Australasian Journal of Herpetology 37 Australasian Journal of Herpetology 30:37-64. ISSN 1836-5698 (Print) Published 10 November 2015. ISSN 1836-5779 (Online)

Australian agamids: Eighteen new from the genera Wagler, 1830, Gray, 1842, Rankinia Wells and Wellington, 1984, Gray, 1842, Tympanocryptis Peters, 1863, as well as three new genera and six new subgenera.

RAYMOND T. HOSER

488 Park Road, Park Orchards, Victoria, 3134, . Phone: +61 3 9812 3322 Fax: 9812 3355 E-mail: snakeman (at) snakeman.com.au Received 20 June 2015, Accepted 6 Nov. 2015, Published 10 November 2015.

ABSTRACT To correct anomalies in recently published studies, a total of eighteen new species, three new genera and six new subgenera are described herein according to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. The type species for the Amphibolurus Wagler, 1830, the well known Jacky Amphibolurus muricatus (White, 1970) has long been known to be composite in terms of phylogenetic origins, but in spite of this has been treated by recent authors as being of a single species (see Cogger et al. 1983). One of four divergent clades was referred to a new species Witten and Coventry, 1984, which has been widely accepted since. Notwithstanding this, three other divergent clades, as identified by Melville et al. (2011) remain undescribed. The isolated central and western Victorian populations of what until now have been treated as Amphibolurus muricatus is herein named Amphibolurus jacky sp. nov., those from North-east New South Wales are named A. eipperi sp. nov.; the population of assigned to Amphibolurus norrisi west of the Spencer Gulf in South Australia is now named Amphibolurus adelyn sp. nov. In terms of the species Gray, 1842 (type for that genus), the complex been partially divided and yet two obvious and well known species within the complex remain unnamed (Melville et al. 2011). The northern-most population of Lophognathus centralis Loveridge (1933), recently transferred to the genus Amphibolurus is herein named Amphibolurus wellsi sp. nov. and specimens from a western Australian population previously referred to as Lophognathus gilberti Gray, 1842 is herein named Lophognathus wellingtoni sp. nov.. In terms of the lizards assigned to the species Rankinia diemensis (Gray, 1841), only one of at least six obvious species has been named and recognized widely in herpetology. The taxon, Rankinia boylani Wells and Wellington, 1984, is herein recognized as valid and four previously identified and yet unnamed taxa within the same species complex are herein formally recognized. Grampians (Victoria) lizards formerly assigned to Rankinia diemensis are herein formally described as Rankinia neildaviei sp. nov. while specimens from the Anglesea and central Victoria population are herein named as Rankinia hoserae sp. nov.. The population from Victoria, just east of Lake Eildon is formally described as Rankinia jameswhybrowi sp. nov. while the divergent population from Goonoo National Park, NSW is herein formally described as Rankinia fergussonae sp. nov.. Furthermore the divergent taxon Grammatophora temporalis Günther, 1867, as widely recognized is herein treated as more than one species, them being most recently placed in the genus Lophognathus is herein placed in a new genus. Because Grammatophora is not available and no other name is either, a new genus is formally named, Melvillesaurea gen. nov.. The genus Fitzinger, 1843 as recognized by Melville et al. (2008) and most authors since, is dissected along phylogenetic lines into four genera (three named for the first time) and subgenera, using three available Wells and Wellington names and seven new ones in a continuation of the quite appropriate dismemberment of the genus commenced by Wells and Wellington (1984, 1985) with each group defined properly. Smith et al. (2011), identified what they said were eight deeply divergent clades within the Diporiphora bilneata Gray, 1842 species complex and other lesser ones, but did not resolve the and nomenclatural issues arising. This paper accounts for the ten main clades by resurrecting available names and formally naming six unnamed and morphologically distinct groups as species. Three new species within the genus Tympanocryptis Peters, 1863 are also formally named for the first time. An unnamed subgenus within Diporiphora is also formally described. Keywords: Taxonomy; Dragon; tree dragon; Australia; Victoria; Northern Territory, South Australia; ; Richard Wells; Ross Wellington; Jane Melville; Adelyn Hoser; Jacky Hoser; Shireen Hoser, Neil Davie, Amphibolurus; muricatus; norrisi; ; Lophognathus; temporalis; gilberti; centralis; nobbi; Rankinia; diemensis; boylani; Ctenophorus; Licentia; Phthanodon; Tachyon new species; jacky; adelyn; eipperi; wellingtoni; wellsi; hoserae; neildaviei; jameswhybrowi; fergussonae; melvilleae; smithae; shooi; harmoni; nolani; garrodi; bottomi; markteesi; alexteesi; new genera; Melvillesaurea; Notactenophorus; Paractenophorus; Pseudoctenophorus; new subgenera; Chapmanagama; Turnbullagama; Leucomaculagama; Arenicolagama; Valenagama; Aurantiacoagama; Membrumvariegatagama; Pailsagama. Hoser 2015 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 30:37-64. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved 38 Australasian Journal of Herpetology

INTRODUCTION Furthermore the divergent taxon Grammatophora temporalis Günther, The Lizard Amphibolurus muricatus (White, 1970) as 1867, herein treated as three (until now synonymised species) species recognized to date is one of Australia’s icon species, being familiar to and most recently placed in the genus Lophognathus is herein placed Australians as an inhabitant of bushland within Australia’s largest in a new genus. Because the name Grammatophora is not available cities of Sydney and Melbourne. (see Cogger et al. 1983) and no other name is either, a new genus is However only recently with the studies of Melville et al. (2011) and formally named, Melvillesaurea gen. nov.. Pepper et al. (2014) have there been significant molecular studies into The genus Ctenophorus Fitzinger, 1843 as recognized by Melville et the lizards long assigned to this apparently widespread species. al. (2008) and most authors since, is dissected along phylogenetic The dismemberment of the species as defined by Cogger et al. (1983) lines into four genera (three named for the first time) and ten and herpetologists before them, commenced in 1984 when Witten and subgenera, using three available names and seven new ones in a Coventry assigned western individuals to their newly named species continuation of the dismemberment of the genus commenced by Amphibolurus norrisi. Wells and Wellington (1984, 1985). Notwithstanding this, four other divergent clades, as identified by The phylogeny produced in Melville et al. (2008) generally validated Melville et al. (2011) remain undescribed. the taxonomic decisions of Wells and Wellington (1984, 1985) who dissected Ctenophorus as generally recognized at the time. Their One of these unnamed species (until now treated as a south-west genera Licentia Wells and Wellington, 1984; Phthanodon Wells and population of Amphibolurus muricatus) has a centre of distribution Wellington, 1985; Tachyon Wells and Wellington, 1985 and of course near Melbourne, Victoria, which as of 2015 is Australia’s fastest Rankinia Wells and Wellington, 1984 are all recognized herein. growing urban metropolis and has a population already of roughly 5 million humans. However, all of Licentia, Phthanodon and Tachyon are relegated to subgenus status herein within Ctenophorus on the basis that Melville Noting the appalling conservation record of the Victorian State showed divergences for each group, but it is questionable if this was Government (of all political persuasions) and their wildlife bureaucrats sufficient for each to be accorded full genus status. who in fact control them in terms of relevant activity, it is important that this species (with a 6% mtDNA separation from the nominate A. Five other as yet unnamed groups within Ctenophorus are formally muricatus according to Pepper et al. 2014) be formally named and named for the first time as are the three most divergent groups recognized so that someone, somewhere may in fact safeguard the (another three), which are sufficiently divergent to warrant being future of the taxon. treated as full genera as per the phylogenies produced by Pyron et al. (2013) and Melville et al. (2008). A similar situation applies to a population from North-east New South Wales, also currently treated as A. muricatus, but with sufficient One of these is also divided into three subgenera. divergence to be better treated as its own taxonomic entity at the These groups are also supported by obvious morphological species level. This is described herein as Amphibolurus eipperi sp. differences. nov.. As a rule, genera defined elsewhere by other authors are not Recognizing that there is just one other undescribed species level redefined here in this paper. taxon within the Amphibolurus muricatus complex besides these two However within Ctenophorus sensu lato (as recognized by most also remaining unnamed, that being the south-west population authors to date, including Cogger 2014), each genus and subgenus is currently referred to as being within Amphibolurus norrisi, it makes defined properly according to the new generic and subgeneric sense to properly formalize the taxonomy of the group and name them arrangement and the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature as well in accordance with the International Code of Zoological (Ride et al. 1999). Nomenclature (Ride et al. 1999). Smith et al. (2011) identified eight deeply divergent clades within the The isolated central and western Victorian populations of what until Diporiphora bilneata Gray, 1842 species complex and other lesser now have been treated as Amphibolurus muricatus is herein named divergent groups, two of which were almost as divergent as their Amphibolurus jacky sp. nov., the population of lizards assigned preferred eight, but they did not resolve the taxonomy and Amphibolurus norrisi west of the Spencer Gulf in South Australia is nomenclatural issues arising. herein named Amphibolurus adelyn sp. nov. and as mentioned the This is in spite of the authors stating, “we choose to delimit the eight name Amphibolurus eipperi sp. nov. applies to the North east NSW most divergent clades as taxonomic units”, but then failing to assign . names to most of them. As they have had some four years to correct The same situation applies in terms of the species Lophognathus this omission and not yet done so, it is appropriate that this be done gilberti Gray, 1842 (type for that genus) which has been partially now beaing in mind the following. divided and yet two obvious and well known species within the For their eight preferred clades, the authors also claimed a complex remain unnamed as outlined by Melville et al. (2011). “divergence between species (8-12%)”. The northern-most population of Lophognathus centralis Loveridge When this is combined with non-breeding between populations and (1933) (treated for a long time as a variant of Lophognathus gilberti apparent allopatry in all cases, with the exception being non-cross- Gray, 1842, was recently transferred to Amphibolurus by Wilson breeding sympatry known in one case only, the need to formally name (2015) on the evidence of Melville et al. (2011). This taxon is different each biological entity is compelling. to the nominate form of Lophognathus centralis Loveridge (1933) from The relevant unnamed and named taxonomic units are easily central Australia. It is herein formally named Amphibolurus wellsi sp. delineated and defined and so are correctly named according to the nov. and specimens from a western Australian population previously rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (Ride et al. referred to as Lophognathus gilberti Gray, 1842 is herein named 1999). Lophognathus wellingtoni sp. nov.. In summary for this species complex, this paper accounts for each In terms of the lizards assigned to the species Rankinia diemensis species by resurrecting available names and formally naming six (Gray, 1841), only one of at least six obvious species has been named unnamed groups as species. and recognized widely in herpetology. The taxon, Rankinia boylani Recognized and defined herein in the Diporiphora bilneata Gray, 1842 Wells and Wellington, 1984, is herein recognized as (quite obviously) species complex are the following species: Diporiphora bilneata Gray, valid and four previously identified and yet unnamed taxa within the 1842; D. lalliae Storr, 1974; D. magna Storr, 1974; D. jugalaris same species complex are herein formally named for the first time. (Macleay, 1877), this last listed taxon being resurrected from Grampians (Victoria) lizards formerly assigned to Rankinia diemensis synonymy of D. bilineata to account for the population found in north are herein formally described as Rankinia neildaviei sp. nov. (3.7% Queensland. mtDNA divergence from the nominate form according to Ng et al. I note that in spite of the much lampooned Wells and Wellington 2014, with this being the least divergent of the four newly named (1984, 1985) correctly resurrecting that taxon in their papers, their species), while specimens from the Anglesea and central Victoria action has been quite forcibly suppressed by a the so-called Wüster population are herein named as Rankinia hoserae sp. nov.; the gang ever since. population from Victoria, just east of Lake Eildon is formally described This even postdates the molecular verification of the species by Smith as Rankinia jameswhybrowi sp. nov. while the divergent population et al. (2011). from Goonoo National Park, NSW is herein formally described as Rankinia fergussonae sp. nov.. For the other six unnamed groups (all currently treated as regional variants of Diporiphora magna by most herpetologists in Australia,

Hoser 2015 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 30:37-64. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved Australasian Journal of Herpetology 39

they are named as follows: D. melvilleae sp. nov.; D. smithae sp. nov.; This is adequately done in the papers of Melville et al. (2011), Ng et. D. shooi sp. nov., D. harmoni sp. nov., D. nolani sp. nov. and D. al. (2014), Pepper et al. (2014) and others. garrodi sp. nov.. Examples include estimates of at least 3.5 MYA divergence for the The widespread taxon Diporiphora lalliae Storr, 1974 described from a three clades until now treated as Amphibolurus muricatus (White, type specimen from Langey Crossing, Western Australia is known to 1790) and 2.3 MYA for the two clades until now treated as A. norrisi have two main morphotypes as stated in numerous publications and Witten and Coventry, 1984 (Melville et al. 2011, table 5, p. 267). obvious to anyone familiar with the taxon. These are one from the The three relevant unnamed clades are named within this paper. south Kimberley region of Western Australia (the nominate form) and Most herpetologists and biologists in other disciplines of zoology the other from the rest of the known range (central Australia). The recognize reproductive isolation and divergence of over 1.5 MYA as unnamed form is herein described as a new species D. nolani sp. sufficient grounds to consider dividing a species as may have been nov.. previously recognized (e.g. Harvey et al. 2000). The divergence of the two groups within the D. lalliae Storr, 1974 Melville et. al. (2011) also correctly pointed out that the species complex is estimated to be in the order of more than 2 million years Lophognathus temporalis (Günther, 1867) should be placed in a new and therefore sufficient to warrant division at the species level. genus, giving proper reasons for the statement, but then failed to do Cogger (2014) claimed a total of 21 species in the genus Diporiphora so. (including the species “Diporiphora superba” treated as Diporiphora), The basis of the statement was the molecular results (e.g. figs. 3 and but notes that the total number given is less than the actual diversity. 5 and table 5 in her paper) which clearly showed Lophognathus as Wells and Wellington (1984 and 1985) dissected the genus along presently recognized should be split into three genera. obvious phylogenetic lines using existing nomenclature or erecting This paper corrects that mistake (also identified by Cogger 2014, at names for groups that lacked any. page 739) and at the same time seeks to recognize the work of the While their classification has been effectively unused since published, lead author by naming the taxon in her honour. as the size of the genus expands, it is appropriate that subgenera be I note that in order to recognize the genus for the species named and recognized, to identify obvious phyletic groups. Lophognathus temporalis as recognized by her, she would have The only remaining taxon within Diporiphora as recognized herein not needed recognize another genus, formerly treated as synonymous appropriately placed in any available subgenus is the species with Lophognathus. That genus was Gowidon Wells and Wellington, Diporiphora reginae Glauert, 1959 and it is placed in a newly named 1984 and is also recognized and used (quite properly) by Cogger subgenus herein called Pailsagama gen. nov.. (2014) and in spite of the illegal protestations of Kaiser et al. as spelt Of the 21 species of Diporiphora claimed by Cogger (2014), widely out in Kaiser et al. (2013), as explained by Hoser (2015). recognized in herpetology in Australia as of 2015, only three are Of course, it is here that I should explain the ridiculous, unscientific relevant to this paper in terms of the species descriptions herein. and childish attitude of many so-called “professional herpetologists” These are: (including Melville) with respect to the works of Wells and Wellington Diporiphora bilneata Gray, 1842; D. lalliae Storr, 1974 and D. magna and a pig-headed refusal to use their works, cite their works or be Storr, 1974. seen to accept their (often blindingly obvious) taxonomy and These are defined within this paper within the context of the nomenclature, unless vetoed by one of a select few individuals, descriptions of the other newly named taxa and that resurrected from usually by the names of Glenn Shea or Hal Cogger. synonymy, this being the taxon D. jugalaris (Macleay, 1877) to enable This ridiculous attitude manifested by anti Wells and Wellington readers to be able to identify and diagnose the relevant species. crusaders, is beyond a joke and is severely hampering the progress of The genus Tympanocryptis Peters, 1863 has long been recognized as herpetology and conservation in Australia as seen in the examples of having significant undescribed species diversity. Six new species Anonymous (1987), Anonymous (2001), Anstis (2002), Aplin (1999), were named in this paper, but just hours before this paper was to be Barker and Barker (1994), Cogger (1975, 1992, 1996), Kaiser et al. sent to the printers on 3 November 2015, Doughty et al. published a (2013), Mirtschin and Davis (1992), Sprackland et al. (1997), Turner paper naming three of these (Doughty et al. 2015). and Valentic (1998), Tyler (1992) and Tyler et al. (1994). The (effective) duplicate descriptions of those taxa within the T. However countering these ridiculous actions are the publications of cephalus Gunther, 1867 group (subgenus Roundacryptus Wells and Cogger (2014), Dubois (2014), Dubois et al. (1988), Hoser (1989, Wellington, 1985) have been removed from the final published draft of 1998, 2000a, 2001 and 2007), ICZN (1991, 2001), Shea (1995), this paper seen here. The other three species, one formerly treated as Thomson (2003) and many others as cited by Hoser (2015). a variant of T. intima Mitchell, 1948 and the other two formerly treated By way of example I also note that the molecular results of Melville et as variants of T. lineata Peters, 1863 are described herein for the first al. (2011) upheld the Wells and Wellington action in 1984 of splitting time. the species Rankinia diemensis by naming the most divergent species All patronym names are in honour of individuals who have made in the complex as Rankinia boylani and yet Melville et al. effectively monumental and relevant contributions to the science of herpetology ignored their result and effectively said nothing, as did Ng et al. in Australia and in particular with respect to the relevant agamid (2014). genera, with the exception of five species. This of course has meant that in the following years (post-dating 1984 Those ones, Diporiphora nolani sp. nov., D. garrodi sp. nov., to present), pretty much all other herpetologists have continued to Tympanocryptis bottomi sp. nov., T. markteesi sp. nov. and T. alexteesi recognize only Rankinia diemensis (Gray, 1841) and not the second sp. nov. are named in honour of individuals who have made significant species Rankinia boylani Wells and Wellington, 1984. contributions to herpetology in other areas. I need not mention that the latter taxon has a centre of distribution MATERIALS AND METHODS around Sydney, Australia, Australia’s largest urban area in terms of While it is not necessary to cite earlier works when publishing population, already surpassing 5 million people in 2015 and clearly descriptions of new taxa, it worthwhile mentioning some key texts putting the taxon at potential risk. relevant to the preparation of this paper and detail materials and It would be scandalous if this and other even more vulnerable taxa methods at the same time. within the Rankinia diemensis complex or other threatened taxa All relevant taxa have been inspected by myself across a period named by Wells and Wellington were exterminated simply as a result spanning more than four decades both live, in specimen collections of so-called jealously by other Australian herpetologists. and via numerous photos of specimens with accurate locality data. The papers of Wells and Wellington (1984, 1985), subject of an illegal Besides the fact that the newly named species taxa are geographically attempted suppression by the President of the Australian Society of isolated from one another (within their immediate species complexes, Herpetologists, who at the time was none other than Richard Shine, being the species they are most similar to), they are also now a professor at the University of Sydney, are still regularly morphologically distinct. condemned and lampooned by so-called herpetologists within Until recently this alone would have been regarded as being sufficient Australia. grounds to grant each formal taxonomic recognition. While they contain many errors, as do almost all other herpetology In the post 2010 period, most species are only recognized on the papers of similar size and scope, one fact has emerged in the three basis of molecular data or some kind of equivalent that establishes a decades since it was published. timeline of divergence. The taxonomy and nomenclature within as an account of the Hoser 2015 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 30:37-64. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved 40 Australasian Journal of Herpetology systematics of Australian herpetofauna is considerably more accurate herpetologist at the time (1980’s) well aware that the NSW animals than any similar publications before or since, up to and including the assigned to C. decreasii were definitely of another species! present date. Most of the taxonomic decisions within the papers have Now I am not going to deny that McLean et al. (2013) did a small been validated by molecular methods and phylogenies published amount of work on the relevant taxa and in naming this long known since (e.g. Pyron et al. 2013), noting that these methods were not and undescribed species, but they have engaged in the morally available to the original authors and all the nomenclature within the repugnant action of plagiarisation of the works of others in their Wells and Wellington papers complied with the relevant edition/s of process and it is this that I object to. the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Hoser (2015) and sources cited therein, detail many other cases of While the most recent edition of Cogger (2014) has according to similar attempts to steal the works of authors by a ratbag group known Cogger himself, been acting on behalf of the current views of the as the Wüster gang. majority of Australian herpetologists, adopted numerous taxonomic Not only are their actions ethically wrong and potentially illegal under and nomenclatural acts of Wells and Wellington (1984, 1985), many intellectual property laws, they serve to hamper the progress of the other obvious and sensible actions by them continue to be ignored by science of herpetology and associated wildlife conservation efforts by the herpetological community at large. acting to deter potential new entrants to the field, who may be in fear Examples are many and include the non-recognition of divergent taxa of many years work being stolen by pirates who have attempted to set such as Rankinia boylani or the similarly vulnerable “Pantherosaurus themselves up as high priests or gatekeepers of herpetology in direct kurringai” still ridiculously treated as a synonym for “Varanus breach of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (Ride et rosenbergi Mertens, 1957” even though they are morphologically quite al. 1999). different, come from almost opposite sides of the continent and have In terms of the other taxa named herein within the Rankinia diemensis even had their separate species status validated by molecular studies! complex I note that the least divergent of these named herein is that Now of course, if there is anyone on the planet with a genuinely valid from the Grampians, Western Victoria with a 3.7% mtDNA divergence reason to take offense and to not want to recognize the name from the nominate Tasmanian form according to Ng et al. 2014. Other “Rankinia boylani” it is myself. forms described have divergences considerably in excess of this. After all on 8 May 1981, Mr. Terry Boylan, the man whom the species Noting that for similarly distributed reptilian species complexes with was named after, was one of five men who illegally entered my home, similar divergences, including within the genera Austrelaps Worrell, tied me up in a chair and then proceeded to steal , files and 1963 (long treated as a single species) and Cyclodomorphus whatever else took their fancy. Fitzinger, 1843 (where the type species from south-east Australia was The NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) who led the split), the various species have already been split, formally named and raid later admitted they had acted illegally and were at fault and even widely recognized, it is clearly not consistent that the Rankinia returned some of the 14 stolen snakes, files taken and so on. diemensis complex with similar deep splits be treated any differently. A decade later, Boylan to his credit made an apology and amends with Hence I have no hesitation describing the relevant forms as new me and as far as the rules of science go, none of this even matters! species as opposed to mere subspecies. The taxon Rankinia boylani Wells and Wellington, 1984 is valid; the It is also relevant that past authors, including Ng et al. (2014) and name is valid according to the rules of the International Code of Clemann (2003) already effectively treat each form as separate Zoological Nomenclature, and the sooner people get over the politics species with explicit statements to this effect and they recommend that the better. governments from whom their projects were funded also manage the The name must be used and the species must be preserved. populations as such. In terms of the Wells and Wellington (1984 and 1985) papers I also note that with sequence divergences in excess of 3.7% mtDNA, however, I must state that it remains a key document in Australian morphological differences and disjunct distributions there is no herpetology and the sooner the obviously correct taxonomic decisions question that each form described herein represents a full species by within those papers are adopted, the better! any commonly used criteria. This includes those agamid taxa described by them and until now One may look also at other recently named and widely accepted treated as synonyms of others, even though they are morphologically species, such as “Morelia nauta” Harvey et al., 2000, now distinct and when coupled with other publicly available evidence, make known as Australiasis nauta (Harvey et al. 2000), separated from a compelling case for their proper recognition, for which the Wells and congeners on the basis of a mere 1-2% divergence as was their Wellington nomenclature must inevitably follow. “Morelia kinghorni Stull”, properly known now as Australiasis clarki I also note the haste with which unethical herpetologists have literally (Barbour, 1914) (see Hoser 2000a and Hoser 2015 and sources cited stolen the works of Wells and Wellington (1984, 1985) and used their therein). papers as a basis for their own alleged “discoveries”, which they have If their “species” are to be recognized on divergences of 1-2%, it then trumpeted far and wide and without even so much as a shred of stands to reason that those named herein must be recognized at decency to acknowledge the earlier works of these authors. amounts at or significantly more than double this! Hoser (2015) cites examples of this and another as yet uncited Perhaps in passing I should also mention that general acceptance of example is the paper of Mclean et al. (2013), with the bold title: the Wells and Wellington (1985) breakup of the Egernia cunninghami “Taxonomic assessment of the Ctenophorus decresii complex species complex is also well overdue! (Reptilia: ) reveals a new species of dragon lizard from The genus Ctenophorus Fitzinger, 1843 as recognized by Melville et western New South Wales.” al. (2008) and most authors since, is dissected along phylogenetic It is a brazen attempt to claim the discovery of a new species as a lines into four genera (three named for the first time) and subgenera, result of their allegedly original scientific work. using available names and three new ones in a continuation of the A close reading of the paper makes such a very claim and dismemberment of the genus commenced by Wells and Wellington scandalously nowhere in this document is there even a reference to (1984, 1985). the works of Wells and Wellington. The phylogeny produced in Melville et al. (2008) generally validated Now because some of the co-authors have been very critical of the the taxonomic decisions of Wells and Wellington (1984, 1985) who Wells and Wellington papers, we know that they have read them, or at dissected Ctenophorus as generally recognized at the time, this least would reasonably expect this to be the case. including species that had been shunted between various genera by various authors. In Wells and Wellington (1984) the two men wrote: “Ctenophorus decresii (Duméril and Bibron, 1837): We believe the The genera Licentia Wells and Wellington, 1984; Phthanodon Wells N.S.W. population to represent an undescribed species. C decreasii is and Wellington, 1985; Tachyon Wells and Wellington, 1985 and of confined to South Australia.” course Rankinia Wells and Wellington, 1984 have been largely supported by research results since 1985, but due to the pig-headed Or in case McLean et al. missed that, Wells and Wellington (1985) inertia of a vocal minority of herpetologists in Australia and their wrote: improper tactics of bludgeoning others to submit to their warped “We have deferred describing a number of species in this complex a perceptions, the adoption and use of Wells and Wellington genera or Mr. Magnus Peterson has formally informed us of his intentions to subgenera, including these has been at times scandalously limited. name some members”. However I am not into personality politics and instead prefer to stick So clearly we have Wells, Wellington and at least another well-known

