon 337.1 Nitrogen 501.7 Argon 1130.0 Barium 347.2 Ruby x2 510.5 Copper 1152.3 Helium-neon 350.7 Krypton 514.5 Argon 1290.0 Manganese 351 Nd:YLF x3 520.8 Krypton 1300 In Ga As phosphide 351 Xenon fluoride 527 Nd:YLF x2 1313 Nd:YLF 351.1 Argon 528.7 Argon 1315 353 Xenon fluoride 530.9 Krypton 1319 Nd:YAG 355 Nd:YAG x3 532 Nd:YAG x2 1500 In Ga As phosphide 356.4 Krypton 534.0 Manganese 1523 Helium-neon 363.8 Argon 539.5 Xenon 2396 Helium-neon 406.7 Krypton 543.5 Helium-neon 2940 Er:YAG 413.1 Krypton 568.2 Krypton 3391 Helium-neon 415.4 Krypton 578.2 Copper 3508 Helium-xenon 428 Nitrogen 595.6 Xenon

2608-3093 (21 lines) Hydrogen fluoride a 9160-9840 (45 lines) Carbon dioxide 3493-4100 (37 lines) Deuterium fluoride 10400-11040 (58 lines) Nitrous oxide 5090-6130 (14 lines) a 10070-11020 (50 lines) Carbon dioxide

a) See Table 2.1, p. 41 for a detailed wavelength listing Appendix 2 Directory of Acronyms and Abbreviations

Bearing in mind the origin of the word 'laser' itself, it is perhaps inevitable that the field of laser applications is associated with a plethora of acronyms and abbreviations. The use of these has, as a matter of deliberate policy, largely been avoided in this book. Nonetheless, abbreviations are common in the cur• rent laser literature, and the following list has been selected to assist the reader.

AAS Atomic absorption ADP Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate AFS Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy AM Amplitude modulation AO Acoustic-optic ASE Amplified spontaneous emission AVLIS Atomic vapour laser isotope separation BBO Beta-barium borate BOXCARS Box (geometry) coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering BW Bandwidth CARS Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering CCD Charge-coupled device CD Circular dichroism CDR Circular differential Raman (spectroscopy) CLSM Confocal laser scanning microscopy COIL Chemical oxygen iodine laser COMAS Concentration-modulated absorption spectroscopy CPF Conversion (of reactant) per flash CPM Colliding-pulse mode-locked (laser) CRT Cathode-ray tube CSRS Coherent Stokes Raman scattering CTD Charge-transfer device CVD Chemical vapour deposition CVL Copper vapour laser CW Continuous-wave DFDL Distributed-feedback DFT Discrete Fourier transform DIAL Differential absorption lidar 216 Appendix 2 Directory of Acronyms and Abbreviations

DL Diffraction limited DLS Dynamic light scattering DOAS Differential optical absorption spectroscopy DPL Diode-pumped laser DPY Diode-pumped YAG (laser) DRIMS Double-resonance ionisation mass spectrometry EL Electroluminescent: Exposure limit EMR Electromagnetic radiation EO Electro-optic FDS Fluorescence dip spectrometry FEL Free-electron laser FFT Fast Fourier transform FIR Far infra-red FM Frequency modulation FPI Fabry-Perot interferometer FSR Free spectral range FTIR Fourier transform infra-red FWHM Full width at half-maximum GC Gas chromatography GDL GTL Gas transport laser GVL Gold vapour laser HFS Hyperfine structure HOE Holographic optical elements HORSES Higher-order Raman spectral excitation studies HPLC High-performance liquid chromatography IC Internal conversion: Integrated circuit ICF Inertial confinement fusion ICP Inductively coupled plasma 1M Intensity modulation IPL Iodine photodissociation laser IR Infra-red IRED Infra-red emitting diode IRIS Infra-red interferometric spectrometer IRMPD Infra-red multiphoton dissociation ISC Intersystem crossing IVR Intramolecular vibrational (energy) randomisation KDP Potassium dihydrogen phosphate KLM Kerr lens mode-locking KTP Potassium titanyl phosphate LADAR Laser detection and ranging LAMMA Laser microprobe mass analysis LAMMS Laser microprobe mass spectrometry LAMS Laser mass spectrometer Appendix 2 Directory of Acronyms and Abbreviations 217