Hoser 2015 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 30:37-64. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved Australasian Journal of Herpetology 41

with the science and hence, based on the molecular and Court Victoria 2014), and a judicial finding that I was legally a morphological facts, all are recognized herein as defined by the cleanskin in that I had never acted illegally (VCAT 2015). original authors unless otherwise indicated in the detail of this paper. The government was ordered to pay me costs, restitution, compensa- However, I should point out that all of Licentia, Phthanodon tion and damages (Court of Appeal, 2014), which as of mid 2015 andTachyon are conservatively relegated to subgenus status herein remain unpaid. on the basis that Melville showed divergences for each group, but it is Of greater relevance here is that at the time of the raid, research files questionable if this divergence as presented by her was sufficient for spanning more than 40 years were taken and never returned, each to be accorded full genus status. including materials and records relevant to this paper. They may be elevated by later authors in some years hence. Material taken included all the computers, disks, hard drives, backups, Three other as yet unnamed groups within Ctenophorus of similar cameras, scientific literature and other forms of information and divergences and morphological differences are formally named for the information storage at the facility. All were loaded into the back of a first time as are the three most divergent groups (another three), truck and trailer and carted off. which are sufficiently divergent to warrant being treated as full genera Faced with the dilemma of deciding whether to spend another forty as per the phylogenies produced by Pyron et al. (2013) and Melville et years gathering data, by which time I may be dead from old age, being al. (2008) when compared to other reptile groups. aged 53 as of February 2015, or publishing the relevant paper/s with Once again these three groups are also supported by obvious minimal data, I have opted to publish. morphological differences and it is astounding that they have not been Underlying this motivation has been an increasing concern that a formally named until now. delay to formally identify and name undescribed biodiversity may lead Genera defined elsewhere by other authors are not redefined here in to its extinction before another scientist gets around to the matter. this paper, with current definitions of each being contained in either Engstrom et al. (2002) wrote: “The documentation of this diversity Cogger (2014) or the papers of Wells and Wellington (1984, 1985). must be seen as an activity that is done not just for posterity but for There are of course numerous relevant papers in terms of the immediate action and protection.” taxonomy and nomenclature of the genus Amphibolurus sensu lato, A number of authors including Kaiser (2012a, 2012b, 2013, 2014a and including the likes of Lophognathus, Chlamydosaurus Gray, 1825, 2014b), Kaiser et al. (2013), Naish (2013) and Wüster et al. (2014), all Ctenophorus Fitzinger, 1843, Diporiphora Gray, 1842, Gowidon Wells part of the group of people effectively controlled by Wolfgang Wüster and Wellington, 1984, Pogona Storr, 1982, Rankinia Wells and of Wales, UK, have been highly critical of the fact that I have assigned Wellington, 1984, Tympanocryptis Peters, 1863, Uxoriusauria Wells names to unnamed clades of snakes and more recently for other and Wellington, 1985 and Wittenagama Wells and Wellington, 1985 reptiles. Their unscientific and childish attacks, continued incessantly and others mentioned above, not of all of which I need mention here. on social media such as Facebook and Twitter are rejected herein as However the key ones of relevance include the following: Austin et al. destabilizing the nomenclature, impeding the progress of science and (2006), Boulenger (1883, 1885), Brygoo (1988), Chapple et al. (2005), in some cases putting people’s lives at risk. Clemann (2003), Cogger (2014), Cogger et al. (1983), Colgan et al. Their ridiculous comments and false and defamatory statements are (2009), Covacevich et al. (1990), de Rooij (1915), Dolman and Moritz systematically rebutted by Hoser (2013), as well as Cogger (2013, (2006), Doughty et al. (2007, 2015), Driscoll and Hardy (2005), Dubey 2014), Dubois (2014), Eipper (2013), Mutton (2014a, 2014b), Shea and Shine (2010), Edwards and Melville (2010, 2011), Ellis and (2013a-d), Thorpe (2013, 2014a-c), Wellington (2013, 2014a, 2014b), Higgins (1993), Fairbarn et al. (1998), Fitzinger (1843), Glauert Wells (2013, 2014a, 2014b), and many others, so this history is not (1959), Gray (1841, 1845), Greer (1987, 1989), Günther (1867), reviewed here. Günther and Kapisa (2003), Hoser (1989), Houston (1978), Hugall I also note that many taxa formally named by myself for the first time and Lee (2004), Iglesias et al. (2012), Loveridge (1933), Macleay in earlier publications (e.g. Hoser 2000a, 2000b) are in fact threatened (1877), Maryan (1992), McLean et al. (2013), Melville et al. (2001, species. 2006, 2008, 2011), Ng et al. (2013), Paull (2002), Pepper et al. (2014), Therefore I note the sensible remarks of Engstrom et al. (2002) as a Pyron et al. (2013), Rawlinson (1967, 1974), Ryder (1986), Shea perfectly reasonable explanation for the publishing of taxon (1995), Shoo et al. (2008), Smith et al. (2011), Storr (1964, 1967, descriptions for such unnamed groups. This remains the case even if 1974, 1977), Thompson and Thompson (2001), Welling (1999), Wells a sizeable amount of my original research, files, photos and data have and Wellington (1984, 1985), Werning (1995, 2002, 2004), Wilson and been stolen (more than once) and therefore cannot be relied upon and Swan (2010), Witten (1972, 1984), Witten and Coventry (1984), incorporated into these contemporary publications. Worrell, 1963) and sources cited therein. I also note that I welcome redescriptions of the relevant taxa by later THEFT OF MATERIALS TO IMPEDE SCIENCE AND WILDLIFE authors unfettered by illegal break ins and thefts by corrupt CONSERVATION government officers and if fortunate, even funded by these people, I also note the following: In 2006 an online petition sponsored by a and who will hopefully have time and money to be able to do a more group of -hating pseudo-scientists including Wolfgang Wüster, thorough description of the same and other taxa. Mark O’Shea, David John Williams, Bryan Fry and others posted at: One does however expect these and all other herpetologists to abide http://www.aussiereptileclassifieds.com/phpPETITION (Hunter et al. by the letter and spirit of the International Code of Zoological 2006) called for my successful wildlife education business Nomenclature (Ride et al. 1999). (Snakebusters®) and all my other herpetological activity to be shut SPECIES AMPHIBOLURUS JACKY SP. NOV. down by the government of Victoria, Australia. These men were successful in that after a ruthless five-year Holotype: A preserved specimen at the national Museum of Victoria, campaign, on 17 August 2011, 11 heavily armed police and wildlife Melbourne, Australia, specimen number: D1522 collected from officers conducted a highly illegal and violent raid on our family home Winchelsea, Victoria. and research facility. The raid was also a reprisal for several This is a government-owned facility that allows access to its holdings. publications I had made that were highly critical of corruption involving Diagnosis: Amphibolurus jacky sp. nov. are separated from the the relevant people (e.g. Hoser 1993, 1996, 2010). morphologically similar A. muricatus (White, 1790) and A. eipperi sp. Myself, my wife and two vulnerable young daughters were arrested at nov. by the dark colouration dark under the eye, this being a gunpoint and held captive in the kitchen of the house for nine hours continuation of the canthal streak from above the back of the upper while the facility was ransacked. Besides the unspeakable acts of jawline. This dark under the eye is not seen in typical A. muricatus or killing captive snakes and criminal damage to cages and household A. eipperi sp. nov.. goods, the raiding officers illegally shut down our business and A. eipperi sp. nov. distributed in north-east NSW and adjacent parts of effectively placed myself under house arrest at gunpoint for some southern Queensland, are readily separated from A. muricatus (White, months after the raid. 1790) and A. jacky sp. nov. by the fact that in the males, they posess a An application by myself to the Supreme Court of Victoria led to the re- large dark black patch behind the ear and above the leg. This patch is opening of our unlawfully shut down wildlife education business, small in the other taxa. Males of A. eipperi sp. nov. differ from males although much of the damage to the business and our reputation built of the other two species by their smallish to medium sized well-defined up over more than 4 decades was irreparable. black triangles running in a pattern along the inner dorsolateral stripes Later proceedings resolved in 2014 and 2015, cleared me of dozens on the back. Female A. eipperi sp. nov. are readily separated from the of fabricated criminal charges spanning some decades (Magistrates other two species by the presence of seven moderately well-defined

Hoser 2015 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 30:37-64. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved 42 Australasian Journal of Herpetology stripes running in a dorsolateral direction, radiating from the back of other two species by the presence of seven moderately well-defined the head, behind the eyes to the neck. stripes running in a dorsolateral direction, radiating from the back of The forelimbs of female A. eipperi sp. nov. are characterised with well the head, behind the eyes to the neck. defined dark and light crossbands and while these are sometimes The forelimbs of female A. eipperi sp. nov. are characterised with well seen in specimens of the other two species, in A. eipperi sp. nov. the defined dark and light crossbands and while these are sometimes difference is that these well defined crossbands extend onto the toes. seen in specimens of the other two species, in A. eipperi sp. nov. the Female A. eipperi sp. nov. differ from the other species in that the dark difference is that these well defined crossbands extend onto the toes. patches across the mid back are wider than the light patches. In A. Female A. eipperi sp. nov. differ from the other species in that the dark muricatus (White, 1790) and A. jacky sp. nov. the reverse is the case. patches across the mid back are wider than the light patches. In A. On the tail of male A. eipperi sp. nov. the lighter part of the crossbands muricatus (White, 1790) and A. jacky sp. nov. the reverse is the case. flare significantly outwards. The flaring is only minor in A. muricatus On the tail of male A. eipperi sp. nov. the lighter part of the crossbands (White, 1790) and not present in A. jacky sp. nov.. flare significantly outwards. The flaring is only minor in A. muricatus Male A. muricatus have a large and well defined nuchal crest. It is (White, 1790) and not present in A. jacky sp. nov.. only of moderate size in A. jacky sp. nov.. In A. eipperi, the nuchal Male A. muricatus have a large and well defined nuchal crest. It is crest is small, separating it from the other two species. only of moderate size in A. jacky sp. nov.. In A. eipperi, the nuchal The three species Amphibolurus jacky sp. nov., A. eipperi sp. nov. and crest is small, separating it from the other two species. A. muricatus are separated from A. norrisi Witten and Coventry, 1984 The three species Amphibolurus jacky sp. nov., A. eipperi sp. nov. and and A. adelyn sp. nov. by the fact that the dark canthal stripe extends A. muricatus are separated from A. norrisi Witten and Coventry, 1984 only to the nostril or to the lower eye, versus to the tip of the snout in and A. adelyn sp. nov. by the fact that the dark canthal stripe extends the other taxa. only to the nostril or to the lower eye, versus to the tip of the snout in Amphibolurus jacky sp. nov. and A. muricatus also have dark the other taxa. transverse markings on the snout in the internarial region, which is not Amphibolurus jacky sp. nov. and A. muricatus also have dark seen in the other taxa. transverse markings on the snout in the internarial region, which is not Adult male A. muricatus invariably have two distinct light coloured seen in the other taxa. stripes running down either side of the back, partially broken with dark Distribution: North-eastern New South Wales, on the coastal plain triangular incursions. In adult male Amphibolurus jacky sp. nov. the and nearby ranges (where they are most common) and into adjacent same striping is significantly broken tending towards the female parts of southern Queensland. colouration. Etymology: Named in honour of Scott Eipper, now of Brisbane, Distribution: Southern Victoria from the Mornington Peninsula, west Queensland, Australia, formerly of Caulfield, Victoria, Australia in to the region of the Victorian and South Australian border, near the recognition of his many services to herpetology in Australia, including coast. Within this range distribution is patchy and restricted to coastal via the publication of two excellent books on keeping reptiles and dune habitats and dry wooded areas. frogs in 2012 (Eipper 2012a, 2012b). Populations from East Gippsland, east of the Latrobe Valley and north SPECIES AMPHIBOLURUS ADELYN SP. NOV. into New South Wales are referred to the species Amphibolurus Holotype: A preserved specimen number R45649 collected at muricatus (White, 1790). Twilight Cove, Western Australia, Lat. 32°15‘00" S, Long. Etymology: Named after my younger daughter Jacky Hoser, in 126°02‘00"E, held at the Western Australian Museum, Perth, Western recognition for her monumental work in reptile education over the first Australia, Australia. 14 years of her life, with Snakebusters, Australia’s best reptile This is a government-owned facility that allows access to its holdings. displays. She has had to face illegal armed raids by corrupt wildlife Paratype: A juvenile preserved specimen at the Western Australian officers working on behalf of rival wildlife display businesses owned by Museum, Perth, Western Australia, Australia, specimen number police-protected criminals and other totally unjustified attacks when R151108 collected at 3 km west of Burnabbie, Western Australia doing excellent work educating the general public about reptiles. Latitude 126.18’00” E, Longitude 32.13’33” S. Childish online rants by a little angry Englishman named Mark O’Shea This is a government-owned facility that allows access to its holdings. complaining about myself naming taxa after family members are not Diagnosis: Amphibolurus adelyn sp. nov. is separated from the only offensive, but against the rules of the International Code of similar A. norrisi Witten and Coventry, 1984 by the following suite of Zoological Nomenclature (Ride et al. 1999), a document he treats with characters: utter contempt. The canthal stripe does not significantly widen towards the rear; there SPECIES AMPHIBOLURUS EIPPERI SP. NOV. is a distinct supraciliary pattern of about five alternating light and dark Holotype: A specimen number R148375 at the Australian Museum in patches, the light patches being larger, forming the supraciliaries Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, collected on the road to commencing anterior to and above the eye; an oversized dark patch Mulligans Hut at the Gibraltar Range, National Park in New South on the flank above the anterior limb (this occurs sometimes in A. Wales, Australia, Latitude -29.53, Longitude 152.32. norrisi but is not common in the taxon); the irregular and more-or-less The Australian Museum in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia is a triangular dark patches on the back are not noticeably lighter in the government owned facility that allows access to its holdings. centres (as seen in A. norrisi). Paratype: A specimen number R148385 at the Australian Museum in In A. norrisi the canthal stripe noticeably darkens at the tip of the Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, collected on the road to snout. This is not the case in Amphibolurus adelyn sp. nov.. Mulligans Hut at the Gibraltar Range, National Park in New South Amphibolurus jacky sp. nov., A. eipperi sp. nov. and A. muricatus are Wales, Australia, Latitude -29.53, Longitude 152.32. separated from A. norrisi Witten and Coventry, 1984 and A. adelyn sp. The Australian Museum in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia is a nov. by the fact that the dark canthal stripe extends only to the nostril government owned facility that allows access to its holdings. or to the lower eye, versus to the tip of the snout in the other taxa. Diagnosis: Amphibolurus jacky sp. nov. are separated from the Amphibolurus jacky sp. nov., A. eipperi sp. nov. and A. muricatus also morphologically similar A. muricatus (White, 1790) and A. eipperi sp. have dark transverse markings on the snout in the internarial region, nov. by the dark colouration dark under the eye, this being a which is not seen in the other taxa. continuation of the canthal streak from above the back of the upper Distribution: Southern Australia in the near coastal region west of the jawline. This dark under the eye is not seen in typical A. muricatus or Spencer Gulf, South Australia, through Mallee habitats across the A. eipperi sp. nov.. Great Australian Bight to near Nullabor parts of south-east Western A. eipperi sp. nov. distributed in north-east NSW and adjacent parts of Australia to the general region of Ravensthorpe, Western Australia. southern Queensland, are readily separated from A. muricatus (White, Populations of similar lizards from Big Desert Victoria and nearby 1790) and A. jacky sp. nov. by the fact that in the males, they posess a regions and east of the Spencer Gulf are Amphibolurus norrisi Witten large dark black patch behind the ear and above the leg. This patch is and Coventry, 1984. small in the other taxa. Males of A. eipperi sp. nov. differ from males Etymology: Named after Adelyn Hoser, elder daughter of this author of the other two species by their smallish to medium sized well-defined in recognition for her monumental work in reptile education over the black triangles running in a pattern along the inner dorsolateral stripes first 16 years of her life, with Snakebusters, Australia’s best reptile on the back. Female A. eipperi sp. nov. are readily separated from the

Hoser 2015 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 30:37-64. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved Australasian Journal of Herpetology 43

displays. She has had to face illegal armed raids by corrupt wildlife is bounded at the top by a well defined line. This is not the case in L. officers working on behalf of rival wildlife display businesses owned by gilberti, where the colour merely merges into that at the top of the police-protected criminals, including suffering the extreme trauma of head. being arrested at gunpoint and other totally unjustified attacks when Melvillesaurea gen. nov. (formally described in this paper) is doing excellent work educating the general public about reptiles. separated from all similar genera (e.g. Gowidon Wells and Wellington, Childish online rants by a little angry English man named Mark 1984 and Lophognathus Gray, 1842), by the following suite of O’Shea complaining about myself naming taxa after family members characters: are not only offensive and illegal, but also against the similarly legally The nostril is nearer the snout than the eye (versus equidistant in binding rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature Gowidon), the light labial stripe includes supralabials and several (Ride et al. 1999), a document he treats with utter contempt. scale rows above them (the labial stripe does not include supralabials SPECIES AMPHIBOLURUS WELLSI SP. NOV. and several scale rows above them in Gowidon), the posterior margin Holotype: A preserved specimen number D72709, at the National of the ear does not have a small white spot (versus a small white spot Museum of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia, collected 108 km South of on the black posterior margin of the ear in Gowidon). Cape Crawford on Tablelands Highway, Northern Territory Lat. 17.54 Gowidon and Melvillesaurea gen. nov. are both separated from the S, Long. 135.68 E. morphologically similar genus Lophognathus by the fact that the keels This is a government-owned facility that allows access to its holdings. of dorsal scales form ridges running obliquely to the vertebral scale Paratype: A preserved specimen number D72710, at the National row, versus running parallel in Lophognathus, (this trait being Museum of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia, collected 3 km S of diagnostic for the genus Lophognathus). Heartbreak Inn on Tablelands Highway, Northern Territory, Australia, A key to separate these and other recognized Australian agamid Latitude -16.70’39”, Longitude 135.72’90”. genera is in Cogger (2014), pages 692-693. This is a government-owned facility that allows access to its holdings. Distribution: The dry tropics of the Northern Territory from the Diagnosis: The species Amphibolurus wellsi sp. nov. is readily Victoria River region in the west of that “Territory” west, through the separated from (Loveridge, 1933) by the Kimberley ranges and adjoining areas and skirting the Great Sandy presence of a strong almost white bar along the lower jaw, running Desert to include the north-west parts of the Pilbara in Western past the neck and onto the lighter broad dorsolinear stripes (one either Australia. side of the spine) which are also whitish at the anterior end of the Etymology: Named in honour of Cliff Ross Wellington (coauthor of body, before becoming brownish yellow towards the rear. By contrast, Wells and Wellington, 1984, 1985), currently of Woy Woy, NSW, in A centralis, while marginally lighter along the lower jaw, lacks the recognition of a significant contribution to herpetology in Australia over obvious white bar as seen in this species and likewise the almost some decades going way beyond those cited papers. white anterior section of the dorsolinear stripes. GENUS MELVILLESAUREA GEN. NOV. In some adult males, the strong almost white bar along the lower jaw Type species: Grammatophora temporalis Günther, 1867. has a strong yellow hue, but remains distinct. Diagnosis: Melvillesaurea gen. nov. is separated from all similar Both Amphibolurus wellsi sp. nov. and Amphibolurus centralis genera (e.g. Gowidon Wells and Wellington, 1984 and Lophognathus (Loveridge, 1933) are readily separated from congeners by the fact Gray, 1842), by the following suite of characters: that the lining of the mouth is either flesh-coloured or pink in life, The nostril is nearer the snout than the eye (versus equidistant in versus bright yellow in life in all other species. Amphibolurus wellsi Gowidon), the light labial stripe includes supralabials and several sp. nov. and Amphibolurus centralis (Loveridge, 1933) are further scale rows above them (the labial stripe does not include supralabials separated from congeners by the fact that dorsal and upper body and several scale rows above them in Gowidon), the posterior margin lateral scales (excluding longitudinal rows of enlarged keeled scales) of the ear does not have a small white spot (versus a small white spot are mostly heterogeneous, but lower lateral scales are homogenous or on the black posterior margin of the ear in Gowidon). subequal, versus strongly heterogeneous in shape and size dorsal Gowidon and Melvillesaurea gen. nov. are both separated from the and lateral body scales in other congeners. morphologically similar genus Lophognathus by the fact that the keels A key to separate the genus Amphibolurus from other recognized of dorsal scales form ridges running obliquely to the vertebral scale Australian agamid genera is in Cogger (2014), pages 692-693. row, versus running parallel in Lophognathus. Distribution: Amphibolurus wellsi sp. nov. is found in an area centred A key to separate these and other recognized Australian agamid on the Barkly Tableland region of the Northern Territory and nearby genera is in Cogger (2014), pages 692-693. parts of Queensland, west to near the Western Australian border and Distribution: Northern Australia and southern New Guinea. not found in the drier red soiled regions of central Australia to the Etymology: Named in honour of Jane Melville, currently at the south, where the species A. centralis is found instead. There is no Museum of Victoria, in Melbourne, Australia in recognition of her work known zone of sympatry between the taxa. on these lizards. Etymology: Named in honour of Richard Wells (coauthor of Wells Content: Melvillesaurea temporalis (Günther, 1867) (type species); M. and Wellington, 1984, 1985), currently of Lismore, NSW, in lateralis (Macleay, 1877). recognition of a significant contribution to herpetology in Australia over some decades going way beyond those cited papers. GENUS NOTACTENOPHORUS GEN. NOV. SPECIES LOPHOGNATHUS WELLINGTONI SP. NOV. Type species: Tympanocryptis maculosa Mitchell, 1948. Holotype: Preserved specimen number D73809 at the National Diagnosis: Notactenophorus gen. nov. is readily separated from all Museum of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia, collected from Gibb River other members of the genus Ctenophorus (where it has been placed Road crossing of the Durack River in the Kimberley region of Western until now, as defined in Cogger 2014), by the following unique suite of Australia, Australia. Lat. -15.9738, Long. 127.154. characters: Tympanum is hidden being covered by skin, the body scales are smooth, mostly small, homogenous, with scattered larger This is a government-owned facility that allows access to its holdings. but small, flat scales, not keeled or spinose, with a dorsal pattern of a Paratype: Preserved specimen number D72652 at the National longitudinal dorso-lateral series of five or six large black spots on Museum of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia, collected from Montejinni either side. Creek, Buntine Highway, Northern Territory, Australia. Lat. -16.635, Ctenophorus as defined until now (Cogger 2014) is defined by the Long. 131.756. following definition, modified to take into account the new genera as This is a government-owned facility that allows access to its holdings. defined herein. Ctenophorus is defined as an Australian agamid Diagnosis: Lophognathus wellingtoni sp. nov. is readily separated genus characterised by small dorsal scales, homogenous or with at from Lophognathus gilberti Gray, 1842 by the presence of a thick most slightly enlarged tubercles; a few species with distinct rows of creamish-white bar that runs on both the upper and lower jawline, paravertebral or dorsolateral spinose scales; a row of enlarged scales versus mainly on the upper side in L. gilberti. In L. wellingtoni sp. nov. from below the eye to above the ear; tympanum exposed (not exposed the upper margin of this white line is effectively straight whereas in L. in Notactenophorus gen. nov. and most Pseudoctenophorus gen. gilberti there is a strong uptick in the region of the eye (usually a nov.); tail long, ranging from slightly to much longer than the head and fraction behind the lowest point), meaning there is no straight line body; femoral and preanal pores present in males; adult males usually appearance at the upper margin of the bar. with distinctive black or dark grey markings on the throat and/or chest. In L. wellingtoni sp. nov. the dark region between the eye and the ear Specimens within the genus Pseudoctenophorus gen. nov. are Hoser 2015 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 30:37-64. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved 44 Australasian Journal of Herpetology separated from all other Ctenophorus Fitzinger, 1843, the genus they than 15; nostril is slit-like or narrowly elliptical. were placed in previously, and Notactenophorus gen. nov. by the Distribution: Coastal regions of southern Western Australia and following suite of characters, being one or other of the following three: adjacent parts of South Australia. 1/ Tympanum exposed; a series of enlarged, spinose scales on either Etymology: Named as it is not properly placed in the genus side of the base of the tail (subgenus Pseudoctenophorus subgen. Ctenophorus Fitzinger, 1843, therefore pseudo, and hence is a nov.), or: “pseudo-ctenophorus”. 2/ Tympanum hidden; covered by skin; body scales are strongly Content: Pseudoctenophorus adelaidensis (Gray, 1841) (type heterogeneous, many of the larger scales on the body and head species); C. butleri (Storr, 1977); P. chapmani (Storr, 1977); P. keeled or moderately spinose; a series of enlarged, spinose scales on parviceps (Storr, 1964). either side of the base of the tail (subgenus Chapmanagama subgen. SUBGENUS PSEUDOCTENOPHORUS SUBGEN. NOV. nov.), or: Type species: Grammatophora muricata adelaidensis Gray, 1841. 3/ Tympanum hidden; covered by skin; body scales are strongly Diagnosis: Specimens within the genus Pseudoctenophorus gen. heterogeneous, many of the larger scales on the body and head nov. are separated from all other Ctenophorus Fitzinger, 1843, the keeled or moderately spinose; no series of enlarged, spinose scales genus they were placed in previously, by the following suite of on either side of the base of the tail (subgenus Turnbullagama subgen. characters, being one or other of the following three: nov.). 1/ Tympanum exposed; a series of enlarged, spinose scales on either The genus Paractenophorus gen. nov. is separated from Ctenophorus, side of the base of the tail (subgenus Pseudoctenophorus subgen. Notactenophorus gen. nov. and Pseudoctenophorus gen. nov. by the nov.) this information being diagnostic for the subgenus, or: following suite of characters: tympanum exposed; no series of enlarged, spinose scales on either side of the base of the tail; hindlimb 2/ Tympanum hidden; covered by skin; body scales are strongly reaching no further than the tympanum when adpressed; tail usually heterogeneous, many of the larger scales on the body and head less than 1.5 times as long as the head and body; nasal region is not keeled or moderately spinose; a series of enlarged, spinose scales on swollen, the nostril lying below an angular canthal ridge; pores fewer either side of the base of the tail (subgenus Chapmanagama subgen. than 15; nostril is slit-like or narrowly elliptical. nov.), or: Distribution: The Lake Eyre basin in the north of South Australia, 3/ Tympanum hidden; covered by skin; body scales are strongly Australia. heterogeneous, many of the larger scales on the body and head keeled or moderately spinose; no series of enlarged, spinose scales Etymology: Named as it is not properly placed in the genus on either side of the base of the tail (subgenus Turnbullagama subgen. Ctenophorus Fitzinger, 1843, (not-a-ctenophorus). nov.). Content: Notactenophorus maculosus Mitchell, 1948 (monotypic). Ctenophorus as defined until now (Cogger 2014) is defined by the GENUS PSEUDOCTENOPHORUS GEN. NOV. following definition, modified to take into account the new genera as Type species: Grammatophora muricata adelaidensis Gray, 1841. defined herein. Ctenophorus is defined as an Australian agamid Diagnosis: Specimens within the genus Pseudoctenophorus gen. genus characterised by small dorsal scales, homogenous or with at nov. are separated from all other Ctenophorus Fitzinger, 1843, the most slightly enlarged tubercles; a few species with distinct rows of genus they were placed in previously, by the following suite of paravertebral or dorsolateral spinose scales; a row of enlarged scales characters, being one or other of the following three: from below the eye to above the ear; tympanum exposed (not exposed 1/ Tympanum exposed; a series of enlarged, spinose scales on either in Notactenophorus gen. nov. and most Pseudoctenophorus gen. side of the base of the tail (subgenus Pseudoctenophorus subgen. nov.); tail long, ranging from slightly to much longer than the head and nov.), or: body; femoral and preanal pores present in males; adult males usually 2/ Tympanum hidden; covered by skin; body scales are strongly with distinctive black or dark grey markings on the throat and/or chest. heterogeneous, many of the larger scales on the body and head Notactenophorus gen. nov. is readily separated from all other keeled or moderately spinose; a series of enlarged, spinose scales on members of the genus Ctenophorus (where it has been placed until either side of the base of the tail (subgenus Chapmanagama subgen. now, as defined in Cogger 2014) and Pseudoctenophorus gen. nov., nov.), or: by the following unique suite of characters: Tympanum is hidden being 3/ Tympanum hidden; covered by skin; body scales are strongly covered by skin, the body scales are smooth, mostly small, heterogeneous, many of the larger scales on the body and head homogenous, with scattered larger but small, flat scales, not keeled or keeled or moderately spinose; no series of enlarged, spinose scales spinose, with a dorsal pattern of a longitudinal dorso-lateral series of on either side of the base of the tail (subgenus Turnbullagama subgen. five or six large black spots on either side. nov.). The genus Paractenophorus gen. nov. is separated from Ctenophorus, Ctenophorus as defined until now (Cogger 2014) is defined by the Notactenophorus gen. nov. and Pseudoctenophorus gen. nov. by the following definition, modified to take into account the new genera as following suite of characters: tympanum exposed; no series of defined herein. Ctenophorus is defined as an Australian agamid enlarged, spinose scales on either side of the base of the tail; hindlimb genus characterised by small dorsal scales, homogenous or with at reaching no further than the tympanum when adpressed; tail usually most slightly enlarged tubercles; a few species with distinct rows of less than 1.5 times as long as the head and body; nasal region is not paravertebral or dorsolateral spinose scales; a row of enlarged scales swollen, the nostril lying below an angular canthal ridge; pores fewer from below the eye to above the ear; tympanum exposed (not exposed than 15; nostril is slit-like or narrowly elliptical. in Notactenophorus gen. nov. and most Pseudoctenophorus gen. Distribution: Coastal regions of southern Western Australia on the nov.); tail long, ranging from slightly to much longer than the head and west coast in the region from the Murchison River in the north to body; femoral and preanal pores present in males; adult males usually around Perth in the south. with distinctive black or dark grey markings on the throat and/or chest. Etymology: Named as it is not properly placed in the genus Notactenophorus gen. nov. is readily separated from all other Ctenophorus Fitzinger, 1843, therefore pseudo, and hence is a members of the genus Ctenophorus (where it has been placed until “pseudo-ctenophorus”. now, as defined in Cogger 2014) and Pseudoctenophorus gen. nov., Content: Pseudoctenophorus (Pseudoctenophorus) adelaidensis by the following unique suite of characters: Tympanum is hidden being (Gray, 1841) (monotypic). covered by skin, the body scales are smooth, mostly small, SUBGENUS CHAPMANAGAMA SUBGEN. NOV. homogenous, with scattered larger but small, flat scales, not keeled or Type species: Amphibolurus adelaidensis chapmani Storr, 1977. spinose, with a dorsal pattern of a longitudinal dorso-lateral series of Diagnosis: Specimens within the genus Pseudoctenophorus gen. five or six large black spots on either side. nov. are separated from all other Ctenophorus Fitzinger, 1843, the The genus Paractenophorus gen. nov. is separated from Ctenophorus, genus they were placed previously, by the following suite of Notactenophorus gen. nov. and Pseudoctenophorus gen. nov. by the characters, being one or other of the following three: following suite of characters: tympanum exposed; no series of 1/ Tympanum exposed; a series of enlarged, spinose scales on either enlarged, spinose scales on either side of the base of the tail; hindlimb side of the base of the tail (subgenus Pseudoctenophorus subgen. reaching no further than the tympanum when adpressed; tail usually nov.), or: less than 1.5 times as long as the head and body; nasal region is not swollen, the nostril lying below an angular canthal ridge; pores fewer 2/ Tympanum hidden; covered by skin; body scales are strongly

Hoser 2015 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 30:37-64. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved Australasian Journal of Herpetology 45

heterogeneous, many of the larger scales on the body and head 3/ Tympanum hidden; covered by skin; body scales are strongly keeled or moderately spinose; a series of enlarged, spinose scales on heterogeneous, many of the larger scales on the body and head either side of the base of the tail (subgenus Chapmanagama subgen. keeled or moderately spinose; no series of enlarged, spinose scales nov.), this information being diagnostic for the subgenus, or: on either side of the base of the tail (subgenus Turnbullagama subgen. 3/ Tympanum hidden; covered by skin; body scales are strongly nov.), this information being diagnostic for the subgenus. heterogeneous, many of the larger scales on the body and head Ctenophorus as defined until now (Cogger 2014) is defined by the keeled or moderately spinose; no series of enlarged, spinose scales following definition, modified to take on either side of the base of the tail (subgenus Turnbullagama subgen. into account the new genera as defined herein. Ctenophorus is nov.). defined as an Australian agamid genus characterised by small dorsal Ctenophorus as defined until now (Cogger 2014) is defined by the scales, homogenous or with at most slightly enlarged tubercles; a few following definition, modified to take species with distinct rows of paravertebral or dorsolateral spinose into account the new genera as defined herein. Ctenophorus is scales; a row of enlarged scales from below the eye to above the ear; defined as an Australian agamid genus characterised by small dorsal tympanum exposed (not exposed in Notactenophorus gen. nov. and scales, homogenous or with at most slightly enlarged tubercles; a few most Pseudoctenophorus gen. nov.); tail long, ranging from slightly to species with distinct rows of paravertebral or dorsolateral spinose much longer than the head and body; femoral and preanal pores scales; a row of enlarged scales from below the eye to above the ear; present in males; adult males usually with distinctive black or dark tympanum exposed (not exposed in Notactenophorus gen. nov. and grey markings on the throat and/or chest. most Pseudoctenophorus gen. nov.); tail long, ranging from slightly to Notactenophorus gen. nov. is readily separated from all other much longer than the head and body; femoral and preanal pores members of the genus Ctenophorus (where it has been placed until present in males; adult males usually with distinctive black or dark now, as defined in Cogger 2014) and Pseudoctenophorus gen. nov., grey markings on the throat and/or chest. by the following unique suite of characters: Tympanum is hidden being Notactenophorus gen. nov. is readily separated from all other covered by skin, the body scales are smooth, mostly small, members of the genus Ctenophorus (where it has been placed until homogenous, with scattered larger but small, flat scales, not keeled or now, as defined in Cogger 2014) and Pseudoctenophorus gen. nov., spinose, with a dorsal pattern of a longitudinal dorso-lateral series of by the following unique suite of characters: Tympanum is hidden being five or six large black spots on either side. covered by skin, the body scales are smooth, mostly small, The genus Paractenophorus gen. nov. is separated from Ctenophorus, homogenous, with scattered larger but small, flat scales, not keeled or Notactenophorus gen. nov. and Pseudoctenophorus gen. nov. by the spinose, with a dorsal pattern of a longitudinal dorso-lateral series of following suite of characters: tympanum exposed; no series of five or six large black spots on either side. enlarged, spinose scales on either side of the base of the tail; hindlimb The genus Paractenophorus gen. nov. is separated from Ctenophorus, reaching no further than the tympanum when adpressed; tail usually Notactenophorus gen. nov. and Pseudoctenophorus gen. nov. by the less than 1.5 times as long as the head and body; nasal region is not following suite of characters: tympanum exposed; no series of swollen, the nostril lying below an angular canthal ridge; pores fewer enlarged, spinose scales on either side of the base of the tail; hindlimb than 15; nostril is slit-like or narrowly elliptical. reaching no further than the tympanum when adpressed; tail usually Distribution: West coast of Western Australia between Exmouth Gulf less than 1.5 times as long as the head and body; nasal region is not and Shark Bay (P. parviceps) and West coast of Western Australia swollen, the nostril lying below an angular canthal ridge; pores fewer between Shark Bay and Kalbarri (P. butleri). than 15; nostril is slit-like or narrowly elliptical. Content: Pseudoctenophorus (Turnbullagama) parviceps (Storr, Distribution: From the Stirling Ranges in Western Australia, 1964) (type species); P. (Turnbullagama) butleri (Storr, 1977). eastwards across the Nullarbor to the Yorke Peninsula in South Etymology: Named after Croppa Creek, north of Moree, NSW, Australia. Australia farmer, Ian Robert Turnbull in recognition of a lifetime’s work Etymology: The species “Amphibolurus adelaidensis chapmani Storr, in agriculture and environmental management. Turnbull got 1977” was named after Mr Andrew Chapman of the Western nationwide media attention after he shot and killed an alcoholic NSW Australian Museum in appreciation of his contributions to Western Government, Office of Environment and Heritage compliance officer Australian herpetology. Glen Turner on 29 July 2014. The subgenus Chapmanagama gen. nov. is not. Turner had grossly misused his office and powers to run a personal It is in fact named in honour of Christopher Chapman a lawyer from vendetta against Turnbull and his family spanning a decade, including Sydney, New South Wales, Australia who spent many years stalking and harassing the elderly (in his 70’s), Mr. Turnbull. advocating for the rights of private individuals to have the legal right to Turner publicly humiliated Turnbull, accusing him of numerous own reptiles in Australia. He also wrote a preface to the first edition of heinous crimes on the basis of what could at best be described as the best-selling book Smuggled:The Underground Trade in Australia’s very flimsy evidence. Furthermore via a series of vexatious legal Wildlife (Hoser, 1993) and a second preface for the second edition proceedings he initiated against Turnbull using creative interpretations published in 1996. It was a result of the sequence of events arising of the law, he literally ruined Turnbull financially. from the publishing of this book and the sequel, Smuggled-2: Wildlife, These illegal actions by Turner eventually drove Turnbull to wits end. trafficking, crime and corruption in Australia (Hoser, 1996), that for the With Turnbull and his hard-working family facing financial ruin as a first time in decades, private individuals in Australia were legally direct result of a vexatious legal campaign against him by Turner and allowed to keep reptiles as pets without fear of being raided and jailed other departmental officers, Turnbull shot a round of bullets into for doing so. It is fitting that Chris Chapman be honoured with a Turner after he had illegally entered Turnbull’s property. patronym in his name, noting that he is largely responsible for the fact This killed Turner instantly. that there will be another young generation of herpetologists in Australia legally allowed to train in their science. Turner had already cost Turnbull several hundred thousand dollars in losses. Content: Pseudoctenophorus chapmani (Storr, 1977) (monotypic). Turnbull later remarked “I simply cracked”, in describing how and why SUBGENUS TURNBULLAGAMA SUBGEN. NOV. Turner drove him to retaliate by killing him (Hall, 2014). Type species: Tympanocryptis parviceps Storr, 1964. Not surprisingly the government-controlled tabloid media did a Diagnosis: Specimens within the genus Pseudoctenophorus gen. scandalous job of blame shifting against Turnbull and made out that nov. are separated from all other Ctenophorus Fitzinger, 1843, the Turner was some kind of saint. genus they were placed previously, by the following suite of Turnbull was charged with murder as soon as he was arrested (the characters, being one or other of the following three: same day) and before it was even possible for any semblance of an 1/ Tympanum exposed; a series of enlarged, spinose scales on either impartial investigation could take place. side of the base of the tail (subgenus Pseudoctenophorus subgen. He was immediately imprisoned and repeatedly refused bail. nov.), or: As a rule in such matters, in Australia, a person may be arrested, but 2/ Tympanum hidden; covered by skin; body scales are strongly charges are not laid until after an investigation is done, the evidence is heterogeneous, many of the larger scales on the body and head assessed and the inquiry is properly completed. keeled or moderately spinose; a series of enlarged, spinose scales on either side of the base of the tail (subgenus Chapmanagama subgen. That this did not occur, clearly showed that there was never an intent by the NSW Police, the NSW Government, Office of Environment and Hoser 2015 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 30:37-64. nov.), or: Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved 46 Australasian Journal of Herpetology

Heritage and other associated agencies to have an impartial inquiry Diagnosis: The genus Paractenophorus gen. nov. is separated from into the events leading to the shooting incident. Ctenophorus, Notactenophorus gen. nov. and Pseudoctenophorus As a result, it is reasonable to expect that Turnbull (aged 79 in 2014) gen. nov. by the following suite of characters: tympanum exposed; no and in ill health as of October that year, will only leave jail in a body series of enlarged, spinose scales on either side of the base of the tail; bag and not as a result of any fair criminal trial or acquittal. hindlimb reaching no further than the tympanum when adpressed; tail At the time of the shooting and also prior, local politicians aware of the usually less than 1.5 times as long as the head and body; nasal region situation stated publicly that the actions of Turner and fellow officers is not swollen, the nostril lying below an angular canthal ridge; pores had led to the shooting and that it had been a case of when, not if, fewer than 15; nostril is slit-like or narrowly elliptical. such an event happened. Specimens within the genus Pseudoctenophorus gen. nov. are While I do not advocate killings or illegal actions, the effective self separated from all other Ctenophorus Fitzinger, 1843, the genus they sacrifice by Turnbull at a very late stage in his life, to highlight the were placed in previously, by the following suite of characters, being Nazi-like actions of anti-environmentalist and highly paid self-serving one or other of the following three: corrupt government wildlife officers, only concerned with their own 1/ Tympanum exposed; a series of enlarged, spinose scales on either financial welfare and not that of the environment, does deserve some side of the base of the tail (subgenus Pseudoctenophorus subgen. kind of formal recognition. nov.), or: As no government in Australia will ever admit that their officers have 2/ Tympanum hidden; covered by skin; body scales are strongly ever done wrong, or acknowledge the actions of the innocent victims heterogeneous, many of the larger scales on the body and head of their illegal actions, I shall do this here. keeled or moderately spinose; a series of enlarged, spinose scales on Warnings of revenge attacks against wildlife officers acting illegally either side of the base of the tail (subgenus Chapmanagama subgen. and harassing law-abiding conservationists have been made many nov.), or: times in the past. 3/ Tympanum hidden; covered by skin; body scales are strongly In 2011, and following an illegal armed raid on my facility by Victorian heterogeneous, many of the larger scales on the body and head wildlife officers, I directly told one of them, Glenn Sharp, that had they keeled or moderately spinose; no series of enlarged, spinose scales acted in a similar way against another law-abiding person besides on either side of the base of the tail (subgenus Turnbullagama subgen. myself, that the victim would well have been within reason to shoot nov.). them and that they should start acting within the law to prevent such Ctenophorus as defined until now (Cogger 2014) is defined by the an event possibly occurring. following definition, modified to take Instead of taking on board my eminently sensible advice, noting that into account the new genera as defined herein. Ctenophorus is just a few years prior David Merceica had punched out an ocerzealous defined as an Australian agamid genus characterised by small dorsal wildlife officer in Melbourne named Tony Zidarich, the corrupt Victorian scales, homogenous or with at most slightly enlarged tubercles; a few Wildlife Officer, Glenn Sharp falsely accused me of threatening to kill species with distinct rows of paravertebral or dorsolateral spinose him instead! scales; a row of enlarged scales from below the eye to above the ear; The claim was thrown out of court in 2015, when a covertly made tape tympanum exposed (not exposed in Notactenophorus gen. nov. and of a phone call in August 2011, that Sharp himself had made without most Pseudoctenophorus gen. nov.); tail long, ranging from slightly to my knowledge, was played to the court (VCAT 2015). much longer than the head and body; femoral and preanal pores present in males; adult males usually with distinctive black or dark Playing for his own tape recording, he repeatedly stated to me “are grey markings on the throat and/or chest. you threatening me”, to which I repeatedly told him “no” and to “take that idea out of your mind”. Notactenophorus gen. nov. is readily separated from all other members of the genus Ctenophorus (where it has been placed until In defiance of my sensible advice, in the three years post-dating the now, as defined in Cogger 2014) and Pseudoctenophorus gen. nov., 2011 conversation, Sharp himself and several subordinates under his by the following unique suite of characters: Tympanum is hidden being control, continued to harass, stalk and assault innocent members of covered by skin, the body scales are smooth, mostly small, the public as well as breach countless other rules and regulations, homogenous, with scattered larger but small, flat scales, not keeled or including such things as hoon driving through suburban streets, spinose, with a dorsal pattern of a longitudinal dorso-lateral series of breaking numerous road rules, including driving on the wrong side of five or six large black spots on either side. the road, over double lines, into oncoming traffic and even having the audacity to film themselves doing so. Distribution: From Exmouth Gulf region of Western Australia, through the eastern deserts of Western Australia to the south-eastern The photographic and video evidence of this illegal activity that they Northern Territory and adjacent part of far western Queensland. themselves had created, was inadvertently passed to me in the lead up to a court hearing in 2015 (VCAT 2015). Etymology: Named as it is not quite placed in the genus Ctenophorus Fitzinger, 1843, therefore para, and hence is a “para-ctenophorus”. Significantly, Sharp and his fellow wildlife officers under his control are police-protected criminals, as when their own evidence of their Content: Paractenophorus clayi (Storr, 1967) (type species); criminal actions was passed on to the relevant authorities (in this case Paractenophorus raffertyi (Wells and Wellington, 1985). the Victoria Police), they chose not to prosecute him or the other GENUS CTENOPHORUS FITZINGER, 1843. offenders (VCAT 2015). Type species: Grammatophora decresii Dumeìril and Bibron 1837. In other words, if a victim of Sharp’s illegal actions doesn’t take the Diagnosis: Ctenophorus as defined until now (Cogger 2014) is law into their own hands and kill one of Sharp or his underlings, it is defined by the following definition, modified to take into account the considerably more likely that one or more of them will kill themselves, new genera as defined herein. Ctenophorus is defined as an and perhaps an innocent member of the public, as they hoon around Australian agamid genus characterised by small dorsal scales, the streets of Melbourne driving down the wrong side of the road and homogenous or with at most slightly enlarged tubercles; a few species sooner or later crash their car into an oncoming vehicle, as happened with distinct rows of paravertebral or dorsolateral spinose scales; a in a similar case as documented by Hoser (1999). row of enlarged scales from below the eye to above the ear; While I did not know, or know of either Turner, or Turnbull prior to the tympanum exposed (not exposed in Notactenophorus gen. nov. and shooting incident in NSW in 2014, after which both media and family most Pseudoctenophorus gen. nov.); tail long, ranging from slightly to contacted me to give me details of the relevant events, I am very much longer than the head and body; femoral and preanal pores familiar with the kind of situation that gave rise to the shooting and I present in males; adult males usually with distinctive black or dark have absolutely no doubt at all that Turner is totally to blame for grey markings on the throat and/or chest. himself being killed by an otherwise law-abiding man he had The genus Paractenophorus gen. nov. is separated from Ctenophorus, tormented and harassed and publicly humiliated over the previous Notactenophorus gen. nov. and Pseudoctenophorus gen. nov. by the decade. following suite of characters: tympanum exposed; no series of In summary the alcoholic government wildlife officer got what he enlarged, spinose scales on either side of the base of the tail; hindlimb deserved! reaching no further than the tympanum when adpressed; tail usually The word to describe this is Karma! less than 1.5 times as long as the head and body; nasal region is not swollen, the nostril lying below an angular canthal ridge; pores fewer GENUS PARACTENOPHORUS GEN. NOV. than 15; nostril is slit-like or narrowly elliptical. Type species: Amphibolurus clayi Storr, 1967.