LAS Laser absorption spectrometer LASER Light amplification by the stimulated emission of radiation LEAFS Laser-excited atomic fluorescence spectroscopy LEF Laser-excited fluorescence LC Liquid chromatography LCP Laser chemical processing LCVD Laser chemical vapour deposition LDA Laser Doppler anemometry LDV Laser Doppler velocimeter LEAFS Laser-excited atomic fluorescence spectroscopy LED Light-emitting diode LEF Laser-excited fluorescence LFBR Laser fusion breeder reactor LIA Lock-in amplifier LIBS Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy LIDAR Light detection and ranging LIFS Laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy LIGS Laser-induced grating spectroscopy LIMA Laser-induced mass analysis LIMS Laboratory information management system LIPAS Laser-induced photo acoustic spectroscopy LIR Laser-induced reaction LIS Laser isotope separation LITD Laser-induced thermal desorption LMR Laser magnetic resonance LOG Laser optogalvanic (spectroscopy) LPS Laser photo acoustic (or photoionisation) spectroscopy MALDI Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation MASER Microwave amplification by the stimulated emission of radiation MIS Metal insulator semiconductor MOS Metal oxide semiconductor MPD Multiphoton dissociation MPI Multiphoton ionisation MPRI Multiphoton resonance ionisation MVL Metal vapour laser NDT Non-destructive testing NIR Near infra-red NLO Nonlinear optics OA Optical activity OCR Optical character recognition OEM Original equipment manufacturer OGS Optogalvanic spectroscopy OMA Optical multichannel analyser OODR Optical-optical double resonance 218 Appendix 2 Directory of Acronyms and Abbreviations

OPD Optical path difference OPO Optical parametric oscillator ORD Optical rotatory dispersion PARS Photo acoustic PAS Photo acoustic spectroscopy PC Photocathode PCM Pulse code modulation PCS Photon correlation spectroscopy PDS Photodischarge spectroscopy PDT Photodynamic therapy PHOPHEX Photofragment excitation PM Polarisation (or phase) modulation PMT Photomultiplier tube PRF Pulse repetition frequency PRK Photorefractive keratectomy PSD Phase-sensitive detector PWM Pulse width modulation PZT Piezoelectric transducer QE Quantum efficiency QED Quantum electrodynamics QLS Quasi-elastic light scattering RAS Remote active spectrometer REMPI Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionisation RGH Rare gas halide RIKES Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy RIMS Resonance ionisation mass spectrometry RIS Resonance ionisation spectroscopy RLA Resonant ROA Raman optical activity RRE Resonance Raman effect RRS Resonance Raman scattering SAL! Surface analysis by laser ionisation SEP Stimulated emission pumping SERS Surface-enhanced Raman scattering SFG Sum-frequency generation SHG Second SIRIS Sputter-initiated resonant ionisation spectroscopy SIRS Spectroscopy by inverse Raman scattering SLAM Scanning laser acoustical microscope SNR Signal-to-noise ratio SPM Self-phase modulation SRS Stimulated Raman scattering SSL Solid-state laser TDL Tunable diode laser Appendix 2 Directory of Acronyms and Abbreviations 219

TDS Time domain spectroscopy TE Thermoelectric TEA Transversely excited atmospheric (pressure) TEM Transverse electromagnetic mode THG Third harmonic generation TIR Total internal reflection TLV Threshold limit value TOF Time of flight TPA Two-photon absorption TPD Two-photon dissociation: Temperature-programmed desorption TPF Two-photon fluorescence TRRS Time-resolved Raman spectroscopy UHV Ultrahigh vacuum USLS Ultrafast supercontinuum laser source UV Ultraviolet VDU Visual display unit VLD Visible VUV Vacuum ultraviolet XUV Extreme ultraviolet YAG YLF Yttrium lithium garnet ZEKE Zero kinetic energy (photoelectron spectroscopy) Appendix 3 Selected Bibliography

General References

Few textbooks deal comprehensively with lasers in chemistry; most books dealing with the subject are multi-authored conference proceedings. Many of these provide a useful insight into highly topical fields of research, but are not particularly enlightening without a specialised background knowledge; for this reason they have been excluded from this bibliography. The following texts can be recommended for a more general readership:

Ben-Shaul A, Haas Y, Kompa K L, Levine RD (1981). Lasers and chemical change, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Duley WW (1983) Laser processing and analysis of materials, Plenum, New York Hecht J (1992) Laser guidebook, 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill, New York

The book by Ben-Shaul et al. is particularly recommended for its very thor• ough treatment of theory. Although not comprehensive in its coverage, the 'Laser Handbook' series published by North-Holland is also recommended for its detailed and thorough treatment of many topics in this area. For detailed and up-to-date information on commercially available lasers and laser instrumentation, the reader is referred to the annual Buyers' Guides produced by the journals 'Laser Focus World' and 'Photonics Spectra'.