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Specimens within the genus Pseudoctenophorus gen. nov. are enlarged, spinose scales on either side of the base of the tail; hindlimb separated from all other Ctenophorus Fitzinger, 1843, the genus they reaching no further than the tympanum when adpressed; tail usually were placed in previously, by the following suite of characters, being less than 1.5 times as long as the head and body; nasal region is not one or other of the following three: swollen, the nostril lying below an angular canthal ridge; pores fewer 1/ Tympanum exposed; a series of enlarged, spinose scales on either than 15; nostril is slit-like or narrowly elliptical. side of the base of the tail (subgenus Pseudoctenophorus subgen. Specimens within the genus Pseudoctenophorus gen. nov. are nov.), or: separated from all other Ctenophorus Fitzinger, 1843, the genus they 2/ Tympanum hidden; covered by skin; body scales are strongly were placed in previously, by the following suite of characters, being heterogeneous, many of the larger scales on the body and head one or other of the following three: keeled or moderately spinose; a series of enlarged, spinose scales on 1/ Tympanum exposed; a series of enlarged, spinose scales on either either side of the base of the tail (subgenus Chapmanagama subgen. side of the base of the tail (subgenus Pseudoctenophorus subgen. nov.), or: nov.), or: 3/ Tympanum hidden; covered by skin; body scales are strongly 2/ Tympanum hidden; covered by skin; body scales are strongly heterogeneous, many of the larger scales on the body and head heterogeneous, many of the larger scales on the body and head keeled or moderately spinose; no series of enlarged, spinose scales keeled or moderately spinose; a series of enlarged, spinose scales on on either side of the base of the tail (subgenus Turnbullagama subgen. either side of the base of the tail (subgenus Chapmanagama subgen. nov.). nov.), or: Notactenophorus gen. nov. is readily separated from all other 3/ Tympanum hidden; covered by skin; body scales are strongly members of the genus Ctenophorus (where it has been placed until heterogeneous, many of the larger scales on the body and head now, as defined in Cogger 2014) and Pseudoctenophorus gen. nov., keeled or moderately spinose; no series of enlarged, spinose scales by the following unique suite of characters: Tympanum is hidden being on either side of the base of the tail (subgenus Turnbullagama subgen. covered by skin, the body scales are smooth, mostly small, nov.). homogenous, with scattered larger but small, flat scales, not keeled or Notactenophorus gen. nov. is readily separated from all other spinose, with a dorsal pattern of a longitudinal dorso-lateral series of members of the genus Ctenophorus (where it has been placed until five or six large black spots on either side. now, as defined in Cogger 2014) and Pseudoctenophorus gen. nov., Distribution: Most parts of continental Australia. by the following unique suite of characters: Tympanum is hidden being Content: C. decresii (Duméril and Bibron, 1837) (type species); covered by skin, the body scales are smooth, mostly small, (Günther, 1875); C. cristatus (Gray, 1841); homogenous, with scattered larger but small, flat scales, not keeled or C. dudleyi Wells and Wellington 1985; C. femoralis (Storr, 1965); C. spinose, with a dorsal pattern of a longitudinal dorso-lateral series of fionni (Procter, 1923); C. fordi (Storr, 1965); C. gibba (Houston, 1974); five or six large black spots on either side. C. hawkeswoodi (Wells and Wellington, 1985); C. isolepis (Fischer, Distribution: Drier parts of southern Western Australia and south- 1881); C. maculatus (Gray, 1831); C. mckenziei (Storr, 1981); C. western South Australia, west of the Spencer Gulf. mirrityana McLean, Moussalli, Sass and Stuart-Fox, 2013; C. Content: Ctenophorus (Licentia) cristatus (Gray, 1841) (monotypic). nguyarna Doughty, Maryan, Melville and Austin, 2007; C. nuchalis (De SUBGENUS PHTHANADON WELLS AND WELLINGTON, 1984. VisS, 1884); C. ornatus (Gray, 1845); C. pictus (Peters, 1866); C. Type species: Uromastyx maculatus Gray, 1831. reticulatus (Gray, 1845); C. rubens (Storr, 1965); C. rufescens (Stirling and Zietz, 1893); C. salinarum Storr, 1966; C. scutulatus (Stirling and Diagnosis: The subgenus as defined herein is considerably narrower Zietz, 1893); C. tjantjalka Johnston, 1992; C. vadnappa Houston, than the original genus as described by Wells and Wellington in 1984. 1974; C. yinnietharra (Storr, 1981). Specimens of Phthanodon Wells and Wellington, 1984 are readily SUBGENUS LICENTIA WELLS AND WELLINGTON, 1984. separated from all other Ctenophorus Fitzinger, 1843 by one or other of the following suites of characters: Type species: Grammatophora christata Gray, 1841. 1/ Tympanum exposed; no series of enlarged, spinose scales on Diagnosis: The subgenus Licentia Wells and Wellington, 1984, is either side of the base of the tail; hindlimb usually reaching to eye or herein treated as monotypic for the type species, noting however that beyond when adpressed; tail usually much more than 1.5 times as it may be composite and the name websteri (Boulenger, 1904) is long as the head and body; canthus rostralis angular or moderately already potentially available for a south-western Australian population. swollen but nostrils, when viewed from above, face outwards as The concept of this grouping is significantly different to that published opposed to distinctly upwards; at most a few enlarged keeled scales by Wells and Wellington, 1985. on the nape; a series of enlarged vertebral scales, if present forming a The subgenus Licentia is herein defined and separated from all other distinct linear series only to about the level of the forelimbs; dorsal and Ctenophorus Fitzinger, 1843 by the following unique suite of even small dorso-lateral scales with distinct sharp central keels characters: forming continuous ridges running obliquely towards vertebral line; Tympanum exposed; no series of enlarged, spinose scales on either scales on the chest strongly keeled; pores more than 32, extending to side of the base of the tail; hindlimb usually reaching to eye or beyond more than halfway along thigh; black on the throat, at least in adult when adpressed; tail usually much more than 1.5 times as long as the males; pre-anal pores not arching in the midline; black throat head and body; canthus rostralis angular or moderately swollen but markings, when present not in a single undivided band and black on nostrils, when viewed from above, face outwards as opposed to chest of males not extending to the abdomen (species: isolepis and distinctly upwards; a distinct nuchal crest; a series of differentiated maculatus), or: small or enlarged keeled scales form a distinct vertebral series along 2/ Tympanum exposed; no series of enlarged, spinose scales on at least the anterior two thirds of the body; dorsal, caudal and hindlimb either side of the base of the tail; hindlimb usually reaching to eye or scales heterogeneous with scattered, enlarged keeled scales, beyond when adpressed; tail usually much more than 1.5 times as especially along the dorso-lateral skin fold; tail without dark dorso- long as the head and body; canthus rostralis angular or moderately lateral streaks, usually banded distally. swollen but nostrils, when viewed from above, face outwards as Ctenophorus as defined until now (Cogger 2014) is defined by the opposed to distinctly upwards; at most a few enlarged keeled scales following definition, modified to take into account the new genera as on the nape; a series of enlarged vertebral scales, if present forming a defined herein. Ctenophorus is defined as an Australian agamid distinct linear series only to about the level of the forelimbs; dorsal and genus characterised by small dorsal scales, homogenous or with at even small dorso-lateral scales with distinct sharp central keels most slightly enlarged tubercles; a few species with distinct rows of forming continuous ridges running obliquely towards vertebral line; paravertebral or dorsolateral spinose scales; a row of enlarged scales scales on the chest strongly keeled; pores 32 or fewer, extending to from below the eye to above the ear; tympanum exposed (not exposed more than halfway along thigh; no black on the throat (species in Notactenophorus gen. nov. and most Pseudoctenophorus gen. femoralis). nov.); tail long, ranging from slightly to much longer than the head and Ctenophorus as defined until now (Cogger 2014) is defined by the body; femoral and preanal pores present in males; adult males usually following definition, modified to take into account the new genera as with distinctive black or dark grey markings on the throat and/or chest. defined herein. Ctenophorus is defined as an Australian agamid The genus Paractenophorus gen. nov. is separated from Ctenophorus, genus characterised by small dorsal scales, homogenous or with at Notactenophorus gen. nov. and Pseudoctenophorus gen. nov. by the most slightly enlarged tubercles; a few species with distinct rows of following suite of characters: tympanum exposed; no series of Hoser 2015 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 30:37-64. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved 48 Australasian Journal of Herpetology paravertebral or dorsolateral spinose scales; a row of enlarged scales nostril elliptical in a swollen nasal scale lying on a swollen canthal from below the eye to above the ear; tympanum exposed (not exposed ridge; tibial region with a series of anterior proximal scales which are in Notactenophorus gen. nov. and most Pseudoctenophorus gen. very much larger than those on the posterior surface (species ornatus nov.); tail long, ranging from slightly to much longer than the head and and yinnietharra). body; femoral and preanal pores present in males; adult males usually Ctenophorus as defined until now (Cogger 2014) is defined by the with distinctive black or dark grey markings on the throat and/or chest. following definition, modified to take into account the new genera as The genus Paractenophorus gen. nov. is separated from Ctenophorus, defined herein. Ctenophorus is defined as an Australian agamid Notactenophorus gen. nov. and Pseudoctenophorus gen. nov. by the genus characterised by small dorsal scales, homogenous or with at following suite of characters: tympanum exposed; no series of most slightly enlarged tubercles; a few species with distinct rows of enlarged, spinose scales on either side of the base of the tail; hindlimb paravertebral or dorsolateral spinose scales; a row of enlarged scales reaching no further than the tympanum when adpressed; tail usually from below the eye to above the ear; tympanum exposed (not exposed less than 1.5 times as long as the head and body; nasal region is not in Notactenophorus gen. nov. and most Pseudoctenophorus gen. swollen, the nostril lying below an angular canthal ridge; pores fewer nov.); tail long, ranging from slightly to much longer than the head and than 15; nostril is slit-like or narrowly elliptical. body; femoral and preanal pores present in males; adult males usually Specimens within the genus Pseudoctenophorus gen. nov. are with distinctive black or dark grey markings on the throat and/or chest. separated from all other Ctenophorus Fitzinger, 1843, the genus they The genus Paractenophorus gen. nov. is separated from Ctenophorus, were placed in previously, by the following suite of characters, being Notactenophorus gen. nov. and Pseudoctenophorus gen. nov. by the one or other of the following three: following suite of characters: tympanum exposed; no series of 1/ Tympanum exposed; a series of enlarged, spinose scales on either enlarged, spinose scales on either side of the base of the tail; hindlimb side of the base of the tail (subgenus Pseudoctenophorus subgen. reaching no further than the tympanum when adpressed; tail usually nov.), or: less than 1.5 times as long as the head and body; nasal region is not 2/ Tympanum hidden; covered by skin; body scales are strongly swollen, the nostril lying below an angular canthal ridge; pores fewer heterogeneous, many of the larger scales on the body and head than 15; nostril is slit-like or narrowly elliptical. keeled or moderately spinose; a series of enlarged, spinose scales on Specimens within the genus Pseudoctenophorus gen. nov. are either side of the base of the tail (subgenus Chapmanagama subgen. separated from all other Ctenophorus Fitzinger, 1843, the genus they nov.), or: were placed previously, by the following suite of characters, being one 3/ Tympanum hidden; covered by skin; body scales are strongly or other of the following three: heterogeneous, many of the larger scales on the body and head 1/ Tympanum exposed; a series of enlarged, spinose scales on either keeled or moderately spinose; no series of enlarged, spinose scales side of the base of the tail (subgenus Pseudoctenophorus subgen. on either side of the base of the tail (subgenus Turnbullagama subgen. nov.), or: nov.). 2/ Tympanum hidden; covered by skin; body scales are strongly Notactenophorus gen. nov. is readily separated from all other heterogeneous, many of the larger scales on the body and head members of the genus Ctenophorus (where it has been placed until keeled or moderately spinose; a series of enlarged, spinose scales on now, as defined in Cogger 2014) and Pseudoctenophorus gen. nov., either side of the base of the tail (subgenus Chapmanagama subgen. by the following unique suite of characters: Tympanum is hidden being nov.), or: covered by skin, the body scales are smooth, mostly small, 3/ Tympanum hidden; covered by skin; body scales are strongly homogenous, with scattered larger but small, flat scales, not keeled or heterogeneous, many of the larger scales on the body and head spinose, with a dorsal pattern of a longitudinal dorso-lateral series of keeled or moderately spinose; no series of enlarged, spinose scales five or six large black spots on either side. on either side of the base of the tail (subgenus Turnbullagama subgen. The taxon Ctenophorus (Phthanodon) hawkeswoodi Wells and nov.). Wellington, 1985 is readily separated from C. fordi, the species it has Notactenophorus gen. nov. is readily separated from all other been synonymised with by all herpetologists since the original members of the genus Ctenophorus (where it has been placed until description both by distribution and colouration. It is found in the now, as defined in Cogger 2014) and Pseudoctenophorus gen. nov., Spinifex belt of central NSW, and the fact that the two yellowish dorso- by the following unique suite of characters: Tympanum is hidden being lateral stripes are one, as opposed to two or more scales wide. covered by skin, the body scales are smooth, mostly small, There is no doubt whatsoever that it is a different species to C. fordi. homogenous, with scattered larger but small, flat scales, not keeled or Distribution: Drier parts of southern Australia from west Victoria and spinose, with a dorsal pattern of a longitudinal dorso-lateral series of NSW, extending north in Western Australia to the Exmouth Gulf. five or six large black spots on either side. Content: Ctenophorus (Phthanodon) maculatus (Gray, 1831) (type); Distribution: Drier parts of northern, central and Western Australia, C. (Phthanodon) femoralis (Storr, 1965); C. (Phthanodon) including the south-west and invariably associated with rock outcrops. hawkeswoodi Wells and Wellington, 1985; C. (Phthanodon) fordi Content: Ctenophorus (Tachyon) caudicinctus (Günther, 1875) (type (Storr, 1965). species); C. (Tachyon) ornatus (Gray, 1845); C. (Tachyon) yinnietharra SUBGENUS TACHYON WELLS AND WELLINGTON, 1985. (Storr, 1981). Type species: Grammatophora caudicincta Günther, 1875. SUBGENUS LEUCOMACULAGAMA SUBGEN. NOV. Diagnosis: Species within the subgenus Tachyon Wells and Type species: Amphibolurus gibba Houston, 1974. Wellington, 1985 are separated from all other Ctenophorus Fitzinger, Diagnosis: Specimens within the subgenus Leucomaculagama 1843 by the following suite of characters being one or other of: subgen. nov. are separated from all other Ctenophorus Fitzinger, 1/ Tympanum exposed; no series of enlarged, spinose scales on 1843, the genus they remain a part of, by the following suite of either side of the base of the tail; hindlimb usually reaching to eye or characters: beyond when adpressed; tail usually much more than 1.5 times as Tympanum exposed, small but distinct; no series of enlarged, spinose long as the head and body; canthus rostralis swollen, but nostrils, scales on either side of the base of the tail; hindlimb usually reaching when viewed from above, face distinctly upwards as opposed to no further than the tympanum when adpressed; tail is usually less than outwards (species caudicinctus) or: 1.5 times as long as the head and body; nasal region not swollen, the 2/ Tympanum exposed; no series of enlarged, spinose scales on nostril lying below and angular canthal ridge; pores more than 25; either side of the base of the tail; hindlimb usually reaching to eye or nostril is oval in shape and facing outward; a series of 20-30 dark beyond when adpressed; tail usually much more than 1.5 times as spots or blotches along each side of the tail. long as the head and body; canthus rostralis angular or moderately Ctenophorus as defined until now (Cogger 2014) is defined by the swollen, but nostrils, when viewed from above, face outwards as following definition, modified to take into account the new genera as opposed to distinctly upwards (as seen in the species caudicinctus); at defined herein. Ctenophorus is defined as an Australian agamid most a few enlarged keeled scales on the nape; a series of enlarged genus characterised by small dorsal scales, homogenous or with at vertebral scales, if present, forming a distinct linear series only to most slightly enlarged tubercles; a few species with distinct rows of about the level of the forelimbs; dorsal scales at most with low, paravertebral or dorsolateral spinose scales; a row of enlarged scales irregular keels which do not form distinct continuous ridges; dorso- from below the eye to above the ear; tympanum exposed (not exposed lateral scales and those on the chest smooth, or with low blunt edges; in Notactenophorus gen. nov. and most Pseudoctenophorus gen.

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nov.); tail long, ranging from slightly to much longer than the head and than 15; nostril is slit-like or narrowly elliptical. body; femoral and preanal pores present in males; adult males usually Specimens within the genus Pseudoctenophorus gen. nov. are with distinctive black or dark grey markings on the throat and/or chest. separated from all other Ctenophorus Fitzinger, 1843, the genus they The genus Paractenophorus gen. nov. is separated from Ctenophorus, were placed in previously, by the following suite of characters, being Notactenophorus gen. nov. and Pseudoctenophorus gen. nov. by the one or other of the following three: following suite of characters: tympanum exposed; no series of 1/ Tympanum exposed; a series of enlarged, spinose scales on either enlarged, spinose scales on either side of the base of the tail; hindlimb side of the base of the tail (subgenus Pseudoctenophorus subgen. reaching no further than the tympanum when adpressed; tail usually nov.), or: less than 1.5 times as long as the head and body; nasal region is not 2/ Tympanum hidden; covered by skin; body scales are strongly swollen, the nostril lying below an angular canthal ridge; pores fewer heterogeneous, many of the larger scales on the body and head than 15; nostril is slit-like or narrowly elliptical. keeled or moderately spinose; a series of enlarged, spinose scales on Specimens within the genus Pseudoctenophorus gen. nov. are either side of the base of the tail (subgenus Chapmanagama subgen. separated from all other Ctenophorus Fitzinger, 1843, the genus they nov.), or: were placed previously, by the following suite of characters, being one 3/ Tympanum hidden; covered by skin; body scales are strongly or other of the following three: heterogeneous, many of the larger scales on the body and head 1/ Tympanum exposed; a series of enlarged, spinose scales on either keeled or moderately spinose; no series of enlarged, spinose scales side of the base of the tail (subgenus Pseudoctenophorus subgen. on either side of the base of the tail (subgenus Turnbullagama subgen. nov.), or: nov.). 2/ Tympanum hidden; covered by skin; body scales are strongly Notactenophorus gen. nov. is readily separated from all other heterogeneous, many of the larger scales on the body and head members of the genus Ctenophorus (where it has been placed until keeled or moderately spinose; a series of enlarged, spinose scales on now, as defined in Cogger 2014) and Pseudoctenophorus gen. nov., either side of the base of the tail (subgenus Chapmanagama subgen. by the following unique suite of characters: Tympanum is hidden being nov.), or: covered by skin, the body scales are smooth, mostly small, 3/ Tympanum hidden; covered by skin; body scales are strongly homogenous, with scattered larger but small, flat scales, not keeled or heterogeneous, many of the larger scales on the body and head spinose, with a dorsal pattern of a longitudinal dorso-lateral series of keeled or moderately spinose; no series of enlarged, spinose scales five or six large black spots on either side. on either side of the base of the tail (subgenus Turnbullagama subgen. Distribution: Drier parts of the interior and southern regions of nov.). Western Australia. Notactenophorus gen. nov. is readily separated from all other Etymology: Named in reflection of the sand dwelling nature of the members of the genus Ctenophorus (where it has been placed until component species and the fact it/they is/are an agamid. now, as defined in Cogger 2014) and Pseudoctenophorus gen. nov., Content: Ctenophorus (Arenicolagama) salinarum Storr, 1966 (type by the following unique suite of characters: Tympanum is hidden being species); C. (Arenicolagama) nguyarna Doughty, Maryan, Melville and covered by skin, the body scales are smooth, mostly small, Austin, 2007. homogenous, with scattered larger but small, flat scales, not keeled or SUBGENUS VALENAGAMA SUBGEN. NOV. spinose, with a dorsal pattern of a longitudinal dorso-lateral series of five or six large black spots on either side. Type species: Grammatophora reticulata Gray, 1845. Distribution: Known only from the Lake Eyre basin in north-eastern Diagnosis: Specimens within the subgenus Valenagama subgen. nov. South Australia. are separated from all other Ctenophorus Fitzinger, 1843, the genus they remain a part of, by the following suite of characters: Etymology: Named in reflection of the Latin derivative of its colour pattern (white spots or more commonly speckling) and the fact it is an Tympanum exposed; no series of enlarged, spinose scales on either agamid. side of the base of the tail; hindlimb reaching no further than the tympanum when adpressed; tail usually less than 1.5 times as long as Content: Ctenophorus (Leucomaculagama) gibba (Houston, 1974) the head and body; nasal region swollen, the nostril lying on or above (monotypic). the curved canthal ridge. SUBGENUS ARENICOLAGAMA SUBGEN. NOV. Ctenophorus as defined until now (Cogger 2014) is defined by the Type species: Amphibolurus salinarum Storr, 1966. following definition, modified to take into account the new genera as Diagnosis: Specimens within the subgenus Arenicolagama subgen. defined herein. Ctenophorus is defined as an Australian agamid nov. are separated from all other Ctenophorus Fitzinger, 1843, the genus characterised by small dorsal scales, homogenous or with at genus they remain a part of, by the following suite of characters: most slightly enlarged tubercles; a few species with distinct rows of Tympanum exposed; no series of enlarged, spinose scales on either paravertebral or dorsolateral spinose scales; a row of enlarged scales side of the base of the tail; hindlimb reaching no further than the from below the eye to above the ear; tympanum exposed (not exposed tympanum when adpressed; tail usually less than 1.5 times as long as in Notactenophorus gen. nov. and most Pseudoctenophorus gen. the head and body; nasal region is not swollen, the nostril lying below nov.); tail long, ranging from slightly to much longer than the head and an angular canthal ridge; pores fewer than 25, nostril is circular or body; femoral and preanal pores present in males; adult males usually broadly elliptical; no linear series of dark spots or blotches along each with distinctive black or dark grey markings on the throat and/or chest. side of the tail; dorsal scalation heterogeneous, with numerous low, The genus Paractenophorus gen. nov. is separated from Ctenophorus, enlarged scales on the back and sides. Notactenophorus gen. nov. and Pseudoctenophorus gen. nov. by the Ctenophorus as defined until now (Cogger 2014) is defined by the following suite of characters: tympanum exposed; no series of following definition, modified to take into account the new genera as enlarged, spinose scales on either side of the base of the tail; hindlimb defined herein. Ctenophorus is defined as an Australian agamid reaching no further than the tympanum when adpressed; tail usually genus characterised by small dorsal scales, homogenous or with at less than 1.5 times as long as the head and body; nasal region is not most slightly enlarged tubercles; a few species with distinct rows of swollen, the nostril lying below an angular canthal ridge; pores fewer paravertebral or dorsolateral spinose scales; a row of enlarged scales than 15; nostril is slit-like or narrowly elliptical. from below the eye to above the ear; tympanum exposed (not exposed Specimens within the genus Pseudoctenophorus gen. nov. are in Notactenophorus gen. nov. and most Pseudoctenophorus gen. separated from all other Ctenophorus Fitzinger, 1843, the genus they nov.); tail long, ranging from slightly to much longer than the head and were placed in previously, by the following suite of characters, being body; femoral and preanal pores present in males; adult males usually one or other of the following three: with distinctive black or dark grey markings on the throat and/or chest. 1/ Tympanum exposed; a series of enlarged, spinose scales on either The genus Paractenophorus gen. nov. is separated from Ctenophorus, side of the base of the tail (subgenus Pseudoctenophorus subgen. Notactenophorus gen. nov. and Pseudoctenophorus gen. nov. by the nov.), or: following suite of characters: tympanum exposed; no series of 2/ Tympanum hidden; covered by skin; body scales are strongly enlarged, spinose scales on either side of the base of the tail; hindlimb heterogeneous, many of the larger scales on the body and head reaching no further than the tympanum when adpressed; tail usually keeled or moderately spinose; a series of enlarged, spinose scales on less than 1.5 times as long as the head and body; nasal region is not either side of the base of the tail (subgenus Chapmanagama subgen. swollen, the nostril lying below an angular canthal ridge; pores fewer nov.), or:

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3/ Tympanum hidden; covered by skin; body scales are strongly enlarged, spinose scales on either side of the base of the tail; hindlimb heterogeneous, many of the larger scales on the body and head reaching no further than the tympanum when adpressed; tail usually keeled or moderately spinose; no series of enlarged, spinose scales less than 1.5 times as long as the head and body; nasal region is not on either side of the base of the tail (subgenus Turnbullagama subgen. swollen, the nostril lying below an angular canthal ridge; pores fewer nov.). than 15; nostril is slit-like or narrowly elliptical. Notactenophorus gen. nov. is readily separated from all other Specimens within the genus Pseudoctenophorus gen. nov. are members of the genus Ctenophorus (where it has been placed until separated from all other Ctenophorus Fitzinger, 1843, the genus they now, as defined in Cogger 2014) and Pseudoctenophorus gen. nov., were placed in previously, by the following suite of characters, being by the following unique suite of characters: Tympanum is hidden being one or other of the following three: covered by skin, the body scales are smooth, mostly small, 1/ Tympanum exposed; a series of enlarged, spinose scales on either homogenous, with scattered larger but small, flat scales, not keeled or side of the base of the tail (subgenus Pseudoctenophorus subgen. spinose, with a dorsal pattern of a longitudinal dorso-lateral series of nov.), or: five or six large black spots on either side. 2/ Tympanum hidden; covered by skin; body scales are strongly Distribution: Drier parts of Australia except for the far south. heterogeneous, many of the larger scales on the body and head Etymology: Named in reflection of the stout build of the relevant keeled or moderately spinose; a series of enlarged, spinose scales on species and that they are agamid lizards. either side of the base of the tail (subgenus Chapmanagama subgen. Content: Ctenophorus (Valenagama) reticulatus (Gray, 1845) (type nov.), or: species); C. (Valenagama) nuchalis (De Vis, 1884); 3/ Tympanum hidden; covered by skin; body scales are strongly SUBGENUS AURANTIACOAGAMA SUBGEN. NOV. heterogeneous, many of the larger scales on the body and head Type species: Grammatophora isolepis Fischer, 1881. keeled or moderately spinose; no series of enlarged, spinose scales on either side of the base of the tail (subgenus Turnbullagama subgen. Diagnosis: Phthanodon Wells and Wellington, 1984 as defined by nov.). those authors, included species within this subgenus (Aurantiacoagama subgen .nov.). It is clearly the contention here, Notactenophorus gen. nov. is readily separated from all other based on published molecular and morphological data as already members of the genus Ctenophorus (where it has been placed until cited herein, that the species within Aurantiacoagama subgen .nov. now, as defined in Cogger 2014) and Pseudoctenophorus gen. nov., are sufficiently different and divergent as to qualify to be placed in by the following unique suite of characters: Tympanum is hidden being their own taxonomic group and hence the erection of this subgenus, covered by skin, the body scales are smooth, mostly small, which is different to Phthanodon Wells and Wellington, 1984 as homogenous, with scattered larger but small, flat scales, not keeled or effectively redescribed above. spinose, with a dorsal pattern of a longitudinal dorso-lateral series of five or six large black spots on either side. Specimens within the subgenus Aurantiacoagama subgen. nov. are separated from all other Ctenophorus Fitzinger, 1843, the genus they Distribution: Drier parts of the western two thirds of Australia south of remain a part of, by the following suite of characters, these being one the tropical zone. or other of: Etymology: Named in reflection of the orangeish colouration of most 1/ Tympanum exposed; no series of enlarged, spinose scales on specimens and the fact that they are an agamid. either side of the base of the tail; hindlimb usually reaching to eye or Content: Ctenophorus (Aurantiacoagama) isolepis (Fischer, 1881) beyond when adpressed; tail usually much more than 1.5 times as (type species); C. (Aurantiacoagama) mckenziei (Storr, 1981); C. long as the head and body; canthus rostralis angular or moderately (Aurantiacoagama) rubens (Storr, 1965); C. (Aurantiacoagama) swollen, but nostrils when viewed from above, face outwards (as scutulatus (Stirling and Zietz, 1893). opposed to upwards in the species Ctenophorus (Tachyon) SUBGENUS MEMBRUMVARIEGATAGAMA SUBGEN. NOV. caudicinctus); a distinct nuchal crest; a series of differentiated small or Type species: Amphibolurus pictus Peters, 1866. enlarged keeled scales form a distinct vertebral series along at least Diagnosis: Specimens within the subgenus Membrumvariegatagama the anterior two-thirds of the body; dorsal, caudal and hindlimb scales subgen. nov. are separated from all other Ctenophorus Fitzinger, homogeneous; a dark brown zig zag dorso-lateral streak along each 1843, the genus they remain a part of, by the following suite of side of the tail which is never banded (species mckenziei and characters: scutulatus), or: Tympanum exposed, no series of enlarged, spinose scales on either 2/ Tympanum exposed; no series of enlarged, spinose scales on side of the base of the tail; hindlimb usually reaching no further than either side of the base of the tail; hindlimb usually reaching to eye or the tympanum when adpressed; tail is usually less than 1.5 times as beyond when adpressed; tail usually much more than 1.5 times as long as the head and body; nasal region not swollen, the nostril lying long as the head and body; canthus rostralis angular or moderately below and angular canthal ridge; pores more than 25; nostril is round swollen, but nostrils when viewed from above, face outwards (as in shape and facing outward in an enlarged nasal scale below the opposed to upwards in the species Ctenophorus (Tachyon) canthal ridge; no linear series of dark spots or blotches along each caudicinctus); at most a few enlarged keeled scales on the nape; a side of the tail; dorsal scalation is homogenous, without scattered series of enlarged vertebral scales, if present, forming a distinct linear enlarged scales on the back and sides. series only to about the level of the forelimbs; dorsal and even small Ctenophorus as defined until now (Cogger 2014) is defined by the dorso-lateral scales with distinct sharp central keels forming following definition, modified to take into account the new genera as continuous ridges running obliquely towards the vertebral line; scales defined herein. Ctenophorus is defined as an Australian agamid on the chest strongly keeled; pores more than 32 and extending more genus characterised by small dorsal scales, homogenous or with at than halfway along the thigh; black on throat at least in the males; pre- most slightly enlarged tubercles; a few species with distinct rows of anal pores arching forward to an apex on the midline; a single broad, paravertebral or dorsolateral spinose scales; a row of enlarged scales undivided throat marking in males and black on the chest of males from below the eye to above the ear; tympanum exposed (not exposed extends back to the abdomen (species isolepis and rubens). in Notactenophorus gen. nov. and most Pseudoctenophorus gen. Ctenophorus as defined until now (Cogger 2014) is defined by the nov.); tail long, ranging from slightly to much longer than the head and following definition, modified to take into account the new genera as body; femoral and preanal pores present in males; adult males usually defined herein. Ctenophorus is defined as an Australian agamid with distinctive black or dark grey markings on the throat and/or chest. genus characterised by small dorsal scales, homogenous or with at The genus Paractenophorus gen. nov. is separated from Ctenophorus, most slightly enlarged tubercles; a few species with distinct rows of Notactenophorus gen. nov. and Pseudoctenophorus gen. nov. by the paravertebral or dorsolateral spinose scales; a row of enlarged scales following suite of characters: tympanum exposed; no series of from below the eye to above the ear; tympanum exposed (not exposed enlarged, spinose scales on either side of the base of the tail; hindlimb in Notactenophorus gen. nov. and most Pseudoctenophorus gen. reaching no further than the tympanum when adpressed; tail usually nov.); tail long, ranging from slightly to much longer than the head and less than 1.5 times as long as the head and body; nasal region is not body; femoral and preanal pores present in males; adult males usually swollen, the nostril lying below an angular canthal ridge; pores fewer with distinctive black or dark grey markings on the throat and/or chest. than 15; nostril is slit-like or narrowly elliptical. The genus Paractenophorus gen. nov. is separated from Ctenophorus, Specimens within the genus Pseudoctenophorus gen. nov. are Notactenophorus gen. nov. and Pseudoctenophorus gen. nov. by the separated from all other Ctenophorus Fitzinger, 1843, the genus they following suite of characters: tympanum exposed; no series of