Laser Theory

Haken H (1985) Light vol 2, North-Holland, Amsterdam Saleh BEA and Teich Me (1991) Fundamentals of photonics, Wiley, New York Siegman AE (1986) Lasers, Oxford University Press, Oxford Wilson J, Hawkes JFB (1989) Optoelectronics: An introduction, 2nd edition, Prentice-Hall, London 222 Appendix 3 Selected Bibliography

Laser Spectroscopy

Andrews DL (ed) (1992) Applied laser spectroscopy: Techniques, instrumenta• tion, and applications, VCH, New York Weinheim Cambridge Andrews DL and Demidov AA (eds) (1995) An introduction to laser spectro• scopy, Plenum, London New York Bruckner V, Feller K- Hand Grummt U -W (1990) Applications of time-resolved optical spectroscopy, Elsevier, Amsterdam Oxford New York Tokyo Demtroder W (1996) Laser spectroscopy, 2nd edition, Springer, Berlin Heidel• berg New York Fleming GR (1986) Chemical applications of ultrafast spectroscopy, Oxford University Press, Oxford Hieftje GM, Travis JC, Lytle FE (eds) (1981) Lasers in chemical analysis, Hu• mana, Clifton NJ Kliger DS (ed) (1983) Ultrasensitive laser spectroscopy, Academic, New York Letokhov VS (ed) (1986) Laser analytical spectrochemistry, Adam Hilger, Bris• tol Moenke-Blankenburg L (1989) Laser microanalysis, Wiley, New York Myers AB and Rizzo TR (1995) Laser techniques in chemistry, Wiley, New York

Laser-Induced Chemistry

Bauerle D (1996) Laser processing and chemistry, 2nd edition, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Letokhov VS (1983) Nonlinear laser chemistry, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Steen WM (1991) Laser material processing, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Steinfeld JI (ed) (1981) Laser-induced chemical processes, Plenum, New York

Laser Safety

Hughes D (1992) Notes on protection against laser radiation in the laboratory, HHSC, Leeds Sliney DH (1992) Medical lasers and their safe use, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

Further up-to-date information can be obtained from the Internet, as for ex• ample through useful links on the home page of the Laser Institute of America, http://www.creol. ucf.edu/% 7Elia/ Appendix 4 Answers to Numerical Problems

Chapter 1 1) 0.003 em~l. 2) 66.7 ns. 3) 1 ms. 4) 44 mrad; 10 11m. 5) (a) 107; (b) 100. 6) 0.019. 7) 1.85 x 1O~3o em = 0.554 D; 11.6 pm. 8) 0.68 mg (but in air, radiometric pressures are several orders of magnitude larger).

Chapter 2 2) 33.8 J; 338 MW. 5) 2.58 em S~I. 6) /2 x (2.6,3.0) 11m = (3.7,4.2) 11m 8) 1.23 11m.

Chapter 3 2) 1559 nm. 4) 358.0 nm. 5) A(A + ~A)/(5A + 4~A). 7) 7.61 ps; 6.67 ns. 8) 5235; 1.6 x 1015 ; 2.5 X 10 18 W m~2 9) 158 Hz. 10)2.0 m.

Chapter 4 4) 1342 em~l; 458.0 nm; lAS/Is = 0.0026. 7) (a) 9.96 x 1O~4; (b) 4.96 x 1O~7; (a') 9.88 x 1O~3; (b') 4.88 x 1O~5.