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were placed in previously, by the following suite of characters, being the base of the tail are smaller than the lateral spines along the sides one or other of the following three: of the body; the lighter dorso-linear blotches above the lateral flanks 1/ Tympanum exposed; a series of enlarged, spinose scales on either are of even curvature when viewed from above; there are distinct side of the base of the tail (subgenus Pseudoctenophorus subgen. white-tipped spines on the posterior lateral edge of the back legs; the nov.), or: spines of the nuchal crest are distinctive in that they are easily noticed. 2/ Tympanum hidden; covered by skin; body scales are strongly Rankinia boylani Wells and Wellington, 1984, herein restricted to heterogeneous, many of the larger scales on the body and head NSW in the vicinity of the Sydney basin, including the Blue Mountains, keeled or moderately spinose; a series of enlarged, spinose scales on as far west at Mount Victoria (the type locality), but presumed to either side of the base of the tail (subgenus Chapmanagama subgen. include most other specimens of Rankinia from New South Wales nov.), or: north of Goulburn, is separated from the other five species by the 3/ Tympanum hidden; covered by skin; body scales are strongly following characters: the lateral spines running on each side from the heterogeneous, many of the larger scales on the body and head base of the tail are considerably larger than the lateral spines along keeled or moderately spinose; no series of enlarged, spinose scales the sides of the body; the lighter dorso-linear blotches above the on either side of the base of the tail (subgenus Turnbullagama subgen. lateral flanks are not of even curvature when viewed from above, nov.). these being larger at the posterior edge; there are no distinct white- tipped spines on the posterior lateral edge of the back legs; the spines Notactenophorus gen. nov. is readily separated from all other of the nuchal crest are not distinctive in that they are easily not members of the genus Ctenophorus (where it has been placed until noticed. now, as defined in Cogger 2014) and Pseudoctenophorus gen. nov., by the following unique suite of characters: Tympanum is hidden being Rankinia neildaviei sp. nov. herein confined to the Grampians in covered by skin, the body scales are smooth, mostly small, south-western Victoria, is separated from the other five species by the homogenous, with scattered larger but small, flat scales, not keeled or following characters: the dorsal spines on the anterior part of the tail spinose, with a dorsal pattern of a longitudinal dorso-lateral series of are large; there are no distinct white-tipped spines on the posterior five or six large black spots on either side. lateral edge of the back legs; the lighter dorso-linear blotches above the lateral flanks are all or mostly of even curvature when viewed from Distribution: Drier parts of southern Australia within an area not above; the banding on the hind limbs is distinct (as opposed to including the red centre and regions anywhere near the west or east obvious banding that is indistinct in some other species in the genus, coasts. including R. diemensis and R. boylani). Etymology: Named in reflection of the variegated patterning on the Rankinia hoserae sp. nov. is the taxon found around Anglesea on the limbs and that they are an agamid group of lizards. central Victorian coast and the highlands of central Victoria in Content: Ctenophorus (Membrumvariegatagama) pictus (Peters, scattered locations including Kinglake National Park and Wombat 1866) (type species); C. (Membrumvariegatagama) dudleyi (Wells and State Forest. It is separated from the other five species by the Wellington, 1985). following characters: the hind legs have no obvious banding; GENUS RANKINIA WELLS AND WELLINGTON, 1984. exceptionally large spines on the upper body and in particular between Type species: Grammatophora diemensis muricatus Gray, 1841. the rear legs; some of the scale spines on the rear of the hind legs are Diagnosis: Noting that Wells and Wellington were widely lampooned either white or yellowish in colour; scales forming the nuchal crest are at the time they erected the genus, it is significant to note the test of small, distinct and apart. time and new molecular technology not available to the pair in 1984, Rankinia jameswhybrowi sp. nov. is the species found in the hills just has validated their good judgement. east of Lake Eildon, Victoria and in the ranges to the north of there. It However the genus as conceived by the pair in 1984, has been is separated from the other five species by the following characters: modified by most authors since, to be monotypic for the species the lighter dorso-linear blotches above the lateral flanks are of even Rankinia diemensis Gray, 1841. curvature when viewed from above and noticeably elongate in shape Dissenting again from that consensus has been Wells and Wellington, and to an extent not seen in any of the other species; the tail is who in 1984, formally named the taxon Rankinia boylani to separate strongly banded, versus indistinctly banded in the other species; the the Blue Mountains of NSW population from that of Tasmania (the nuchal crest is so poorly developed as to appear absent. nominate form of diemensis). Rankinia fergussonae sp. nov. from Goonoo National Park, NSW is The published results of Ng et al. (2014) with supporting molecular defined and separated from the other five species in the genus by the data, not only supported the Wells and Wellington contention that their following: It is similar in most respects to R. boylani, from which it is Rankinia boylani was in fact a valid species, but further that there differentiated by its more prominent nuchal crest scales (prominent were in fact four more valid species level taxa within the Rankinia versus very hard to see) and the presence of a well-developed white diemensis species complex. line along the lower lateral flank of the body on either side, which is indistinct in R. boylani and usually not white in colour, but light greyish With names unavailable for four of these species, all six are formally instead or if whitish in R. boylani, is invariably broken. defined herein, and separated from one another in the text that follows. Distribution: Uplands of south-eastern Australia, including suitable habitat on and near the coast, usually being rocky hills, or stony and The genus Rankinia Wells and Wellington, 1984, is separated from all sandy areas on associated plateaus. This includes eastern NSW from other Australian agamids by the following suite of characters: areas north of Sydney, through Victoria as far west as the Grampians, Body is without very large conical spines or a spiny nuchal hump; no including Bass Strait islands and most of Tasmania, particularly the large skin frill around the neck; tail is not compressed and with a eastern half. The population from north-east of Dubbo in NSW lateral keel, it does not have a strongly differentiated dorsal keel; a (Rankinia fergussonae sp. nov.) appears to be an outlier population. vertebral series of enlarged scales present or absent on the back; if present, three or more femoral pores present on each side; femoral Content: Rankinia diemensis (Gray, 1841) (type species); R. boylani Wells and Wellington, 1984; R. fergussonae sp. nov.; R. hoserae sp. pores present; a single row of spinose scales on sides of the base of nov.; R. jameswhybrowi sp. nov.; R. neildaviei sp. nov.. the tail; lower edge of supralabials straight or at most slightly curved, forming a more or less straight or even edge to the upper lip; no row of SPECIES RANKINIA DIEMENSIS (GRAY, 1841). enlarged scales from below eye to above ear; dorsal scales of body See for genus (above). heterogeneous, but with either distinctive vertebral and paravertebral SPECIES RANKINIA BOYLANI WELLS AND WELLINGTON, 1984. rows of enlarged, keeled or spinose scales and with a poorly See for genus above. developed nuchal crest (that varies in development between species), SPECIES RANKINIA HOSERAE SP. NOV. no dorsal crest and sometimes a distinct vertebral ridge; tympanum Holotype: Preserved specimen number D71911 held at the National distinct; enlarged spinose scales along each side of the base of the Museum of Victoria in Melbourne, Australia, collected in 2004 at tail. Anglesea, Victoria, Australia, Latitude -38.42, Longitude 144.18. This Within the genus Rankinia, each of the six morphologically similar is a government owned facility that allows access to its holdings of species are identified and separated from one another as follows: specimens. Rankinia diemensis (Gray, 1841), herein restricted to Tasmania and Paratype: A preserved specimen held at the Australian National main Bass Strait Islands, is separated from the other five species by Wildlife Collection (ANWC), in Canberra, ACT, Australia, specimen the following characters: the lateral spines running on each side from number: R02212 collected at Anglesea, Victoria, Australia, Latitude - Hoser 2015 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 30:37-64. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved 52 Australasian Journal of Herpetology

38.42, Longitude 144.18. This is a government owned facility that heterogeneous, but with either distinctive vertebral and paravertebral allows access to its holdings of specimens. rows of enlarged, keeled or spinose scales and with a poorly Diagnosis: Within the genus Rankinia, each of the six developed nuchal crest (that varies in development between species), morphologically similar species are identified and separated from one no dorsal crest and sometimes a distinct vertebral ridge; tympanum another as follows: distinct; enlarged spinose scales along each side of the base of the Rankinia hoserae sp. nov. is the taxon found around Anglesea on the tail. central Victorian coast and the highlands of central Victoria in Distribution: Central Victoria, in scattered locations of suitable habitat scattered locations including Kinglake National Park and Wombat in conservation reserves, including near Anglesea to the south-west of State Forest. It is separated from the other five species in Rankinia Melbourne, Wombat State Forest, near Bacchus Marsh, about 50 km Wells and Wellington, 1984 by the following characters: the hind legs west, north-west of Melbourne and Kinglake National Park about 50 have no obvious banding; exceptionally large spines on the upper km north, north-east of Melbourne, the three locations each body and in particular between the rear legs; some of the scale spines representing significantly different climatic zones. on the rear of the hind legs are either white or yellowish in colour; Etymology: Named in honour of my wife, Shireen Hoser in scales forming the nuchal crest are small, distinct and apart. recognition of her massive contribution to herpetology on a global Rankinia jameswhybrowi sp. nov. is the species found in the hills just scale over nearly two decades. east of Lake Eildon, Victoria and in the ranges to the north of there. It SPECIES RANKINIA JAMESWHYBROWI SP. NOV. is separated from the other five species of Rankinia Wells and Holotype: A female preserved specimen number: D71904 collected in Wellington, 1984 by the following characters: the lighter dorso-linear 2004 at the Big River State Forest, Victoria, 200 metres south of the blotches above the lateral flanks are of even curvature when viewed confluence of Taponga River and White Creek, Latitude -37.37, from above and noticeably elongate in shape and to an extent not Longitude 146.05, held at the National Museum of Victoria in seen in any of the other species; the tail is strongly banded, versus Melbourne, Australia. indistinctly banded in the other species; the nuchal crest is so poorly This is a government facility that allows access to its holdings. developed as to appear absent. Diagnosis: Within the genus Rankinia, each of the six Rankinia diemensis (Gray, 1841), herein restricted to Tasmania and morphologically similar species are identified and separated from one Bass Strait Islands, is separated from the other five species in another as follows: Rankinia Wells and Wellington, 1984 by the following characters: the Rankinia jameswhybrowi sp. nov. is the species found in the hills just lateral spines running on each side from the base of the tail are east of Lake Eildon, Victoria and in the ranges to the north of there. It smaller than the lateral spines along the sides of the body; the lighter is separated from the other five species of Rankinia Wells and dorso-linear blotches above the lateral flanks are of even curvature Wellington, 1984 by the following characters: the lighter dorso-linear when viewed from above; there are distinct white-tipped spines on the blotches above the lateral flanks are of even curvature when viewed posterior lateral edge of the back legs; the spines of the nuchal crest from above and noticeably elongate in shape and to an extent not are distinctive in that they are easily noticed. seen in any of the other species; the tail is strongly banded, versus Rankinia boylani Wells and Wellington, 1984, herein restricted to indistinctly banded in the other species; the nuchal crest is so poorly NSW in the vicinity of the Sydney basin, including the Blue Mountains, developed as to appear absent. as far west at Mount Victoria (the type locality), but presumed to Rankinia diemensis (Gray, 1841), herein restricted to Tasmania and include most other specimens of Rankinia from New South Wales Bass Strait Islands, is separated from the other five species by the north of Goulburn, is separated from the other five species in Rankinia following characters: the lateral spines running on each side from the Wells and Wellington, 1984 by the following characters: the lateral base of the tail are smaller than the lateral spines along the sides of spines running on each side from the base of the tail are considerably the body; the lighter dorso-linear blotches above the lateral flanks are larger than the lateral spines along the sides of the body; the lighter of even curvature when viewed from above; there are distinct white- dorso-linear blotches above the lateral flanks are not of even tipped spines on the posterior lateral edge of the back legs; the spines curvature when viewed from above, these being larger at the posterior of the nuchal crest are distinctive in that they are easily noticed. edge; there are no distinct white-tipped spines on the posterior lateral edge of the back legs; the spines of the nuchal crest are not distinctive Rankinia boylani Wells and Wellington, 1984, herein restricted to in that they are easily not noticed. NSW in the vicinity of the Sydney basin, including the Blue Mountains, as far west at Mount Victoria (the type locality), but presumed to Rankinia neildaviei sp. nov. herein confined to the Grampians in include most other specimens of Rankinia from New South Wales south-western Victoria, is separated from the other five species in north of Goulburn, is separated from the other five species by the Rankinia Wells and Wellington, 1984 by the following characters: the following characters: the lateral spines running on each side from the dorsal spines on the anterior part of the tail are large; there are no base of the tail are considerably larger than the lateral spines along distinct white-tipped spines on the posterior lateral edge of the back the sides of the body; the lighter dorso-linear blotches above the legs; the lighter dorso-linear blotches above the lateral flanks are all or lateral flanks are not of even curvature when viewed from above, mostly of even curvature when viewed from above; the banding on the these being larger at the posterior edge; there are no distinct white- hind limbs is distinct (as opposed to obvious banding that is indistinct tipped spines on the posterior lateral edge of the back legs; the spines in some other species in the genus, including R. diemensis and R. of the nuchal crest are not distinctive in that they are easily not boylani). noticed. Rankinia fergussonae sp. nov. from Goonoo National Park, NSW is Rankinia neildaviei sp. nov. herein confined to the Grampians in defined and separated from the other five species in the genus south-western Victoria, is separated from the other five species by the Rankinia Wells and Wellington, 1984 by the following: It is similar in following characters: the dorsal spines on the anterior part of the tail most respects to R. boylani, from which it is differentiated by its more are large; there are no distinct white-tipped spines on the posterior prominent nuchal crest scales (prominent versus very hard to see) lateral edge of the back legs; the lighter dorso-linear blotches above and the presence of a well-developed white line along the lower lateral the lateral flanks are all or mostly of even curvature when viewed from flank of the body on either side, which is indistinct in R. boylani and above; the banding on the hind limbs is distinct (as opposed to usually not white in colour, but light greyish instead or if whitish in R. obvious banding that is indistinct in some other species in the genus, boylani, is invariably broken. including R. diemensis and R. boylani). The genus Rankinia Wells and Wellington, 1984, is separated from all Rankinia hoserae sp. nov. is the taxon found around Anglesea on the other Australian agamids by the following suite of characters: central Victorian coast and the highlands of central Victoria in Body is without very large conical spines or a spiny nuchal hump; no scattered locations including Kinglake National Park and Wombat large skin frill around the neck; tail is not compressed and with a State Forest. It is separated from the other five species by the lateral keel, it does not have a strongly differentiated dorsal keel; a following characters: the hind legs have no obvious banding; vertebral series of enlarged scales present or absent on the back; if exceptionally large spines on the upper body and in particular between present, three or more femoral pores present on each side; femoral the rear legs; some of the scale spines on the rear of the hind legs are pores present; a single row of spinose scales on sides of the base of either white or yellowish in colour; scales forming the nuchal crest are the tail; lower edge of supralabials straight or at most slightly curved, small, distinct and apart. forming a more or less straight or even edge to the upper lip; no row of Rankinia fergussonae sp. nov. from Goonoo National Park, NSW is enlarged scales from below eye to above ear; dorsal scales of body defined and separated from the other five species in the genus by the

Hoser 2015 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 30:37-64. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved Australasian Journal of Herpetology 53

following: It is similar in most respects to R. boylani, from which it is Bass Strait Islands, is separated from the other five species in differentiated by its more prominent nuchal crest scales (prominent Rankinia Wells and Wellington, 1984 by the following characters: the versus very hard to see) and the presence of a well-developed white lateral spines running on each side from the base of the tail are line along the lower lateral flank of the body on either side, which is smaller than the lateral spines along the sides of the body; the lighter indistinct in R. boylani and usually not white in colour, but light greyish dorso-linear blotches above the lateral flanks are of even curvature instead or if whitish in R. boylani, is invariably broken. when viewed from above; there are distinct white-tipped spines on the The genus Rankinia Wells and Wellington, 1984, is separated from all posterior lateral edge of the back legs; the spines of the nuchal crest other Australian agamids by the following suite of characters: are distinctive in that they are easily noticed. Body is without very large conical spines or a spiny nuchal hump; no Rankinia boylani Wells and Wellington, 1984, herein restricted to large skin frill around the neck; tail is not compressed and with a NSW in the vicinity of the Sydney basin, including the Blue Mountains, lateral keel, it does not have a strongly differentiated dorsal keel; a as far west at Mount Victoria (the type locality), but presumed to vertebral series of enlarged scales present or absent on the back; if include most other specimens of Rankinia from New South Wales present, three or more femoral pores present on each side; femoral north of Goulburn, is separated from the other five species in Rankinia pores present; a single row of spinose scales on sides of the base of Wells and Wellington, 1984 by the following characters: the lateral the tail; lower edge of supralabials straight or at most slightly curved, spines running on each side from the base of the tail are considerably forming a more or less straight or even edge to the upper lip; no row of larger than the lateral spines along the sides of the body; the lighter enlarged scales from below eye to above ear; dorsal scales of body dorso-linear blotches above the lateral flanks are not of even heterogeneous, but with either distinctive vertebral and paravertebral curvature when viewed from above, these being larger at the posterior rows of enlarged, keeled or spinose scales and with a poorly edge; there are no distinct white-tipped spines on the posterior lateral developed nuchal crest (that varies in development between species), edge of the back legs; the spines of the nuchal crest are not distinctive no dorsal crest and sometimes a distinct vertebral ridge; tympanum in that they are easily not noticed. distinct; enlarged spinose scales along each side of the base of the Rankinia fergussonae sp. nov. from Goonoo National Park, NSW is tail. defined and separated from the other five species in the genus Distribution: Known from the ranges east of Lake Eildon and north- Rankinia Wells and Wellington, 1984 by the following: It is similar in east of there, presumably to or beyond the NSW border, where most respects to R. boylani, from which it is differentiated by its more pockets of suitable habitat exists. prominent nuchal crest scales (prominent versus very hard to see) Etymology: Named in honour of James Whybrow, aged 10 in 2015, and the presence of a well-developed white line along the lower lateral son of Pete Whybrow and Judy Fergusson of Taggerty, Victoria, flank of the body on either side, which is indistinct in R. boylani and Australia in recognition to his already significant contributions to usually not white in colour, but light greyish instead or if whitish in R. herpetology and the music industry. In spite of his youth, James plays boylani, is invariably broken. concerts with various instruments in pubs, clubs and hotels on a The genus Rankinia Wells and Wellington, 1984, is separated from all regular basis to an ever expanding fan base and forever advocating other Australian agamids by the following suite of characters: the causes of animal welfare and wildlife conservation, proving that it Body is without very large conical spines or a spiny nuchal hump; no is possible to achieve stardom in Australia without having to attack large skin frill around the neck; tail is not compressed and with a and torment animals in unspeakable acts of cruelty for TV audiences lateral keel, it does not have a strongly differentiated dorsal keel; a and at the same time yell “crikey” so done by the Irwin family of vertebral series of enlarged scales present or absent on the back; if Queensland. present, three or more femoral pores present on each side; femoral SPECIES RANKINIA NEILDAVIEI SP. NOV. pores present; a single row of spinose scales on sides of the base of Holotype: A preserved specimen at the South Australian Museum, the tail; lower edge of supralabials straight or at most slightly curved, Adelaide, Australia, specimen number: R3190, collected at Mount forming a more or less straight or even edge to the upper lip; no row of William in the Grampians, Victoria, Latitude -37.30, Longitude 142.60. enlarged scales from below eye to above ear; dorsal scales of body heterogeneous, but with either distinctive vertebral and paravertebral The South Australian Museum in Adelaide, Australia is a government rows of enlarged, keeled or spinose scales and with a poorly owned facility that allows access to its specimens. developed nuchal crest (that varies in development between species), Diagnosis: Within the genus Rankinia, each of the six no dorsal crest and sometimes a distinct vertebral ridge; tympanum morphologically similar species are identified and separated from one distinct; enlarged spinose scales along each side of the base of the another as follows: tail. Rankinia neildaviei sp. nov. herein confined to the Grampians in Distribution: Believed to only occur in the Grampians of Western south-western Victoria, is separated from the other five species in Victoria. The area is a conservation national park and so the Rankinia Wells and Wellington, 1984 by the following characters: the population is believed to be safe. It is however effectively surrounded dorsal spines on the anterior part of the tail are large; there are no by agricultural land. Furthermore the ability of the government wildlife distinct white-tipped spines on the posterior lateral edge of the back department of Victoria to kill wildlife is legendary and with the current legs; the lighter dorso-linear blotches above the lateral flanks are all or administration, few, if any species of reptile with limited distribution in mostly of even curvature when viewed from above; the banding on the Victoria could be deemed safe. hind limbs is distinct (as opposed to obvious banding that is indistinct Etymology: Named in honour of Neil Davie, deceased in late June or in some other species in the genus, including R. diemensis and R. early July 2015, who died suddenly at his home at Lara (near boylani). Geelong) in Victoria, Australia at age 61 (or thereabouts), for services Rankinia hoserae sp. nov. is the taxon found around Anglesea on the to herpetology. He founded the Victorian Association of Amateur central Victorian coast and the highlands of central Victoria in Herpetologists (VAAH) in the 1990’s at a time when private scattered locations including Kinglake National Park and Wombat herpetologists were under siege from the business entity called State Forest. It is separated from the other five species in Rankinia Melbourne Zoo, part of a larger outfit known now as “Zoos Victoria”, a Wells and Wellington, 1984 by the following characters: the hind legs dysfunctional government-run business enterprise. have no obvious banding; exceptionally large spines on the upper This business was in turn owned and controlled by the State Wildlife body and in particular between the rear legs; some of the scale spines Department which has undergone no less than nine separate name on the rear of the hind legs are either white or yellowish in colour; changes (rebranding) over the previous two decades. scales forming the nuchal crest are small, distinct and apart. In order to remove any business or person they saw as a potential Rankinia jameswhybrowi sp. nov. is the species found in the hills just competitor to their business, the wildlife department sought to outlaw east of Lake Eildon, Victoria and in the ranges to the north of there. It private reptile keeping in Victoria, private businesses doing wildlife is separated from the other five species of Rankinia Wells and displays in schools and the like. Wellington, 1984 by the following characters: the lighter dorso-linear blotches above the lateral flanks are of even curvature when viewed The business “Zoos Victoria” wanted (and as of 2015 still does seek) from above and noticeably elongate in shape and to an extent not to be the only business in Victoria allowed to work with wildlife in any seen in any of the other species; the tail is strongly banded, versus way and so have a government backed monopoly on their business, indistinctly banded in the other species; the nuchal crest is so poorly including wildlife display tourism, school wildlife incursions or developed as to appear absent. excursions and even doing children’s birthday parties with wildlife. Neil Davie and through his aggressive mobilization of others through Rankinia diemensis (Gray, 1841), herein restricted to Tasmania and Hoser 2015 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 30:37-64. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved 54 Australasian Journal of Herpetology the VAAH successfully stopped the plans of the State Wildlife larger than the lateral spines along the sides of the body; the lighter Department so that as of 2015, herpetologists in Victoria outside of the dorso-linear blotches above the lateral flanks are not of even government octopus can still work with their reptiles, albeit under ever curvature when viewed from above, these being larger at the posterior changing licensing conditions. edge; there are no distinct white-tipped spines on the posterior lateral The over 10,000 private reptile keepers in Victoria who remain allowed edge of the back legs; the spines of the nuchal crest are not distinctive to keep and study their pet snakes, lizards and other reptiles owe a in that they are easily not noticed. debt of gratitude to Neil Davie and so it is fitting that a Victorian See also for Rankinia fergussonae sp. nov. above in terms of species of reptile be named in his honour. separating the morphologically similar Rankinia boylani Wells and It should also be added that the knock-on effect of his actions in other Wellington, 1984 and Rankinia fergussonae sp. nov.. states have also greatly assisted the wildlife conservation and The genus Rankinia Wells and Wellington, 1984, is separated from all research effort far beyond the boundaries of Victoria, Australia. other Australian agamids by the following suite of characters: SPECIES RANKINIA FERGUSSONAE SP. NOV. Body is without very large conical spines or a spiny nuchal hump; no Holotype: A preserved specimen number R151561 at the Australian large skin frill around the neck; tail is not compressed and with a Museum in Sydney, NSW, Australia, collected at Goonoo State Forest, lateral keel, it does not have a strongly differentiated dorsal keel; a near Samuels Dam, Latitude -32.05, Longitude 148.90. This is a vertebral series of enlarged scales present or absent on the back; if location near Dubbo, central western, NSW, Australia. present, three or more femoral pores present on each side; femoral The Australian Museum in Sydney, NSW, Australia is a government- pores present; a single row of spinose scales on sides of the base of owned facility that allows inspection of its holdings. the tail; lower edge of supralabials straight or at most slightly curved, forming a more or less straight or even edge to the upper lip; no row of Diagnosis: Within the genus Rankinia, each of the six enlarged scales from below eye to above ear; dorsal scales of body morphologically similar species are identified and separated from one heterogeneous, but with either distinctive vertebral and paravertebral another as follows: rows of enlarged, keeled or spinose scales and with a poorly Rankinia fergussonae sp. nov. from Goonoo National Park, NSW is developed nuchal crest (that varies in development between species), defined and separated from the other five species in the genus no dorsal crest and sometimes a distinct vertebral ridge; tympanum Rankinia Wells and Wellington, 1984 by the following: It is similar in distinct; enlarged spinose scales along each side of the base of the most respects to R. boylani, (see below), which it would otherwise key tail. as using the information herein, however it is differentiated from R. Distribution: So far this taxon is known only from Goonoo State boylani by its more prominent nuchal crest scales (prominent versus Forest, near Samuels Dam, Latitude -2.05, Longitude 148.90. This is a very hard to see) and the presence of a well-developed white line location near Dubbo, central western, NSW, Australia. along the lower lateral flank of the body on either side, which is indistinct in R. boylani and usually not white in colour, but light greyish Etymology: Named in honour of Judy Fergusson, long term defacto instead or if whitish in R. boylani, is invariably broken. wife of Peter Whybrow and mother (and father) of James Whybrow (see above), of Taggerty, Victoria, Australia in recognition of a huge Rankinia neildaviei sp. nov. herein confined to the Grampians in contribution to herpetology over some decades. She has also done south-western Victoria, is separated from the other five species in vital work in the fields of wildlife rescue and rehabilitation, including for Rankinia Wells and Wellington, 1984 by the following characters: the rare and endangered species and in the face of enormous dorsal spines on the anterior part of the tail are large; there are no government-imposed obstacles. distinct white-tipped spines on the posterior lateral edge of the back legs; the lighter dorso-linear blotches above the lateral flanks are all or GENUS DIPORIPHORA GRAY, 1842. mostly of even curvature when viewed from above; the banding on the Type species: Diporiphora bilineata Gray, 1842. hind limbs is distinct (as opposed to obvious banding that is indistinct Diagnosis: The genus Diporiphora Gray, 1842 is defined and in some other species in the genus, including R. diemensis and R. separated from all other Australian lizard genera by the following suite boylani). of characters: Body is without large conical spines or a spiny nuchal Rankinia hoserae sp. nov. is the taxon found around Anglesea on the hump; there is no large frill around the neck; femoral and/or preanal central Victorian coast and the highlands of central Victoria in pores are present, at least in males; the tail is not strongly scattered locations including Kinglake National Park and Wombat compressed and lacks a strongly differentiated dorsal keel; there is State Forest. It is separated from the other five species in Rankinia usually no vertebral series of enlarged scales on the back, but if Wells and Wellington, 1984 by the following characters: the hind legs present there are only 0-2 femoral pores on each side. have no obvious banding; exceptionally large spines on the upper Jackyhosersaur Hoser, 2013, monotypic for the species originally body and in particular between the rear legs; some of the scale spines described as “Diporiphora superba Storr, 1974” and until recently on the rear of the hind legs are either white or yellowish in colour; included within the genus Diporiphora as just described above, is scales forming the nuchal crest are small, distinct and apart. readily separated from all Diporiphora Gray, 1842, on the basis of the Rankinia jameswhybrowi sp. nov. is the species found in the hills just following suite of characters: Keels of the dorsal scales are parallel to east of Lake Eildon, Victoria and in the ranges to the north of there. It the vertebral line; gular and ventral scales (excluding chin shields) are is separated from the other five species of Rankinia Wells and weakly to strongly keeled; no gular fold; no indication of spines or a Wellington, 1984 by the following characters: the lighter dorso-linear fold behind the ear; usually greenish or greenish yellow above, yellow blotches above the lateral flanks are of even curvature when viewed below and without pale dorsolateral stripes; there is sometimes a from above and noticeably elongate in shape and to an extent not brown vertebral stripe present; the adpressed hind limb reaches about seen in any of the other species; the tail is strongly banded, versus the eye; the hindlimb is about 70-100 per cent of the snout-vent indistinctly banded in the other species; the nuchal crest is so poorly length, the tail about 300 to 400 percent of the snout-vent length; there developed as to appear absent. are four preanal pores. Rankinia diemensis (Gray, 1841), herein restricted to Tasmania and Cogger (2014) claims 21 species in the genus Diporiphora (including Bass Strait Islands, is separated from the other five species in the species “Diporiphora superba” treated by him as a species of Rankinia Wells and Wellington, 1984 by the following characters: the Diporiphora), but he notes that the total number given is less than the lateral spines running on each side from the base of the tail are actual diversity. smaller than the lateral spines along the sides of the body; the lighter Wells and Wellington (1984 and 1985) dissected the genus along dorso-linear blotches above the lateral flanks are of even curvature obvious phylogenetic lines using existing nomenclature or erecting when viewed from above; there are distinct white-tipped spines on the names for groups that lacked any. posterior lateral edge of the back legs; the spines of the nuchal crest While their classification has been effectively unused since published, are distinctive in that they are easily noticed. as the size of the genus expands, it is appropriate that subgenera be Rankinia boylani Wells and Wellington, 1984, herein restricted to named and recognized, to identify obvious phyletic groups. NSW in the vicinity of the Sydney basin, including the Blue Mountains, The only remaining taxon within Diporiphora as recognized herein not as far west at Mount Victoria (the type locality), but presumed to appropriately placed in any subgenus is the species Diporiphora include most other specimens of Rankinia from New South Wales reginae Glauert, 1959 and it is placed in a newly named subgenus north of Goulburn, is separated from the other five species in Rankinia herein called Pailsagama gen. nov.. Wells and Wellington, 1984 by the following characters: the lateral Of the 21 species of Diporiphora claimed by Cogger (2014), widely spines running on each side from the base of the tail are considerably