Chapter 5 5) (b) 18. 8) 6.1 x 1O~3. Subject Index

A Barium-vapour laser 39 Ablation 49, 123, 162 Beam Absorbance 102,170 - divergence 17 Absorption - profile 18 - coefficient 101 - quality 18 -, - molar 102 - waist 17,18 Absorption spectroscopy 101 Beer-Lambert law 101 Acousto-optic modulation 67, 73 Benzene, C6H6 154 Actinic range 95 Bicydo[2.2.1.1hepta-2,5-diene, C7H8 184 Activation energy, laser-induced Bimolecular reactions, laser- reaction 179, 182 enhanced 182 Active medium 3 Birefringence 58, 64 - modulation 73 Bleaching, see Saturation Aerosol particles 87 Blood flow 87 Alexandrite laser 30 Boltzmann relation 10, 130 Alignment, optical 17 Boron trichloride, BCl3 204, 205 Allene, CHzCCHz 184 Bose-Einstein distribution 21 Ammonia, NH3 198, 205 Boxcar integrator 80 Anemometry 87 Breakdown-mode surgery 29 Anisotropy Breakdown spectroscopy, laser- - absorption 186 induced 123 - fluorescence 125 Bremsstrahlung radiation 54 Anti-Stokes Raman shift 129 Brewster angle window 58 Argon fluoride laser 49 Brillouin scattering 85 Argon laser 35 Bromobenzene, C6H5Br 200 Array detectors 77, 131 Bromomethane, CH3Br 204 Arsine, AsH3 205 Brownian motion 86 Atmospheric pollution monitoring 17, 45, Buffer gases 178 ll2 (see also Lidar) 2-Butene, CH 3CHCHCH, 185 Atom trapping 201 Atomic beam 201 Atomic fluorescence, laser-induced, see C Fluorescence spectroscopy, laser-induced Calcite, CaC03 58 Atomic iodine photo dissociation laser, see Calibration, wavelength 114 Iodine laser Cancer therapy 208 Autocorrelation function 84 39 Autoionisation 170 Carbon monoxide laser 43 Aversion response 95 Carbonyl - chloride COClz 205 - sulphide, OCS 185 B Catalysis, see Heterogeneous catalysis, Barium borate, beta- 64, 66 Homogeneous catalysis Barium enrichment 201 Cataract formation 94 226 Subject Index

Cavity, resonant 6 Copper-vapour laser 37 Cavity Corneal damage 94 - dumping 67,74 Correlation function 84 - occupation time 12 Correlator 84 - round-trip time 12 Corrosion studies 92, 163 Ceramic powders 205 Cryptocyanine 70 Charge-coupled device, see Array detectors Crystal field 27,28 Chemical lasers 44, see also Deuterium Cubane, C8H8 105 fluoride laser, Hydrogen chloride laser, Cyanide radical, CN 125 Hydrogen fluoride laser, Iodine laser Cyanine dyes 187 Chemical oxygen iodine laser 47 Cyanogen, C2N2 125 Chemical vapour deposition, see Laser Cyanomethane, CH 3CN 118,200 chemical vapour deposition Cyclopropane, C3H6 182, 184 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane, CH 3CF2Cl 178 Chlorophyll 126, l37, 188,208 D Chromatography, see Liquid Dark current 77 chromatography Deactivation, collisional, see Collisional Circular energy transfer - dichroism 90 7-Dehydrocholesterol 180 - differential Raman scattering, see Delay, variable, see Pump-probe studies Raman optical activity Dephasing, vibrational 187 - polarisation, see Polarisation, circular Depolarisation ratio l33 Cis-trans conversion 180, 185, 188, 191 Depth profiles 93, 163 Class I-IV lasers 95 Desorption 162 Coal gasification 146, 205 Detectors 76 (see also Pulse detection Cobalt: magnesium fluoride laser 31 systems) Coefficient of separation selectivity 194 Deuterated L-arginine phosphate 64 Coherence 6, 20 Deuterium enrichment 197 - length 20 Deuterium fluoride laser 214 - time 20 Diborane, B2H6 205 Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering Dicarbon radical, C2 192 (CARS) 92, 144 1,2-Dichloroethene, CHClCHCl 180 - parametric process 63, 140, 144, 145 Dichroism, circular 90 Collagen 86 3,3' -Diethyloxacarbocyanine iodide Colliding-pulse laser 74 (DODCI) 73 Collimation 17 Difference frequency generation, see Collision broadening, see Line broadening, Frequency mixing collisional Differential absorption lidar 88 Collisional energy transfer 175, 177, 178, Diffusion 184 - rotational, see Rotational diffusion Colloids, see Micelles - translational, see Translational diffusion Colour centre laser 31 Dimethylcadmium, Cd(CH3h 204 Combustion diagnostics 126, 130, 146, Diode lasers 31 (see also Gallium arsenide 192 (see also Temperature laser, Gallium aluminium arsenide laser, determination) Indium gallium arsenide phosphide laser, Concerted multiphoton process 150, 174 Lead salt diode laser) (see also Coherent parametric process, Diphenyl acetylene, C6HsCCC6HS 119 Multiphoton absorption, Hyper-Raman Dipole moment, induced 24 spectroscopy) Dissociation, multiphoton, see Condensation reactions 184 Multiphoton dissociation Continuous v. pulsed emission 11 Dissymmetry factor, see Kuhn Copper phthalocyanine 147 dissymmetry factor Subject Index 227