Hoser 2015 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 30:37-64. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved Australasian Journal of Herpetology 55

recognized in herpetology in Australia as of 2015, only three are The species Diporiphora magna Storr, 1974 and taxa formerly treated relevant to this paper in terms of the species descriptions herein. as being a part of the species, namely D. melvilleae sp. nov., D. These are: smithae sp. nov., D. shooi sp. nov., D. harmoni sp. nov. and D. garrodi Diporiphora bilneata Gray, 1842; D. lalliae Storr, 1974 and D. magna sp. nov. are separated from all others in the genus by the following Storr, 1974. unique suite of characters: These are defined within this paper within the context of the Keels of dorsal scales on posterior part of body parallel to the descriptions of the other newly named taxa and that resurrected from vertebral line; gular and ventral scales (excluding chin shields) are synonymy to enable readers to be able to identify and diagnose the weakly to strongly keeled; gular fold absent; a long strong fold behind relevant species. the ear, or if the fold is short or weak, the species group are identified SUBGENUS PAILSAGAMA SUBGEN. NOV. by the following unique suite of characters being: at most a very short weak fold behind the ear; one or occasionally more, short, whitish Type species: Diporiphora reginae Glauert, 1959. spines behind the ear; dorsal scales are homogeneous, without any Diagnosis: The subgenus Pailsagama subgen. nov. is readily indication of a dorso-lateral row of slightly enlarged keeled scales. separated from all other Diporiphora by the following unique suite of The species D. melvilleae sp. nov. from dry tropical parts of Western characters: Queensland is readily separated from the other four species by the Keels of dorsal scales on posterior part of body parallel to the fact that males have a small relatively indistinct nuchal crest. vertebral line; gular and ventral scales (excluding chin shields) are strongly keeled; the chin shields are smooth; gular fold is present; They are further defined and separated from the other species by their dorsal scales are homogeneous being more or less equal in size; dosolateral lines which are grey in colour. posterior lateral (flank) scales in rows which are aligned upwards and The species D. harmoni sp. nov. from the North West Kimberley backwards, converging on the dorsals; usually little or no indication of Coast, Western Australia is readily separated from the other four post-auricular fold or spines; a femoral pore on each side. species by the strongly developed nuchal crest in males and a very Preanal pores may or may not be present. strong body patterning in both sexes. This subgenus is within the genus Diporiphora Gray, 1842. Both D. smithae sp. nov. and D. shooi sp. nov. from the Northern Territory are characterised by a relatively indistinct level of patterning The genus Diporiphora is defined and separated from all other on the body and tail and usually orange dorsolateral lines, versus a Australian lizard genera by the following suite of characters: Body is distinct patterning in the other forms. D. smithae sp. nov. and D. shooi without large conical spines or a spiny nuchal hump; there is no large sp. nov. also have different body patterns from one another. Included frill around the neck; femoral and/or preanal pores are present, at in this is the fact that the species D. shooi sp. nov. from the central least in males; the tail is not strongly compressed and lacks a strongly west of the upper Northern Territory is characterised and separated differentiated dorsal keel; there is usually no vertebral series of from D. smithae sp. nov. of the central east of the upper Northern enlarged scales on the back, but if present there are only 0-2 femoral Territory by the presence of a dark blackish temporal streak running pores on each side. through the eye to the snout. Jackyhosersaur Hoser, 2013, monotypic for the species originally Adult male D. shooi sp. nov. are characterised by a very strong yellow described as “Diporiphora superba Storr, 1974” and until recently colouration on the venter, versus light yellow or absent in D. smithae included within the genus Diporiphora as just described above, is sp. nov.. readily separated from all Diporiphora Gray, 1842, on the basis of the following suite of characters: Keels of the dorsal scales are parallel to Nominate D. bilineata from the central and East Kimberley in Western the vertebral line; gular and ventral scales (excluding chin shields) are Australia and the Victoria River region of the Northern Territory is weakly to strongly keeled; no gular fold; no indication of spines or a characterised by (in life) yellow dorsolateral lines which have none or fold behind the ear; usually greenish or greenish yellow above, yellow little other colouration visible on the lines running down the body below and without pale dorsolateral stripes; there is sometimes a (proper). The phenotypically similar specimens from western brown vertebral stripe present; the adpressed hind limb reaches about Queensland, herein described as D. melvilleae sp. nov. by contrast (in the eye; the hindlimb is about 70-100 per cent of the snout-vent life) have obvious colouration running through the dorsolateral lines, length, the tail about 300 to 400 percent of the snout-vent length; there this being the other body markings. are four preanal pores. These lines are also greyish in D. melvilleae sp. nov.. Cogger (2014) claims 21 species in the genus Diporiphora (including Male D. bilineata are further defined and separated from the other the species “Diporiphora superba” treated by him as a species of species in the group by the fact that the blackish region above the Diporiphora), but he notes that the total number given is less than the front leg extends to cover almost the entire upper arm, giving it a actual diversity. distinctive black appearance. Wells and Wellington (1984 and 1985) dissected the genus along D. garrodi sp. nov. from the Tunnel Creek National Park of the obvious phylogenetic lines using existing nomenclature or erecting southern Kimberley region in Western Australia, while similar in most names for groups that lacked any. respects to D. harmoni sp. nov., is readily separated from the other While their classification has been effectively unused since published, species by a partially developed gular fold which runs as a fold as the size of the genus expands, it is appropriate that subgenera be between the region behind the ear to the top of the leg, then slightly named and recognized, to identify obvious phyletic groups. further, but not as a full gular fold that would be seen meeting in the middle of the gular region, as well as a small number distinctive dark Distribution: Southern interior of Western Australia, Australia. flecks on the lower gular region (just above where the fold would Etymology: Named in honour of Roy Pails of Ballarat, Victoria, otherwise be), as opposed to a smudge-like appearance (of darkish Australia in recognition of services to herpetology spanning some pigment) in the lower gular region as seen in others in the species decades. group. SPECIES DIPORIPHORA BILINEATA GRAY, 1842. Adult male D. garrodi sp. nov. are characterized and separated from Diagnosis: The species Diporiphora bilineata Gray, 1842 and the other species (in life) by their colouration, which includes a yellow Diporiphora jugularis (Macleay, 1877) are separated from all others in wash through the upper labial region, prominent but unusually thin, the genus by the following unique suite of characters: dorsolateral-stripes being white anterior to past the dark blotch above Keels of dorsal scales on posterior part of body parallel to the the front legs, then rapidly turning yellow for the rest of the body length vertebral line; gular and ventral scales (excluding chin shields) are to the pelvis (versus yellow for the entire length in D. magna), weakly to strongly keeled; gular fold absent; at most a very short weak whereupon the stripes stop and then reform along the tail as a broken fold behind the ear; one or occasionally more, short, whitish spines grey line, with the rest of the tail being a bright light orange flush in behind the ear; some indication of a dorsolateral row of slightly colour. Any markings on the tail are so indistinct as to appear absent enlarged, keeled scales. and there are little if any ventral markings, or if present are indistinct. The species Diporiphora bilineata Gray, 1842 is separated from D. garrodi sp. nov. is only known from the type locality being the Diporiphora jugularis (Macleay, 1877) by the fact that the nuchal crest Tunnel Creek National Park, which sits about 100 km south of the is prominent in males, versus small in the latter species. D. bilineata main part of the Kimberley Ranges, the relevant part being the King occurs in the north of the Northern Territory while D. jugularis occurs in Leopold Ranges. drier parts of the lower western side of Cape York Peninsula The species Diporiphora lalliae Storr, Storr, 1974 and Diporiphora Queensland. nolani sp. nov. are separated from all others in the genus by the Hoser 2015 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 30:37-64. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved 56 Australasian Journal of Herpetology following suite of characters: Keels of dorsal scales on posterior part They are further defined and separated from the other species by their of body parallel to the vertebral line; gular and ventral scales dosolateral lines which are grey in colour. (excluding chin shields) are weakly to strongly keeled; gular fold The species D. harmoni sp. nov. from the North West Kimberley present; dorsal scales are homogeneous and more or less equal in Coast, Western Australia is readily separated from the other four size; posterior lateral (flank) scales in rows which are aligned more or species by the strongly developed nuchal crest in males and a very less parallel to the dorsals; no femoral pores. strong body patterning in both sexes. The species Diporiphora lalliae Storr, Storr, 1974 is readily separated Both D. smithae sp. nov. and D. shooi sp. nov. from the Northern from Diporiphora nolani sp. nov. by the presence of only a weak Territory are characterised by a relatively indistinct level of patterning postauricular fold. By contrast D. nolani sp. nov. has a strong and on the body and tail and usually orange dorsolateral lines, versus a spiny postauricular fold. Furthermore the dorsal pattening in D. nolani distinct patterning in the other forms. D. smithae sp. nov. and D. shooi sp. nov. is well defined and the dark brown squarish blotches running sp. nov. also have different body patterns from one another. Included down the back are also well defined. in this is the fact that the species D. shooi sp. nov. from the central By contrast in D. lalliae the dorsal pattern, while similar, is generally west of the upper Northern Territory is characterised and separated poorly defined. The same applies for the tail, in that the lighter and from D. smithae sp. nov. of the central east of the upper Northern darker sections are indistinct, whereas in D. nolani sp. nov. it is well Territory by the presence of a dark blackish temporal streak running defined with alternating dark reddish brown and light grey sections through the eye to the snout. This is not the case in D. smithae sp. presented in a ring-like manner, the darker ones being larger and nov.. largest ventrally (with dark and light appearing as triangles when the Adult male D. shooi sp. nov. are characterised by a very strong yellow tail is viewed side on). colouration on the venter, versus light yellow or absent in D. smithae Distribution: D. bilineata is restricted to the central area of the top sp. nov.. end of the Northern Territory, Australia. Nominate D. bilineata from the central and East Kimberley in Western SPECIES DIPORIPHORA JUGULARIS (MACLEAY, 1877). Australia and the Victoria River region of the Northern Territory is Diagnosis: See the description for D. bilineata Gray, 1842 above. characterised by (in life) yellow dorsolateral lines which have none or Distribution: Lower west of Cape York, Queensland, Australia. little other colouration visible on the lines running down the body (proper). The phenotypically similar specimens from western SPECIES DIPORIPHORA MAGNA STORR, 1974. Queensland, herein described as D. melvilleae sp. nov. by contrast (in Diagnosis: See the description for D. bilineata Gray, 1842 above. life) have obvious colouration running through the dorsolateral lines, Distribution: Lower west of Cape York, Queensland, Australia. this being the other body markings. SPECIES DIPORIPHORA LALLIAE STORR, 1974. These lines are also greyish in D. melvilleae sp. nov.. Diagnosis: See the description for D. bilineata Gray, 1842 above. Male D. bilineata are further defined and separated from the other Distribution: Southern Kimberley region of Western Australia. species in the group by the fact that the blackish region above the SPECIES DIPORIPHORA MELVILLAE SP. NOV. front leg extends to cover almost the entire upper arm, giving it a Holotype: A specimen at the National Museum of Victoria, in distinctive black appearance. Melbourne, Australia, specimen number: D74063 collected from the D. garrodi sp. nov. from the Tunnel Creek National Park of the Bourke and Wills Roadhouse, Northwest Queensland, Australia. southern Kimberley region in Western Australia, while similar in most This is a government-owned facility that allows access to its holdings respects to D. harmoni sp. nov., is readily separated from the other by others. species by a partially developed gular fold which runs as a fold between the region behind the ear to the top of the leg, then slightly Paratypes: Specimens at the National Museum of Victoria, in further, but not as a full gular fold that would be seen meeting in the Melbourne, Australia, specimen numbers: D74064, D74066 and middle of the gular region, as well as a small number distinctive dark D74065 collected from the Bourke and Wills Roadhouse, Northwest flecks on the lower gular region (just above where the fold would Queensland, Australia. otherwise be), as opposed to a smudge-like appearance (of darkish This is a government-owned facility that allows access to its holdings pigment) in the lower gular region as seen in others in the species by others. group. Diagnosis: The species Diporiphora bilineata Gray, 1842 and Adult male D. garrodi sp. nov. are characterized and separated from Diporiphora jugularis (Macleay, 1877) are separated from all others in the other species (in life) by their colouration, which includes a yellow the genus by the following unique suite of characters: wash through the upper labial region, prominent but unusually thin, Keels of dorsal scales on posterior part of body parallel to the dorsolateral-stripes being white anterior to past the dark blotch above vertebral line; gular and ventral scales (excluding chin shields) are the front legs, then rapidly turning yellow for the rest of the body length weakly to strongly keeled; gular fold absent; at most a very short weak to the pelvis (versus yellow for the entire length in D. magna), fold behind the ear; one or occasionally more, short, whitish spines whereupon the stripes stop and then reform along the tail as a broken behind the ear; some indication of a dorsolateral row of slightly grey line, with the rest of the tail being a bright light orange flush in enlarged, keeled scales. colour. Any markings on the tail are so indistinct as to appear absent The species Diporiphora bilineata Gray, 1842 is separated from and there are little if any ventral markings, or if present are indistinct. Diporiphora jugularis (Macleay, 1877) by the fact that the nuchal crest D. garrodi sp. nov. is only known from the type locality being the is prominent in males, versus small in the latter species. D. bilineata Tunnel Creek National Park, which sits about 100 km south of the occurs in the north of the Northern Territory while D. jugularis occurs in main part of the Kimberley Ranges, the relevant part being the King drier parts of the lower western side of Cape York Peninsula Leopold Ranges. Queensland. The species Diporiphora lalliae Storr, Storr, 1974 and Diporiphora The species Diporiphora magna Storr, 1974 and taxa formerly treated nolani sp. nov. are separated from all others in the genus by the as being a part of the species, namely D. melvilleae sp. nov., D. following suite of characters: Keels of dorsal scales on posterior part smithae sp. nov., D. shooi sp. nov., D. harmoni sp. nov. and D. garrodi of body parallel to the vertebral line; gular and ventral scales sp. nov. are separated from all others in the genus by the following (excluding chin shields) are weakly to strongly keeled; gular fold unique suite of characters: present; dorsal scales are homogeneous and more or less equal in Keels of dorsal scales on posterior part of body parallel to the size; posterior lateral (flank) scales in rows which are aligned more or vertebral line; gular and ventral scales (excluding chin shields) are less parallel to the dorsals; no femoral pores. weakly to strongly keeled; gular fold absent; a long strong fold behind The species Diporiphora lalliae Storr, Storr, 1974 is readily separated the ear, or if the fold is short or weak, the species group are identified from Diporiphora nolani sp. nov. by the presence of only a weak by the following unique suite of characters being: at most a very short postauricular fold. By contrast D. nolani sp. nov. has a strong and weak fold behind the ear; one or occasionally more, short, whitish spiny postauricular fold. Furthermore the dorsal pattening in D. nolani spines behind the ear; dorsal scales are homogeneous, without any sp. nov. is well defined and the dark brown squarish blotches running indication of a dorso-lateral row of slightly enlarged keeled scales. down the back are also well defined. The species D. melvilleae sp. nov. from dry tropical parts of Western By contrast in D. lalliae the dorsal pattern, while similar, is generally Queensland is readily separated from the other four species by the poorly defined. The same applies for the tail, in that the lighter and fact that males have a small relatively indistinct nuchal crest. darker sections are indistinct, whereas in D. nolani sp. nov. it is well