Doppler broadening, see Line broadening, Eye surgery, see Ophthalmic surgery Doppler Doppler-free spectroscopy 120, 152 F Doppler velocimetry 86, 96 F-centre laser 31 Dye lasers 23,50,56,61,73,74 Fabry-Perot interferometer 85 Dynamic light scattering 84 Femtosecond pulses 75, 125, 187 Fibre fluorimetry 93, 126 E Flame spectroscopy, see Combustion Einstein coefficients 8 diagnostics Electric Flash photolysis 191 (see also Pump-probe - dipole, induced 24 studies) - field, laser 24, 29 Flow measurement 86, 96 Electrochemistry 147,204 Fluence 170,177,185 Electro-optical modulation 69, 73 (see Fluorescence also Kerr effect, Pockels cell) - dip spectroscopy 122 Electron transfer reactions 188 - labelling 92, 126 Electroplating 202 - polarisation 125 Elemental analysis 122, 162 - resonance 138 Elimination reactions 181 - spectroscopy, laser-induced 88, 122, Elliptical 187, 192 - polarisation 58 Fluorine laser 49 - reflector 26, 28 Fluoromethane, CH3F 183 Emission Focussing power, human eye 94 - linewidth, see Linewidth, emission Forster energy transfer 126, 187, 189 - spontaneous, see Spontaneous emission Forsterite laser 31 - stimulated, see Stimulated emission Formaldehyde, HCHO 126, 197 End-mirror reflectivity, see Reflectivity, Four-level laser, see Laser, four-level end-mirror Four-wave mixing 139, 144 Energy Free-electron laser 54 - meter 77 Free spectral range 22, 71 - transfer, see Collisional energy transfer, Frequency conversion 61 (see also Dye Intermolecular energy transfer laser, Frequency mixing, Harmonic Energy-time uncertainty principle 63, 128 generation, Raman shifting) Enrichment factor 194, 196, 198, 199,200 Frequency mixing 64 Enzymes 148 Full width at half maximum (FWHM) 14 Erbium: YAG laser 214 (see also Linewidth) Etalon 22, 36, 40, 53 Ethane, C2 H6 192 G Ethanol, C2HsOH 187 11 Ethene, C2H4 192 Gain coefficient, small signal 10 Ethyl1,2,3,6-tetrahydrobenzoate 181 Gallium aluminium arsenide laser 33 Ethynyl radical, CCH 117 Gallium arsenide laser 33 laser 18,48 (see also Argon Gas dynamic laser 42 fluoride laser, Krypton chloride laser, Gas lasers, see Carbon dioxide laser, Krypton fluoride laser, Xenon chloride Carbon monoxide laser, Chemical lasers, laser, Xenon , Xenon Excimer lasers, Helium-neon laser, fluoride laser) Helium-cadmium laser, Iodine laser, Ion Excitation lasers, Metal-vapour lasers, Nitrogen - profile, resonance Raman l38 laser, Nitrous oxide laser - spectroscopy 105, 119 Gated integrator, see Boxcar integrator Exclusion rule 131 Gaussian Exposure limit 95 - frequency profile 14 Extinction coefficient 102 - intensity profile 18 228 Subject Index