Hoser 2015 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 30:37-64. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved Australasian Journal of Herpetology 57

defined with alternating dark reddish brown and light grey sections characterised by (in life) yellow dorsolateral lines which have none or presented in a ring-like manner, the darker ones being larger and little other colouration visible on the lines running down the body largest ventrally (with dark and light appearing as triangles when the (proper). The phenotypically similar specimens from western tail is viewed side on). Queensland, herein described as D. melvilleae sp. nov. by contrast (in Distribution: Known only from Queensland, Australia in the savannah life) have obvious colouration running through the dorsolateral lines, region west of Mount Isa, Queensland, northwards to the Gulf of this being the other body markings. Carpentaria and including range areas within. These lines are also greyish in D. melvilleae sp. nov.. Etymology: The species is named in honour of Jane Melville, Male D. bilineata are further defined and separated from the other currently of Melbourne, Australia in recognition of her work on the very species in the group by the fact that the blackish region above the species subject of this paper. front leg extends to cover almost the entire upper arm, giving it a SPECIES DIPORIPHORA SMITHAE SP. NOV. distinctive black appearance. Holotype: A specimen at the National Museum of Victoria, in D. garrodi sp. nov. from the Tunnel Creek National Park of the Melbourne, Australia, specimen number: D74015 collected from southern Kimberley region in Western Australia, while similar in most Larrimah, Northern Territory, Australia. respects to D. harmoni sp. nov., is readily separated from the other This is a government-owned facility that allows access to its holdings species by a partially developed gular fold which runs as a fold by others. between the region behind the ear to the top of the leg, then slightly further, but not as a full gular fold that would be seen meeting in the Paratypes: Specimens at the National Museum of Victoria, in middle of the gular region, as well as a small number distinctive dark Melbourne, Australia, specimen numbers: D74010, 74019, 74020 and flecks on the lower gular region (just above where the fold would D D74016 collected from Larrimah, Northern Territory, Australia. otherwise be), as opposed to a smudge-like appearance (of darkish This is a government-owned facility that allows access to its holdings pigment) in the lower gular region as seen in others in the species by others. group. Diagnosis: The species Diporiphora bilineata Gray, 1842 and Adult male D. garrodi sp. nov. are characterized and separated from Diporiphora jugularis (Macleay, 1877) are separated from all others in the other species (in life) by their colouration, which includes a yellow the genus by the following unique suite of characters: wash through the upper labial region, prominent but unusually thin, Keels of dorsal scales on posterior part of body parallel to the dorsolateral-stripes being white anterior to past the dark blotch above vertebral line; gular and ventral scales (excluding chin shields) are the front legs, then rapidly turning yellow for the rest of the body length weakly to strongly keeled; gular fold absent; at most a very short weak to the pelvis (versus yellow for the entire length in D. magna), fold behind the ear; one or occasionally more, short, whitish spines whereupon the stripes stop and then reform along the tail as a broken behind the ear; some indication of a dorsolateral row of slightly grey line, with the rest of the tail being a bright light orange flush in enlarged, keeled scales. colour. Any markings on the tail are so indistinct as to appear absent The species Diporiphora bilineata Gray, 1842 is separated from and there are little if any ventral markings, or if present are indistinct. Diporiphora jugularis (Macleay, 1877) by the fact that the nuchal crest D. garrodi sp. nov. is only known from the type locality being the is prominent in males, versus small in the latter species. D. bilineata Tunnel Creek National Park, which sits about 100 km south of the occurs in the north of the Northern Territory while D. jugularis occurs in main part of the Kimberley Ranges, the relevant part being the King drier parts of the lower western side of Cape York Peninsula Leopold Ranges. Queensland. The species Diporiphora lalliae Storr, Storr, 1974 and Diporiphora The species Diporiphora magna Storr, 1974 and taxa formerly treated nolani sp. nov. are separated from all others in the genus by the as being a part of the species, namely D. melvilleae sp. nov., D. following suite of characters: Keels of dorsal scales on posterior part smithae sp. nov., D. shooi sp. nov., D. harmoni sp. nov. and D. garrodi of body parallel to the vertebral line; gular and ventral scales sp. nov. are separated from all others in the genus by the following (excluding chin shields) are weakly to strongly keeled; gular fold unique suite of characters: present; dorsal scales are homogeneous and more or less equal in Keels of dorsal scales on posterior part of body parallel to the size; posterior lateral (flank) scales in rows which are aligned more or vertebral line; gular and ventral scales (excluding chin shields) are less parallel to the dorsals; no femoral pores. weakly to strongly keeled; gular fold absent; a long strong fold behind The species Diporiphora lalliae Storr, Storr, 1974 is readily separated the ear, or if the fold is short or weak, the species group are identified from Diporiphora nolani sp. nov. by the presence of only a weak by the following unique suite of characters being: at most a very short postauricular fold. By contrast D. nolani sp. nov. has a strong and weak fold behind the ear; one or occasionally more, short, whitish spiny postauricular fold. Furthermore the dorsal pattening in D. nolani spines behind the ear; dorsal scales are homogeneous, without any sp. nov. is well defined and the dark brown squarish blotches running indication of a dorso-lateral row of slightly enlarged keeled scales. down the back are also well defined. The species D. melvilleae sp. nov. from dry tropical parts of Western By contrast in D. lalliae the dorsal pattern, while similar, is generally Queensland is readily separated from the other four species by the poorly defined. The same applies for the tail, in that the lighter and fact that males have a small relatively indistinct nuchal crest. darker sections are indistinct, whereas in D. nolani sp. nov. it is well They are further defined and separated from the other species by their defined with alternating dark reddish brown and light grey sections dosolateral lines which are grey in colour. presented in a ring-like manner, the darker ones being larger and The species D. harmoni sp. nov. from the North West Kimberley largest ventrally (with dark and light appearing as triangles when the Coast, Western Australia is readily separated from the other four tail is viewed side on). species by the strongly developed nuchal crest in males and a very Distribution: The Northern Territory side of the Gulf of Carpentaria, strong body patterning in both sexes. including nearby areas such as the northern Barkly Tableland, across Both D. smithae sp. nov. and D. shooi sp. nov. from the Northern to the central part of the Northern Territory. Territory are characterised by a relatively indistinct level of patterning Etymology: The species is named in honour of Kate Smith, currently on the body and tail and usually orange dorsolateral lines, versus a of Melbourne, Australia in recognition of her work on the very species distinct patterning in the other forms. D. smithae sp. nov. and D. shooi subject of this paper. sp. nov. also have different body patterns from one another. Included SPECIES DIPORIPHORA SHOOI SP. NOV. in this is the fact that the species D. shooi sp. nov. from the central Holotype: A specimen at the National Museum of Victoria, in west of the upper Northern Territory is characterised and separated Melbourne, Australia, specimen number: D72674 collected from Top from D. smithae sp. nov. of the central east of the upper Northern Springs, Northern Territory, Australia. Territory by the presence of a dark blackish temporal streak running This is a government-owned facility that allows access to its holdings through the eye to the snout. This is not the case in D. smithae sp. by others. nov.. Paratypes: Specimens at the National Museum of Victoria, in Adult male D. shooi sp. nov. are characterised by a very strong yellow Melbourne, Australia, specimen numbers: D72681, D72676 and colouration on the venter, versus light yellow or absent in D. smithae D72722 collected from Top Springs, Northern Territory, Australia. sp. nov.. This is a government-owned facility that allows access to its holdings Nominate D. bilineata from the central and East Kimberley in Western by others. Australia and the Victoria River region of the Northern Territory is Hoser 2015 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 30:37-64. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved 58 Australasian Journal of Herpetology

Diagnosis: The species Diporiphora bilineata Gray, 1842 and Adult male D. garrodi sp. nov. are characterized and separated from Diporiphora jugularis (Macleay, 1877) are separated from all others in the other species (in life) by their colouration, which includes a yellow the genus by the following unique suite of characters: wash through the upper labial region, prominent but unusually thin, Keels of dorsal scales on posterior part of body parallel to the dorsolateral-stripes being white anterior to past the dark blotch above vertebral line; gular and ventral scales (excluding chin shields) are the front legs, then rapidly turning yellow for the rest of the body length weakly to strongly keeled; gular fold absent; at most a very short weak to the pelvis (versus yellow for the entire length in D. magna), fold behind the ear; one or occasionally more, short, whitish spines whereupon the stripes stop and then reform along the tail as a broken behind the ear; some indication of a dorsolateral row of slightly grey line, with the rest of the tail being a bright light orange flush in enlarged, keeled scales. colour. Any markings on the tail are so indistinct as to appear absent The species Diporiphora bilineata Gray, 1842 is separated from and there are little if any ventral markings, or if present are indistinct. Diporiphora jugularis (Macleay, 1877) by the fact that the nuchal crest D. garrodi sp. nov. is only known from the type locality being the is prominent in males, versus small in the latter species. D. bilineata Tunnel Creek National Park, which sits about 100 km south of the occurs in the north of the Northern Territory while D. jugularis occurs in main part of the Kimberley Ranges, the relevant part being the King drier parts of the lower western side of Cape York Peninsula Leopold Ranges. Queensland. The species Diporiphora lalliae Storr, Storr, 1974 and Diporiphora The species Diporiphora magna Storr, 1974 and taxa formerly treated nolani sp. nov. are separated from all others in the genus by the as being a part of the species, namely D. melvilleae sp. nov., D. following suite of characters: Keels of dorsal scales on posterior part smithae sp. nov., D. shooi sp. nov., D. harmoni sp. nov. and D. garrodi of body parallel to the vertebral line; gular and ventral scales sp. nov. are separated from all others in the genus by the following (excluding chin shields) are weakly to strongly keeled; gular fold unique suite of characters: present; dorsal scales are homogeneous and more or less equal in Keels of dorsal scales on posterior part of body parallel to the size; posterior lateral (flank) scales in rows which are aligned more or vertebral line; gular and ventral scales (excluding chin shields) are less parallel to the dorsals; no femoral pores. weakly to strongly keeled; gular fold absent; a long strong fold behind The species Diporiphora lalliae Storr, Storr, 1974 is readily separated the ear, or if the fold is short or weak, the species group are identified from Diporiphora nolani sp. nov. by the presence of only a weak by the following unique suite of characters being: at most a very short postauricular fold. By contrast D. nolani sp. nov. has a strong and weak fold behind the ear; one or occasionally more, short, whitish spiny postauricular fold. Furthermore the dorsal pattening in D. nolani spines behind the ear; dorsal scales are homogeneous, without any sp. nov. is well defined and the dark brown squarish blotches running indication of a dorso-lateral row of slightly enlarged keeled scales. down the back are also well defined. The species D. melvilleae sp. nov. from dry tropical parts of Western By contrast in D. lalliae the dorsal pattern, while similar, is generally Queensland is readily separated from the other four species by the poorly defined. The same applies for the tail, in that the lighter and fact that males have a small relatively indistinct nuchal crest. darker sections are indistinct, whereas in D. nolani sp. nov. it is well They are further defined and separated from the other species by their defined with alternating dark reddish brown and light grey sections dosolateral lines which are grey in colour. presented in a ring-like manner, the darker ones being larger and largest ventrally (with dark and light appearing as triangles when the The species D. harmoni sp. nov. from the North West Kimberley tail is viewed side on). Coast, Western Australia is readily separated from the other four species by the strongly developed nuchal crest in males and a very Distribution: Inland parts of the Northern Territory Australia in the strong body patterning in both sexes. savannah zone north of the arid zone and south of the tropical region, in an area generally triangular in shape and bound by Pine Creek in Both D. smithae sp. nov. and D. shooi sp. nov. from the Northern the North, Top Springs in the south-east and Jasper Gorge in the Territory are characterised by a relatively indistinct level of patterning West, all of where specimens have been taken. on the body and tail and usually orange dorsolateral lines, versus a distinct patterning in the other forms. D. smithae sp. nov. and D. shooi Etymology: The species is named in honour of Luke Shoo, currently sp. nov. also have different body patterns from one another. Included of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia in recognition of his work on the in this is the fact that the species D. shooi sp. nov. from the central very species subject of this paper. west of the upper Northern Territory is characterised and separated SPECIES DIPORIPHORA HARMONI SP. NOV. from D. smithae sp. nov. of the central east of the upper Northern Holotype: A specimen at the National Museum of Victoria, in Territory by the presence of a dark blackish temporal streak running Melbourne, Australia, specimen number: D73822 collected from through the eye to the snout. This is not the case in D. smithae sp. Mitchell Plateau Road, Western Australia, Australia. nov.. This is a government-owned facility that allows access to its holdings Adult male D. shooi sp. nov. are characterised by a very strong yellow by others. colouration on the venter, versus light yellow or absent in D. smithae Paratypes: Specimens at the National Museum of Victoria, in sp. nov.. Melbourne, Australia, specimen numbers: D73821, D73823, D71874, Nominate D. bilineata from the central and East Kimberley in Western D71875 and D71876 all collected from Mitchell Plateau Road, Australia and the Victoria River region of the Northern Territory is Western Australia, Australia. characterised by (in life) yellow dorsolateral lines which have none or This is a government-owned facility that allows access to its holdings little other colouration visible on the lines running down the body by others. (proper). The phenotypically similar specimens from western Diagnosis: The species Diporiphora bilineata Gray, 1842 and Queensland, herein described as D. melvilleae sp. nov. by contrast (in Diporiphora jugularis (Macleay, 1877) are separated from all others in life) have obvious colouration running through the dorsolateral lines, the genus by the following unique suite of characters: this being the other body markings. Keels of dorsal scales on posterior part of body parallel to the These lines are also greyish in D. melvilleae sp. nov.. vertebral line; gular and ventral scales (excluding chin shields) are Male D. bilineata are further defined and separated from the other weakly to strongly keeled; gular fold absent; at most a very short weak species in the group by the fact that the blackish region above the fold behind the ear; one or occasionally more, short, whitish spines front leg extends to cover almost the entire upper arm, giving it a behind the ear; some indication of a dorsolateral row of slightly distinctive black appearance. enlarged, keeled scales. D. garrodi sp. nov. from the Tunnel Creek National Park of the The species Diporiphora bilineata Gray, 1842 is separated from southern Kimberley region in Western Australia, while similar in most Diporiphora jugularis (Macleay, 1877) by the fact that the nuchal crest respects to D. harmoni sp. nov., is readily separated from the other is prominent in males, versus small in the latter species. D. bilineata species by a partially developed gular fold which runs as a fold occurs in the north of the Northern Territory while D. jugularis occurs in between the region behind the ear to the top of the leg, then slightly drier parts of the lower western side of Cape York Peninsula further, but not as a full gular fold that would be seen meeting in the Queensland. middle of the gular region, as well as a small number distinctive dark The species Diporiphora magna Storr, 1974 and taxa formerly treated flecks on the lower gular region (just above where the fold would as being a part of the species, namely D. melvilleae sp. nov., D. otherwise be), as opposed to a smudge-like appearance (of darkish smithae sp. nov., D. shooi sp. nov., D. harmoni sp. nov. and D. garrodi pigment) in the lower gular region as seen in others in the species sp. nov. are separated from all others in the genus by the following group. Hoser 2015 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 30:37-64. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved Australasian Journal of Herpetology 59

unique suite of characters: size; posterior lateral (flank) scales in rows which are aligned more or Keels of dorsal scales on posterior part of body parallel to the less parallel to the dorsals; no femoral pores. vertebral line; gular and ventral scales (excluding chin shields) are The species Diporiphora lalliae Storr, Storr, 1974 is readily separated weakly to strongly keeled; gular fold absent; a long strong fold behind from Diporiphora nolani sp. nov. by the presence of only a weak the ear, or if the fold is short or weak, the species group are identified postauricular fold. By contrast D. nolani sp. nov. has a strong and by the following unique suite of characters being: at most a very short spiny postauricular fold. Furthermore the dorsal pattening in D. nolani weak fold behind the ear; one or occasionally more, short, whitish sp. nov. is well defined and the dark brown squarish blotches running spines behind the ear; dorsal scales are homogeneous, without any down the back are also well defined. indication of a dorso-lateral row of slightly enlarged keeled scales. By contrast in D. lalliae the dorsal pattern, while similar, is generally The species D. melvilleae sp. nov. from dry tropical parts of Western poorly defined. The same applies for the tail, in that the lighter and Queensland is readily separated from the other four species by the darker sections are indistinct, whereas in D. nolani sp. nov. it is well fact that males have a small relatively indistinct nuchal crest. defined with alternating dark reddish brown and light grey sections They are further defined and separated from the other species by their presented in a ring-like manner, the darker ones being larger and dosolateral lines which are grey in colour. largest ventrally (with dark and light appearing as triangles when the The species D. harmoni sp. nov. from the North West Kimberley tail is viewed side on). Coast, Western Australia is readily separated from the other four Distribution: Diporiphora harmoni sp. nov. is only known from a species by the strongly developed nuchal crest in males and a very restricted area in the north east Kimberley Ranges, Western Australia, strong body patterning in both sexes. in an area bounded by Kalumburu in the north and Mitchell Plateau in Both D. smithae sp. nov. and D. shooi sp. nov. from the Northern the south. Territory are characterised by a relatively indistinct level of patterning The species Diporiphora magna Storr, 1974 as now recoignized herein on the body and tail and usually orange dorsolateral lines, versus a is known only from the drier East Kimberley region of Western distinct patterning in the other forms. D. smithae sp. nov. and D. shooi Australia and inland parts of the main range area, south to the King sp. nov. also have different body patterns from one another. Included Leopold Ranges in the main escarpment, eastwards to the Victoria in this is the fact that the species D. shooi sp. nov. from the central River District in the west of the Northern Territory, Australia. west of the upper Northern Territory is characterised and separated Etymology: The species is named in honour of Luke Harmon of from D. smithae sp. nov. of the central east of the upper Northern Idaho, USA in recognition of his work on the very species subject of Territory by the presence of a dark blackish temporal streak running this paper. through the eye to the snout. SPECIES DIPORIPHORA NOLANI SP. NOV. Adult male D. shooi sp. nov. are characterised by a very strong yellow Holotype: A specimen at the National Museum of Victoria, in colouration on the venter, versus light yellow or absent in D. smithae Melbourne, Australia, specimen number: D72673 collected from sp. nov.. Hooper Creek Road, 80 km South of Karkaringi, Northern Territory, Nominate D. bilineata from the central and East Kimberley in Western Australia. Australia and the Victoria River region of the Northern Territory is This is a government-owned facility that allows access to its holdings characterised by (in life) yellow dorsolateral lines which have none or by others. little other colouration visible on the lines running down the body Paratype: A specimen at the National Museum of Victoria, in (proper). The phenotypically similar specimens from western Melbourne, Australia, specimen number: D73909 collected at Queensland, herein described as D. melvilleae sp. nov. by contrast (in Cherribin Station Road, Western Australia, Australia. life) have obvious colouration running through the dorsolateral lines, This is a government-owned facility that allows access to its holdings this being the other body markings. by others. These lines are also greyish in D. melvilleae sp. nov.. Diagnosis: The species Diporiphora lalliae Storr, Storr, 1974 and Male D. bilineata are further defined and separated from the other Diporiphora nolani sp. nov. are separated from all others in the genus species in the group by the fact that the blackish region above the by the following suite of characters: Keels of dorsal scales on posterior front leg extends to cover almost the entire upper arm, giving it a part of body parallel to the vertebral line; gular and ventral scales distinctive black appearance. (excluding chin shields) are weakly to strongly keeled; gular fold D. garrodi sp. nov. from the Tunnel Creek National Park of the present; dorsal scales are homogeneous and more or less equal in southern Kimberley region in Western Australia, while similar in most size; posterior lateral (flank) scales in rows which are aligned more or respects to D. harmoni sp. nov., is readily separated from the other less parallel to the dorsals; no femoral pores. species by a partially developed gular fold which runs as a fold The species Diporiphora lalliae Storr, Storr, 1974 is readily separated between the region behind the ear to the top of the leg, then slightly from Diporiphora nolani sp. nov. by the presence of only a weak further, but not as a full gular fold that would be seen meeting in the postauricular fold. By contrast D. nolani sp. nov. has a strong and middle of the gular region, as well as a small number distinctive dark spiny postauricular fold. Furthermore the dorsal pattening in D. nolani flecks on the lower gular region (just above where the fold would sp. nov. is well defined and the dark brown squarish blotches running otherwise be), as opposed to a smudge-like appearance (of darkish down the back are also well defined. pigment) in the lower gular region as seen in others in the species By contrast in D. lalliae the dorsal pattern, while similar, is generally group. poorly defined. The same applies for the tail, in that the lighter and Adult male D. garrodi sp. nov. are characterized and separated from darker sections are indistinct, whereas in D. nolani sp. nov. it is well the other species (in life) by their colouration, which includes a yellow defined with alternating dark reddish brown and light grey sections wash through the upper labial region, prominent but unusually thin, presented in a ring-like manner, the darker ones being larger and dorsolateral-stripes being white anterior to past the dark blotch above largest ventrally (with dark and light appearing as triangles when the the front legs, then rapidly turning yellow for the rest of the body length tail is viewed side on). to the pelvis (versus yellow for the entire length in D. magna), The species Diporiphora bilineata Gray, 1842 and Diporiphora whereupon the stripes stop and then reform along the tail as a broken jugularis (Macleay, 1877) are separated from all others in the genus by grey line, with the rest of the tail being a bright light orange flush in the following unique suite of characters: colour. Any markings on the tail are so indistinct as to appear absent and there are little if any ventral markings, or if present are indistinct. Keels of dorsal scales on posterior part of body parallel to the vertebral line; gular and ventral scales (excluding chin shields) are D. garrodi sp. nov. is only known from the type locality being the weakly to strongly keeled; gular fold absent; at most a very short weak Tunnel Creek National Park, which sits about 100 km south of the fold behind the ear; one or occasionally more, short, whitish spines main part of the Kimberley Ranges, the relevant part being the King behind the ear; some indication of a dorsolateral row of slightly Leopold Ranges. enlarged, keeled scales. The species Diporiphora lalliae Storr, Storr, 1974 and Diporiphora The species Diporiphora bilineata Gray, 1842 is separated from nolani sp. nov. are separated from all others in the genus by the Diporiphora jugularis (Macleay, 1877) by the fact that the nuchal crest following suite of characters: Keels of dorsal scales on posterior part is prominent in males, versus small in the latter species. D. bilineata of body parallel to the vertebral line; gular and ventral scales occurs in the north of the Northern Territory while D. jugularis occurs in (excluding chin shields) are weakly to strongly keeled; gular fold drier parts of the lower western side of Cape York Peninsula present; dorsal scales are homogeneous and more or less equal in Hoser 2015 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 30:37-64. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved 60 Australasian Journal of Herpetology

Queensland. Distribution: Diporiphora nolani sp. nov. is known from the arid zone The species Diporiphora magna Storr, 1974 and taxa formerly treated in a strip about 150 km wide from as being a part of the species, namely D. melvilleae sp. nov., D. Great Northern Highway, Western Australia in the west to Barkly smithae sp. nov., D. shooi sp. nov., D. harmoni sp. nov. and D. garrodi Homestead, Tablelands Highway, eastern Northern Territory, Australia. sp. nov. are separated from all others in the genus by the following Etymology: The species is named in honour of Ross Nolan of unique suite of characters: Ringwood, Victoria, Australia in recognition for his services to Keels of dorsal scales on posterior part of body parallel to the herpetology and to the science of aviation in Australia. vertebral line; gular and ventral scales (excluding chin shields) are Nolan has also made an immense contribution to the cause of human weakly to strongly keeled; gular fold absent; a long strong fold behind rights and has made substantial personal sacrifices to help stop the ear, or if the fold is short or weak, the species group are identified human rights abuses in Australia. by the following unique suite of characters being: at most a very short SPECIES DIPORIPHORA GARRODI SP. NOV. weak fold behind the ear; one or occasionally more, short, whitish Holotype: A specimen at the National Museum of Victoria, in spines behind the ear; dorsal scales are homogeneous, without any Melbourne, Australia, specimen number: D73901 collected from indication of a dorso-lateral row of slightly enlarged keeled scales. Tunnel Creek Road, Western Australia, Australia. The species D. melvilleae sp. nov. from dry tropical parts of Western The National Museum of Victoria is a government-owned facility that Queensland is readily separated from the other four species by the allows access to its holdings by others. fact that males have a small relatively indistinct nuchal crest. Paratype: A specimen at the National Museum of Victoria, in They are further defined and separated from the other species by their Melbourne, Australia, specimen number: D73905 collected from dosolateral lines which are grey in colour. Tunnel Creek Road, Western Australia, Australia. The species D. harmoni sp. nov. from the North West Kimberley The National Museum of Victoria is a government-owned facility that Coast, Western Australia is readily separated from the other four allows access to its holdings by others. species by the strongly developed nuchal crest in males and a very strong body patterning in both sexes. Diagnosis: The species Diporiphora lalliae Storr, Storr, 1974 and Diporiphora nolani sp. nov. are separated from all others in the genus Both D. smithae sp. nov. and D. shooi sp. nov. from the Northern by the following suite of characters: Keels of dorsal scales on posterior Territory are characterised by a relatively indistinct level of patterning part of body parallel to the vertebral line; gular and ventral scales on the body and tail and usually orange dorsolateral lines, versus a (excluding chin shields) are weakly to strongly keeled; gular fold distinct patterning in the other forms. D. smithae sp. nov. and D. shooi present; dorsal scales are homogeneous and more or less equal in sp. nov. also have different body patterns from one another. Included size; posterior lateral (flank) scales in rows which are aligned more or in this is the fact that the species D. shooi sp. nov. from the central less parallel to the dorsals; no femoral pores. west of the upper Northern Territory is characterised and separated from D. smithae sp. nov. of the central east of the upper Northern The species Diporiphora lalliae Storr, Storr, 1974 is readily separated Territory by the presence of a dark blackish temporal streak running from Diporiphora nolani sp. nov. by the presence of only a weak through the eye to the snout. postauricular fold. By contrast D. nolani sp. nov. has a strong and spiny postauricular fold. Furthermore the dorsal pattening in D. nolani Adult male D. shooi sp. nov. are characterised by a very strong yellow sp. nov. is well defined and the dark brown squarish blotches running colouration on the venter, versus light yellow or absent in D. smithae down the back are also well defined. sp. nov.. By contrast in D. lalliae the dorsal pattern, while similar, is generally Nominate D. bilineata from the central and East Kimberley in Western poorly defined. The same applies for the tail, in that the lighter and Australia and the Victoria River region of the Northern Territory is darker sections are indistinct, whereas in D. nolani sp. nov. it is well characterised by (in life) yellow dorsolateral lines which have none or defined with alternating dark reddish brown and light grey sections little other colouration visible on the lines running down the body presented in a ring-like manner, the darker ones being larger and (proper). The phenotypically similar specimens from western largest ventrally (with dark and light appearing as triangles when the Queensland, herein described as D. melvilleae sp. nov. by contrast (in tail is viewed side on). life) have obvious colouration running through the dorsolateral lines, this being the other body markings. The species Diporiphora bilineata Gray, 1842 and Diporiphora jugularis (Macleay, 1877) are separated from all others in the genus by These lines are also greyish in D. melvilleae sp. nov.. the following unique suite of characters: Male D. bilineata are further defined and separated from the other Keels of dorsal scales on posterior part of body parallel to the species in the group by the fact that the blackish region above the vertebral line; gular and ventral scales (excluding chin shields) are front leg extends to cover almost the entire upper arm, giving it a weakly to strongly keeled; gular fold absent; at most a very short weak distinctive black appearance. fold behind the ear; one or occasionally more, short, whitish spines D. garrodi sp. nov. from the Tunnel Creek National Park of the behind the ear; some indication of a dorsolateral row of slightly southern Kimberley region in Western Australia, while similar in most enlarged, keeled scales. respects to D. harmoni sp. nov., is readily separated from the other The species Diporiphora bilineata Gray, 1842 is separated from species by a partially developed gular fold which runs as a fold Diporiphora jugularis (Macleay, 1877) by the fact that the nuchal crest between the region behind the ear to the top of the leg, then slightly is prominent in males, versus small in the latter species. D. bilineata further, but not as a full gular fold that would be seen meeting in the occurs in the north of the Northern Territory while D. jugularis occurs in middle of the gular region, as well as a small number distinctive dark drier parts of the lower western side of Cape York Peninsula flecks on the lower gular region (just above where the fold would Queensland. otherwise be), as opposed to a smudge-like appearance (of darkish pigment) in the lower gular region as seen in others in the species The species Diporiphora magna Storr, 1974 and taxa formerly treated group. as being a part of the species, namely D. melvilleae sp. nov., D. smithae sp. nov., D. shooi sp. nov., D. harmoni sp. nov. and D. garrodi Adult male D. garrodi sp. nov. are characterized and separated from sp. nov. are separated from all others in the genus by the following the other species (in life) by their colouration, which includes a yellow unique suite of characters: wash through the upper labial region, prominent but unusually thin, dorsolateral-stripes being white anterior to past the dark blotch above Keels of dorsal scales on posterior part of body parallel to the the front legs, then rapidly turning yellow for the rest of the body length vertebral line; gular and ventral scales (excluding chin shields) are to the pelvis (versus yellow for the entire length in D. magna), weakly to strongly keeled; gular fold absent; a long strong fold behind whereupon the stripes stop and then reform along the tail as a broken the ear, or if the fold is short or weak, the species group are identified grey line, with the rest of the tail being a bright light orange flush in by the following unique suite of characters being: at most a very short colour. Any markings on the tail are so indistinct as to appear absent weak fold behind the ear; one or occasionally more, short, whitish and there are little if any ventral markings, or if present are indistinct. spines behind the ear; dorsal scales are homogeneous, without any indication of a dorso-lateral row of slightly enlarged keeled scales. D. garrodi sp. nov. is only known from the type locality being the Tunnel Creek National Park, which sits about 100 km south of the The species D. melvilleae sp. nov. from dry tropical parts of Western main part of the Kimberley Ranges, the relevant part being the King Queensland is readily separated from the other four species by the Leopold Ranges. fact that males have a small relatively indistinct nuchal crest. They are further defined and separated from the other species by their