Gold-vapour laser 39 Intrabeam viewing 95 Gyroscope, ring laser 54 Intracavityenhancement 103, 116 Iodine laser 46 H Iodine mono chloride, ICI 200 Haematoporphyrin derivative 208 Iodine monocyanide, ICN 187 Half-wave plate 60 l-Iodoheptafluoropropane, C3F71 46 Halfwidth, see Linewidth, emission lodotrifluoromethane, CF31 210 Harmonic generation 30, 33,.62, 85 Ion lasers 33 (see also Argon , Helium-cadmium laser 35 Krypton ion laser, Xenon ion laser) Helium-neon laser 18, 34 Ionisation Helium-xenon laser 214 - multiphoton, see Multiphoton ionisation Heterodyne measurements 84 spectroscopy Heterogeneous catalysis 147,202,206 - spectroscopy 108 Irradiance 8, 19, 157 Hexafluoro-1,3-butadiene, C4 F6 180 Isocyanomethane, CH3NC 200 Hexafluorocyclobutene, C4F6 180 High-Performance Liquid Isomerisation 170,179,182,188,191,200 Chromatography (HPLC), see Liquid Isotope separation 193 chromatography, high-performance Isotopomers 194 21 Homodyne measurements 84 J Homogeneous Jablonski diagram 52 - catalysis 184 Jet spectroscopy, see Supersonic jet - line broadening, see Line broadening, spectroscopy homogenous Joule-Thomson effect 119 Hydrogen chloride laser 44 Hydrogen cyanide laser 115 Hydrogen fluoride laser 44 K Hydrogen sulphide, H2S 159,205 Kerr effect 60 Hydroperoxy radical, H02 117 Kuhn dissymmetry factor 91 2-Hydroxybenzophenone, C13 HIO 0 2 188 Krypton chloride laser 49 Hydroxyl radical, OH 127 Krypton fluoride laser 48 2-Hydroxynaphthalene-6-sulphonic acid, Krypton ion laser 37 ClOHsS04 163 Hyper-Raman spectroscopy 159 L Lamb dip 121 I Lande g-factor 116 Immunoassay 85 Laser, refer to the entries for specific sources Index matching, see Wave-vector matching - beamwidth 17 Indium gallium arsenide phosphide laser - chemical vapour deposition 203 214 - coherence 6, 20 Indium phosphide, InP 204 - cooling and trapping 201 Infra-red multiphoton absorption, see - cutting 20, 26, 42, 50, 56 Multiphoton dissociation - desorption 162 Inhomogeneous line broadening, see Line - dyes 50,62 broadening, inhomogeneous - four-level 14,28,51 Instrumentation 57 - intensity 19 Integrating amplifier, see Boxcar integrator - magnetic resonance 115, 192 Intensity fluctuation spectroscopy 21,84 - mass spectrometry 160 Intermolecular energy transfer 126, 186, - microprobe mass analysis 162 189 - monochromaticity 22 Internal conversion 52, 186 (see also - spectroscopy, refer to the entries for Radiationless decay) specific types Intersystem crossing 51, 186,209 - Stark spectroscopy 117 Subject Index 229

- three-level 13, 27 Matrix-assisted laser desorption - two-level 8, 49 ionisation 162 - Zeeman spectroscopy, see Laser Matrix isolation 128 magnetic resonance Maxwell-Bartoli equation 24 Laser-induced Metal-vapour lasers 37 - breakdown spectroscopy 123 Metalloporphyrins 187, 208 (see also - fluorescence, see Fluorescence Chlorophyll) spectroscopy, laser-induced Methoxy radical, CH 30 127 - mass analysis 162 2-Methyl-4-nitroaniline, C7HgN20 2 64 - reactions, refer to the entries for specific Methylene radical, CH2 192 types Methyne radical, CH 192 Laser-sensitised reactions 184 Micelles 83, 85 Lead salt diode laser 33 Microelectronics applications 202, 203, Lead-vapour laser 38 205 Levitation, optical 24 Microprobe instrumentation 92, 123, 135, Lidar 28,87,97 162 Light scattering 82 (see also Raman Mode-locking 7l,85 spectroscopy, Hyper-Raman Mode-selective chemistry 176, 182 spectroscopy) Modes, laser 6, 7 Line Molar absorption coefficient 102 - broadening 14 Molecular beam 127, 192 - collisional 16 Multiphoton - Doppler 16, 83, 165 (see also Doppler- - absorption ISO, 157 free spectroscopy) - dissociation 169,170,171,173,178, - homogeneous 14, IS, 16 181, 182, 192, 198,202,203 inhomogeneous 14, 16, 175 - ionisation mass spectrometry 160 - natural 15 -, - spectroscopy 157 - power 100, 172, 175 Multiple-pass cell 103 - pressure 16, 177 Mutual exclusion rule 131 - saturation, see Line broadening, power - time-of-flight 100 Linear polarisation, see Polarisation, plane N Lineshape, see Line broadening Natural line-broadening, see Line- Linewidth, emission 14 broadening, natural Liquid chromatography 90,91, 126 Neodymium: - high performance 91 - glass laser 28 Lithium analysis 115 - YAG laser 28 - YLF laser 28 Lithium niobate, LhNb04 64 Lock-in amplifier 79 Nephelometry 83, 92 Longitudinal modes, see Modes, laser Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 125 Lorentzian frequency profile 14 Nitric oxide, NO 183 Lunar ranging 17 43 Lysozyme 148 Nitrous oxide laser 214 Non-linear optics 62, 85 (see also Four• wave mixing, Harmonic generation) Non-radiative decay, see Radiationless M decay Magnetic resonance, laser see Laser Norbornadiene, C7 Hg 184 magnetic resonance 75 Manganese-vapour laser 38 Mass spectrometry, laser, see Laser mass spectrometry o Materials processing 201 (see also Laser Oceanic pollution monitoring 126 cutting) Ophthalmic surgery 20, 29, 37, 50 230 Subject Index

Optical Photo refractive keratectomy 50 - activity 89 (see also Polarimetry, Photosensitisers 208 Raman optical activity) Photosynthesis 188 - alignment 17 Photo systems I and II 188 - density, see Absorbance Photothermal effects 76, 109 - parametric oscillator 65 Photo-oxidation 204 - rotation 89 Phthalocyanines 187,208 - rotatory dispersion 90 Plane polarisation, see Polarisation, plane Optical-optical double resonance 121 Plankton 126 Optoacoustic spectroscopy, see Pockels cell 60, 69, 73, 90 Photoacoustic spectroscopy Poisson distribution 21 Optogalvanic spectroscopy 113 Polarimetry 89, 92 Optrode 93 Polarisation Osmium tetroxide, OS04 175 - anisotropy 125 Ozone, 0 3 183 - circular 58, 148, 155 - hole 89 - elliptical 58 p - linear, see Polarisation, plane - plane 58, 155 Parametric process, see Coherent Polarising optics 58 parametric process Pollution monitoring, atmospheric see Particle in a box 191 Atmospheric pollution monitoring Passive modulation 73 Polymerisation, laser-initiated 206 Phase-sensitive detector, see Lock-in amplifier 10, 11, 13, 14 Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP), Phosphine, PH3 205 Phosphorescence 52 KH 2P04 60, 64 Phosphorus trichloride, PCh 204 Power Photo acoustic spectroscopy III - broadening, see Line broadening, power Photo deflection 200 - meter 77 Photo detectors (see also Photomultiplier Predissociation 197 tube) Pre-resonance enhancement 137 - photoconductive 77 Previtamin D3 180 - photoemissive 76 Pressure-broadening, see Line broadening, - pyroelectric 76 pressure - thermal 76 Pressure effect of laser beam 24, 76 - vacuum photodiode 76 Primary processes 186, 188 Photodissociation 197 (see also 1,2-Propadiene, CH2 CCH2 184 Multiphoton dissociation) Propan-2-ol, CH3CH(OH)CH3 202 Photodynamic therapy 208 Proteins 148, 162 Photoelectric effect 76 Pulse Photoelectron spectroscopy 108 - detection systems 78 Photogalvanic spectroscopy, see - train 72 Optogalvanic spectroscopy Pulsed v. continuous emission 11 Photoionisation 108, 195 (see also Pulsing techniques 66 (see also Cavity Multiphoton ionisation spectroscopy) dumping, Mode-locking, Q-switching) Photoisomerisation, see Isomerisation Pump-probe studies 81, 186, 191 Photolysis, refer to the entries for specific Purification of materials 204 reaction types Pyroelectric detectors, see Photodetectors, Photolytic deposition 203 pyroelectric Photomultiplier tube 77 Pyrolytic deposition 203 Photon - correlation measurements 83 - density 8, 151 Q - momentum 63, 140, 200 Q-switching 67 - statistics 21, 151 Quality factor (Q) 23,67 Subject Index 231

Quantum Round-trip time, see Cavity round-trip - microcavity lasers 33 time - yield 108 26 Quarter-wave plate 60 Quasi-continuum, vibrational 172, 175 Quasi-elastic light scattering 84 S Safety 94 Saturable absorber 70, 73 R Saturation 100, 120, 169, 177 Radiation pressure 200 Saturation spectroscopy 120 Radiationless decay 13, 14,27, 28, 34, 51, Scattering, see Light scattering 53, 106, 124, 170 Secondary structure, protein 148 Raman Second harmonic generation, see - gain spectroscopy 142 Harmonic generation microprobe 93, 135 Self-phase modulation 75 optical activity 148 Semiconductor shifting 66 - detectors, see Photodetectors spectroscopy 89, 128 - diode lasers, see Diode lasers - circular differential, see Raman Semiconductor processing 202, 203 optical activity Sensitisers 184 -, - coherent anti-Stokes, see Coherent Silane, SiH4 178, 203, 205 anti-Stokes Raman scattering Silicon dioxide, Si02 204 -, - Fourier transform 134 Silicon nitride, Si3N4 205 hyper-, see Hyper-Raman spectroscopy Silicon tetrafluoride, SiF4 184 inverse 142 Single atom detection 156 resonance 134, 136, 149 Skin stimulated 66, 139, 187 - damage 95 surface-enhanced 146 - reflectivity 95 Ratiometric recording 79 Small signal gain coefficient, see Gain Rayleigh scattering 83, 128 coefficient, small signal Reflectivity, end-mirror 11, 12 Specific rotation 89 Reflector, elliptical, see Elliptical reflector Spectraphone 112 Relativity theory 165 Spectroscopy, refer to the entries for Remote sensing, see Lidar specific types Resonance-enhanced multiphoton Sperm motility 85 ionisation mass spectrometry, see Laser Spiking 26 mass spectrometry Spontaneous emission 2, 8 Resonance Stack gases 89 - enhancement 136, 156, 161, 171 Standing wave condition 6, 22, 71 - fluorescence 138 Stark spectroscopy, laser, see Laser Stark - Raman effect, see Raman spectroscopy, spectroscopy resonance State preparation 171 Resonator 4 Stepping motor 81 Retinal 191 Stilbene, CI4 H12 188 Retinal damage 94 Stimulated Retro-Diels-Alder reactions 184 - emission 1,8, 139, 142, 144 Rhodamine 6G 50 - Raman effect, see Raman spectroscopy, Rhodopsin 190 stimulated Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) Stokes Raman shift 129 theory 176 Streak camera 81 Ring dye laser 23,54,74 Submarine communication 66 Rotational Sulphur chloride pentafluoride, SFsCI 176 - diffusion 84, 186 Sulphur hexafluoride, SF6 142, 175, 178, - relaxation 186 184, 194, 199 232 Subject Index

Sum-frequency generation, see Frequency U mixing Ultrafast Supercontinuum 75,82, 143, 192 - pulses, see Femtosecond pulses, Mode• Superradiant laser emission 43, 49 locking Supersonic jet spectroscopy 119, 127 (see - reactions 82, 185 also Molecular beam) - supercontinuum laser source, see Surface chemistry, laser-induced 201 Supercontinuum Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, see Uncertainty principle, see Energy-time Raman spectroscopy, surface-enhanced uncertainty principle Surgical applications 20, 29, 43, 49, 50 (see Unimolecular reactions, laser- also Ophthalmic surgery) induced 179 Synchronous pumping 73 Uniphase mode 7 Uranium enrichment 194, 196, 199 Uranium hexafluoride, UF6 194,199 Vacuum photo diode, see Photodetectors, T vacuum photodiode Temperature Velocimetry 86, 96 - determination 89, 130, 146 Vibrational - jump studies 47 - dephasing 187 Temporal profile 19, 68, 70, 72 - energy redistribution, Tertiary structure, protein 148 intramolecular 175,176,182,186 Thermal lensing spectroscopy 92, 109 - energy transfer, see Collisional energy Third harmonic generation, see Harmonic transfer generation Vibrationally enhanced reactions 183,205 Three-level laser, see Laser, three-level Vibronic lasers 30 Threshold conditions 11, 104 Vision 190 Time-of-flight broadening, see Line Vitamin A 191 broadening, time-of-flight Vitamin D3 180 Time-of-flight spectrometer 161, 162, 163 Volcanic gases 89 Titanium: sapphire laser 30 Tolane, see Diphenyl acetylene W Toluene 132 Wavelength calibration 114 Transient recorder 81 Wave-vector matching 64,140 Translational diffusion 84 Wiggler magnets 54 Transmittance 102 Wine characterisation 83 Transverse electromagnetic mode (TEM), see Modes, laser Transverse excitation atmospheric (TEA) X laser 42 Xenon Tricarbon radical, C3 192 - excimer, Xe2 108 Trimethylphosphine, P(CH3h 204 -, - laser 48 Trimethyl( trimethylphosphino )indium, Xenon chloride laser 49 (CH3hlnP(CH3h 204 Xenon fluoride laser 49 Triphenylmethane dyes 187 Xenon ion laser 213 Tritium enrichment 199 Tunable lasers, see Alexandrite laser, Dye y lasers, F-centre laser, Free-electron laser, YAG laser, see Neodymium: YAG Laser Semiconductor diode laser, Transverse excitation atmospheric laser Two-leve1laser, see Laser, two-level Z Two-photon absorption Zeeman effect 115 - double-beam 158 Zero kinetic energy photoelectron - single-beam 150 spectroscopy 108