Hoser 2015 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 30:37-64. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved Australasian Journal of Herpetology 61

dosolateral lines which are grey in colour. initiate raids on him. The species D. harmoni sp. nov. from the North West Kimberley Scandalously, both Cermak and Harrison are corruptly protected from Coast, Western Australia is readily separated from the other four prosecution by people in a government wildlife department. species by the strongly developed nuchal crest in males and a very SPECIES TYMPANOCRYPTIS BOTTOMI SP. NOV. strong body patterning in both sexes. Holotype: A preserved specimen in the South Australian Museum, Both D. smithae sp. nov. and D. shooi sp. nov. from the Northern Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, specimen number R42933 from Territory are characterised by a relatively indistinct level of patterning 20 km south of Eromanga, Queensland, Australia. Lat. -26.85, Long. on the body and tail and usually orange dorsolateral lines, versus a 143.25. distinct patterning in the other forms. D. smithae sp. nov. and D. shooi The South Australian Museum is a government-owned facility that sp. nov. also have different body patterns from one another. Included allows access to its holdings by others. in this is the fact that the species D. shooi sp. nov. from the central Diagnosis: This taxon has until now been treated as a variant of T. west of the upper Northern Territory is characterised and separated intima Mitchell, 1948. However T. bottomi sp. nov. is separated from T. from D. smithae sp. nov. of the central east of the upper Northern intima by the presence of distinct barring on the upper labials, versus Territory by the presence of a dark blackish temporal streak running indistinct in T. intima and in males smallish raised tubercles on the through the eye to the snout. upper dorsal surfaces of the body, versus medium to large ones in T. Adult male D. shooi sp. nov. are characterised by a very strong yellow intima. colouration on the venter, versus light yellow or absent in D. smithae Male T. bottomi sp. nov. have a triangular dark blackish flush posterior sp. nov.. to the front limb on the flank, versus an elongate flush in T. intima. Nominate D. bilineata from the central and East Kimberley in Western Distribution: Known only from slightly elevated gibber plains and Australia and the Victoria River region of the Northern Territory is sandy areas of far western Queensland and separated from the South characterised by (in life) yellow dorsolateral lines which have none or Australian populations of T. intima by the black soil riverine drainages little other colouration visible on the lines running down the body of the Lake Eyre basin. (proper). The phenotypically similar specimens from western Queensland, herein described as D. melvilleae sp. nov. by contrast (in Etymology: Named in honour of Bob (Robert) Bottom, investigative life) have obvious colouration running through the dorsolateral lines, journalist and publisher based in Sydney Australia and more recently, this being the other body markings. south-east Queensland. He broke numerous public interest news stories on wildlife smuggling, corruption and institutionalised crime These lines are also greyish in D. melvilleae sp. nov.. and corruption in Victoria. Male D. bilineata are further defined and separated from the other SPECIES TYMPANOCRYPTIS MARKTEESI SP. NOV. species in the group by the fact that the blackish region above the front leg extends to cover almost the entire upper arm, giving it a Holotype: A preserved specimen at the Queensland Museum, distinctive black appearance. Brisbane, Queensland, specimen number, J77690 from Peak Downs, Queensland, Australia, Lat. -22.68, Long. 147.67. D. garrodi sp. nov. from the Tunnel Creek National Park of the southern Kimberley region in Western Australia, while similar in most The Queensland Museum is a government-owned facility that allows respects to D. harmoni sp. nov., is readily separated from the other access to its holdings by others. species by a partially developed gular fold which runs as a fold Diagnosis: Tympanocryptis markteesi sp. nov. has until now been between the region behind the ear to the top of the leg, then slightly treated as a variant of T. lineata Peters, 1863. However T. markteesi further, but not as a full gular fold that would be seen meeting in the sp. nov. can be separated from T. lineata by its generally greyish middle of the gular region, as well as a small number distinctive dark colour versus orangeish in T. lineata. Furthermore T. lineata is flecks on the lower gular region (just above where the fold would characterised by two more-or-less vertical thick creamy bars on the otherwise be), as opposed to a smudge-like appearance (of darkish upper labials beneath the eye, whereas T. markteesi sp. nov. is pigment) in the lower gular region as seen in others in the species characterised by one only (the rear one) and the equivalent front bar group. being reduced to a largeish spot. In T. lineata the light barring of the Adult male D. garrodi sp. nov. are characterized and separated from forelimbs is distinct, versus indistinct or non-existent in T. markteesi the other species (in life) by their colouration, which includes a yellow sp. nov. and the similar species T. karumba Wells and Wellington, wash through the upper labial region, prominent but unusually thin, 1985, treated (improperly) by most authors as merely T. lineata. dorsolateral-stripes being white anterior to past the dark blotch above T. karumba is characterised by semi-circular blotches on the the front legs, then rapidly turning yellow for the rest of the body length dorsolateral surface, versus squareish in T. markteesi sp. nov.. Like T. to the pelvis (versus yellow for the entire length in D. magna), lineata, T. Karumba is characterised by two more-or-less vertical thick whereupon the stripes stop and then reform along the tail as a broken creamy bars on the upper labials beneath the eye, whereas T. grey line, with the rest of the tail being a bright light orange flush in markteesi sp. nov. is characterised by one only (the rear one) and the colour. Any markings on the tail are so indistinct as to appear absent equivalent front bar being reduced to a largeish spot. and there are little if any ventral markings, or if present are indistinct. Tympanocryptis alexteesi sp. nov. described below, is readily D. garrodi sp. nov. is only known from the type locality being the separated from Tympanocryptis markteesi sp. nov., T. karumba Wells Tunnel Creek National Park, which sits about 100 km south of the and Wellington, 1985, and nominate T. lineata Peters, 1863 by the the higher main part of the Kimberley Ranges, the relevant part being the fact that the dark dorsal blotches are orange-brown as opposed to King Leopold Ranges. greyish as well as the deep reddish orange lighter background colour Distribution: Diporiphora garrodi sp. nov. is known only from the area of the dorsal surfaces. Tympanocryptis alexteesi sp. nov. is also of the type locaility, that being the Tunnel Creek Conservation Park readily separated from the other three taxa by the considerable whitish area of northwestern Western Australia, Australia. yellow peppering on the lower neck region as well as a relative lack of white bars or spots on the upper labials, this being no more than two Etymology: The species is named in honour of Nathan Garrod, obvious ones. deceased in 2014. Distribution: Tympanocryptis markteesi sp. nov. is known only from He lived in Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia and I pay tribute to his grassland areas in the vicinity of the tropic of Capricorn, just west of services to herpetology. the Dividing Range in Eastern Queensland, and nearby areas His death by suicide was in large part caused by non-stop harassment immediately south. by police-protected criminals operating in the Queensland “reptile Etymology: Named in honour of Mark Tees of Brunswick, Victoria, business” who like Garrod ran a travelling reptile show. formerly of Bondi, New South Wales, in recognition of various Among other things, they initiated illegal armed raids by wildlife logistical services to herpetology in Australia. officers on his private home in an attempt to destroy his rival SPECIES TYMPANOCRYPTIS ALEXTEESI SP. NOV. education business and improperly steal his clients. Holotype: A preserved specimen at the South Australian Museum, There is no doubt that the actions of Tony Harrison of the Gold Coast Adelaide, South Australia, specimen number: R44707 being a female and Mike Cermak of Cairns directly contributed to his premature specimen collected from 4 km south of the Eucalyptus Waterhole on death. the Douglas Dam Track, South Australia. Lat. -27.6128, Long. 134.59. These actions included harassing phone calls, online trolling and The South Australian Museum is a government-owned facility that abuse, as well as bogus complaints to government authorities to allows access to its holdings by others. Hoser 2015 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 30:37-64. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved 62 Australasian Journal of Herpetology

Diagnosis: Tympanocryptis alexteesi sp. nov. is readily separated Scincidae) species group. Molecular Ecology 14:1279-1292. from Tympanocryptis markteesi sp. nov. described above, T. karumba Clemann, N. 2003. The Mountain Dragon Tympanocryptis diemensis Wells and Wellington, 1985, and nominate T. lineata Peters, 1863 by (Gray, 1841): a complex issue (with notes on the conservation of the the the fact that the dark dorsal blotches are orange-brown as ‘Anglesea’ Mountain Dragon). Monitor 11:8. opposed to greyish as well as the deep reddish orange lighter Cogger, H. G. 1975. Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia, Reed background colour of the dorsal surfaces. Tympanocryptis alexteesi Publishing, Sydney, NSW, Australia:584 pp. sp. nov. is also readily separated from the other three taxa by the Cogger, H. G. 1992. Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia, Revised considerable whitish yellow peppering on the lower neck region as well Edition, Reed Publishing, Sydney, NSW, Australia:775 pp. as a relative lack of white bars or spots on the upper labials, this being no more than two obvious ones. Cogger, H. G. 1996. Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia, Revised Edition, Reed Publishing, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Distribution: Known only from various dry habitats in the northern parts of South Australia, mainly west of the main Cooper’s Creek Cogger, H. G. 2013. Email to Raymond Hoser, 17 August 2013. drainage system. Cogger, H. G. 2014. Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia (Seventh Etymology: Named in honour of Alex Tees, lawyer of Bondi, New edition), CSIRO. Sydney, Australia:1064 pp. South Wales, in recognition of various logistical services to Cogger, H. G., Cameron, E. E. and Cogger, H. M. 1983. Zoological herpetology in Australia, including being instrumental in successfully Catalogue of Australia (1) Amphibia and Reptilia. Australian defending legal action to ban the best-selling book Smuggled-2: Government Publishing Service, Canberra, ACT, Australia:319 pp. Wildlife Trafficking, Crime and Corruption in Australia, when published Colgan, D. J., O’Meally, D. and Sadlier, R. A. 2009. Phylogeographic at end 1996 (Hoser, 1996). patterns in reptiles on the New England Tablelands at the south- This he did no less than three times! western boundary of the McPherson-Macleay overlap. Australian It was following the third unsuccessful attempt to ban this book in Journal of Zoology 57:317-328. 1996, that the New South Wales government was forced to allow the Covacevich, J., Couper, P., Molnar, R. E., Witten, G. and Young, W. legal private ownership of reptiles in New South Wales, this being for 1990. Miocene dragons from Riversleigh: new data on the history of the first time in 23 years and action that had implications for keeprs in the family Agamidae (Reptilia: ) in Australia. Memoirs of the all other Australian states, where similar bans were either in force or Queensland Museum 29:339-360. about to be re-enacted. Court of Appeal Victoria 2014. Hoser v Department of Sustainability All the current generation of New South Wales herpetologists and and Environment [2014] VSCA 206 (5 September 2014). those in all other Australian states, as well as anyone else who owns de Rooij, N. de 1915. The Reptiles of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. pet reptiles or handles them at travelling wildlife shows owe Mr. Tees a I. Lacertilia, Chelonia, Emydosauria. Leiden (E. J. Brill), xiv+384 pp. debt of gratitude for his role in getting them the rights they now take Dolman, G. and Moritz, C. 2006. A multilocus perspective on refugial for granted, noting most people in Australia in 2015 are now unaware isolation and divergence in rainforest skinks (Carlia). that there was an over 20 year battle to regain those rights. 60:573-582. FIRST REVISOR’S INSTRUCTIONS Doughty, P., Maryan, B., Melville, J. and Austin, J. 2007. A new Unless mandatory under the rules of zoological nomenclature of the species of Ctenophorus (Lacertlia: Agamidae) from Lake time, no new scientific names are to have spellings altered in any way. Disappointment, Western Australia. Herpetologica 63(1):72-86. The spellings of the new scientific names, in some cases lacking the Doughty, P., Keally, L., Shoo, L. P. and Melville, J. 2015. Revision of usual suffixes attached to such names or otherwise correct name the Western Australian pebble-mimic dragon species-group formations, are deliberate on the part of the author. (Tympanocryptis cephalus: Reptilia: Agamidae). Zootaxa Online, 3 Should a reviser decide that more than one described species herein November 2015, 4039(1):85-117. are of the same taxon, then name priority is given to the taxon named Driscoll, D. A. and Hardy, C. M. 2005. Dispersal and phylogeography first, as in by page priority in this paper. of the agamid lizard Amphibolurus nobbi in fragmented and REFERENCES CITED continuous habitat. Molecular Ecology 14:1613-1629. Anonymous 1987. Case 2531. Three works by Richard W. Wells and Dubey, S. and Shine, R. 2010. Evolutionary diversification of the lizard C. Ross Wellington: genus Bassiana (Scincidae) across southern Australia. PLoS One proposed suppression for nomenclatural purposes. (allegedly written 5:e12982. by the “President of the Australian Society of Herpetologists”, who at Dubois, A., Bour, R., Brygoo, E. and Lescure, J. 1988. Comments on the time was Richard Shine, then at University of Sydney, where he the proposed suppression for nomenclature of three works by R. 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Taxonomic and natural history notes on facilitate the relationship between taxonomy and nomenclature, vis-à- Tympanocryptis butleri and T. parviceps. Western Australian Naturalist vis the utility of the Code’s Article 81 (the Commission’s plenary 17(1):13-16. power). Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 70(4) December Greer, A. E. 1989. The Biology and Evolution of Australian Lizards. 2013:293-302. Surrey Beatty and Sons. Chipping Norton, NSW, Australia. Kaiser, H. 2014a. Comments on Spracklandus Hoser, 2009 (Reptilia, Günther, A. 1867. Additions to the knowledge of Australian reptiles Serpentes, ELAPIDAE): request for confirmation of the availability of and fishes. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (3)20: 45-57. the generic name and for the nomenclatural validation of the journal in Günther, R. and Kapisa, M. 2003. Allochtone Populationen der which it was published. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 71(1):30- Kragenechse, Chlamydosaurus kingii GRAY, 1825, und des Papua- 35. Wasserdrachens, Lophognathus temporalis (GÜNTHER, 1867), auf Kaiser H. 2014b. Best Practices in Herpetological Taxonomy: Errata der Insel Biak. Sauria 25(2):31-35. and Addenda. Herpetological Review, 45(2):257-268. Hall, L. 2014. Ian Turnbull, accused of murdering environmental officer Kaiser, H., Crother, B. L., Kelly, C. M. R., Luiselli, L., O’Shea, M., Ota, Glen Turner, refused bail. Sydney Morning Herald (online version H., Passos, P., Schleip, W. D. and Wüster, W. 2013. Best practices: In dated, 2 October) at: http://www.smh.com.au/ the 21st Century, Taxonomic Decisions in Herpetology are Acceptable nsw/ian-turnbull-accused-of-murdering-environmental Only When supported by a body of Evidence and Published via Peer- -officer-glen-turner-refused-bail-20141002-10p3xd.html Review. Herpetological Review 44(1):8-23. Harvey, M. B., Barker, D. G., Ammerman, L. K. and Chippindale, P. T. Loveridge, A. 1933. New agamid lizards of the genera Amphibolurus 2000. Systematics of pythons of the Morelia amethistina complex and Physignathus from Australia. Proc. New England zool. Club (Serpentes: Boidae) with the description of three new species. 13:69-72. Herpetological Monographs 14:139-185. Macleay, W. 1877. The lizards of the Chevert Expedition. Proceedings Hoser, R. T. 1989. Australian Reptiles and Frogs. Pierson and Co., of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, 2:60-69;97-104. Mosman, NSW, 2088:238 pp. Magistrates Court of Victoria 2014. Department of Sustainability and Hoser, R. T. 1993. Smuggled: The Underground Trade in Australia’s Environment of Victoria, versus Raymond Hoser. 21 October 2014. Wildlife. Apollo Publishing, Moss Vale, NSW, Australia:160 pp. Maryan, B. 1992. A natural history note on the dragon Tympanocryptis Hoser, R. T. 1996. Smuggled-2: Wildlife Trafficking, Crime and butleri. Herpetofauna (Sydney) 22 (1):35. Corruption in Australia. Kotabi Publishing. Doncaster, Victoria, McLean, C. A., Moussalli, A., Sass, S. and Stuart-Fox, D. 2013. Australia:280 pp. Taxonomic assessment of the Ctenophorus decresii complex (Reptilia: Hoser, R. T. 1998. Death adders (genus Acanthophis): an overview, Agamidae) reveals a new species of dragon lizard from western New including descriptions of five new species and one subspecies. South Wales. Records of the Australian Museum 65(3):51-63. Monitor 9(2): Cover, 20-30, 33-41. [Published 18 December 2013]. Hoser, R. T. 1999. Victoria Police Corruption: The book the Victoria Melville, J., Schulte II, J. A. and Larson, A. 2001. A molecular Police don’t want you to read! Kotabi Publishing, Doncaster, Victoria, phylogenetic study of ecological diversification in the Australian lizard 3108, Australia:736 pp. genus Ctenophorus. Journal of Experimental Zoology (Molecular Hoser, R. T. 2000a. A revision of the Australasian Pythons. Ophidia Development and Evolution) 291:339-353. Review 1:7-27. Melville, J., Harmon, L. J. and Losos, J. B. 2006. Intercontinental Hoser, R. T. 2000b. A new species of snake (Serpentes: Elapidae) community convergence of ecology and morphology in desert lizards. from Irian Jaya. Litteratura Serpentium 20(6):178-186. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences 273:557-563. Hoser, R. T. 2001. A current assessment of the status of the snakes of the genera Cannia Melville, J., Shoo, L. P. and Doughty, P. 2008. Phylogenetic relationships of the heath dragons (Rankinia adelaidensis and R. and Pailsus, including descriptions of three new subspecies from the parviceps) from the south-western Australian biodiversity hotspot. Northern Territory and Western Australia, Australia. Boydii - Journal of Australian Journal of Zoology 56:159-171. the Herpetological Society of Queensland Incorporated, July 2001:26- 60. Melville, J., Ritchie, E., Chapple, S. N. J., Glor, R. E. and Schulte, J. A. II 2011. Evolutionary origins Hoser, R. T. 2007. Wells and Wellington - It’s time to bury the hatchet. Calodema Supplementary Paper 1:1-9. and diversification of dragon lizards in Australia’s tropical savannah woodlands. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 58:257–270. Hoser, R. T. 2010. Sam the scam: Sam the Koala is an imposter. Australasian Journal of Herpetology, 8:1-64. Mirtschin, P. and Davis, R. 1992. Snakes of Australia, Dangerous and Harmless. Hill of Content, Melbourne, Australia:216 pp. Hoser, R. T. 2015. Rhodin et al. 2015, Yet more lies, misrepresentations and falsehoods by a band of thieves intent on Mutton, N. 2014a. Private email (via Facebook) to Raymond Hoser. stealing credit for the scientific works of others. Australasian Journal 6.31 AM, 30 May. of Herpetology 27:3-36. Mutton, N. 2014b. Two emails to Raymond Hoser, 9 June. Houston, T. F. 1978. Dragon Lizards and Goannas of South Australia. Naish, D. 2013. Taxonomic vandalism and the Raymond Hoser Adelaide: South Australian Museum:84 pp. problem. Online blog at: http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/tetrapod- Hugall, A. F. and Lee, M. S. Y. 2004. Molecular claims of Gondwanan zoology/2013/06/20/taxonomic-vandalism-and-raymond-hoser/ age for Australian agamid lizards are untenable. Molecular Biology Ng, J. Clemann, N., Chapple, S. N. J. and Melville, J. 2013. and Evolution 21:2102-2110. Phylogeographic evidence links the threatened ‘Grampians’ Mountain Hoser 2015 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 30:37-64. Available online at www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved 64 Australasian Journal of Herpetology

Dragon (Rankinia diemensis Grampians) with Tasmanian populations: Thorpe, S. 2014a. Post on Taxacom listserver, 13 April. conservation implications in south-eastern Australia. Conservation Thorpe, S. 2014b. Email to ICZN, 29 April. Genetics April 2014, 15(2):363-373. (Published online on 7 Nov 2013). Thorpe S. 2014c. Email to Doug Yanega and ICZN listserver, 6 July. Paull, D. 2002. Community Data Search and Biodiversity Survey of the Turner, G. and Valentic, R. 1998. Notes on the occurrence and habits Brigalow Belt South NSW regional assessments Brigalow Belt South of Pogona brevis. Herpetofauna 28 (1):12-18. Bioregion (Stage 2), on behalf of the Nature Conservation Council of Tyler, M. J. 1992. Encyclopedia of Australian Animals - Frogs. The NSW, A project undertaken for the Resource and Conservation National Photographic Index of Australian Wildlife/Angus and Assessment Council NSW Western Regional Assessments WRA / 33, Robertson, Pymble, NSW, Australia:124 pp. 143 pp. Online at: http://www.epa.nsw.gov.au/resources/ forestagreements/wra33.pdf Tyler, M. J., Smith, L. A. and Johnstone, R. E. 1994. Frogs of Western Australia. Western Australian Museum, Perth, Western Australia, Pepper, M., Barquero, M. D., Whiting, M. J. and Keogh, J. S. 2014. A Australia:87 pp. multi-locus molecular phylogeny for Australia’s iconic Jacky Dragon (Agamidae: Amphibolurus muricatus): Phylogeographic structure VCAT 2015. Hoser v Department of Environment Land Water and along the Great Dividing Range of south-eastern Australia. Molecular Planning (Review and Regulation) [2015] VCAT 1147 (30 July 2015). Phylogenetics and Evolution, 71:149-156. Welling, A. 1999. A study of the ecology of the Mountain Dragon, Pyron, R. A., Burbrink, F. T. and Wiens, J. J. 2013. A phylogeny and Tympanocryptis diemensis. Thesis, University of Tasmania. revised classification of Squamata, including 4151 species of lizards Wellington, C. R. 2013. Post on Facebook, 26 December. and snakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13:93. Wellington, C. R. 2014a. Post on Facebook wall of Scott Eipper, 6 [doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-93]. April. Rawlinson, P. A. 1967. The vertebrate fauna of the Bass Strait Islands. Wellington, C. R. 2014b. Email to ICZN listserver and others on 9 July 2. The reptilian of Flinders and King Islands. Proceedings of the Royal 2014. Society of Victoria 80:211-224. Wells, R. W. 2013. Post on Facebook, 18 December. Rawlinson, P. A. 1974. Biogeography and ecology of the reptiles of Wells, R. W. 2014a. Post on Facebook wall of Scott Eipper, 6 April. Tasmania and the Bass Strait area. Monographiae Biologicae 25:291- Wells, R. W. 2014b. Post on blogger.com, 7 July. 338. Wells, R. W. and Wellington, C. R. 1984. A synopsis of the class Ride, W. D. L. (ed.) et al. (on behalf of the International Commission Reptilia in Australia. Australian Journal of Herpetology 1(3-4):73-129. on Zoological Nomenclature) 1999. International code of Zoological Wells, R. W. and C. R. Wellington. 1985. A classification of the Nomenclature. The Natural History Museum - Cromwell Road, London Amphibia and Reptilia of Australia. Australian Journal of Herpetology SW7 5BD, UK (also commonly cited as “The Rules”, “Zoological Supplementary Series 1:1-61. Rules” or “ICZN 1999”). Wells, R. W. and Wellington, C. R. 1999. A response to Ken Aplin’s Ryder, O. A. 1986. Species conservation and systematics: the article on Herpetology in Australia. Monitor:Journal of the Victorian dilemma of subspecies. Trends Ecol Evol 1:9-10. Herpetological Society 10(2/3):110-112. Shea, G. M. 1995. The holotype and additional records of Pogona Werning, H. 1995. Wasseragamen [water dragons]. Terrarien henrylawsoni Wells and Bibliothek, Heselhaus and Schmidt Verlag, Münster [ISBN 3-9801853- Wellington, 1985. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 38(2):574. 9-7] Shea, G. 2013a. Email to Raymond Hoser dated Fri, 8 Mar 2013 Werning, H. 2002. Wasseragamen und Segelechsen. Natur und Tier 04:29:39 +0000. Verlag (Münster):127 pp. Shea, G. 2013b. Post on facebook at: http://www.facebook.com/ Werning, H. 2004. Bibliographie der Gattungen Physignathus, glenn.shea.73?ref=ts&fref=ts on 8 Lophognathus und Hydrosaurus. Iguana Rundschreiben 17(2):18-31. March at 7.51 AM. Wilson, S. and Swan, G. 2010. A complete guide to reptiles of Shea, G. 2013c. Post on facebook on 20 March at: http:// Australia, 3rd ed. Chatswood: New Holland:558 pp. www.facebook.com/glenn.shea.73?ref=ts&fref=ts#!/ Witten, G. J. 1972. A new species of Amphibolurus from eastern bryangrieg.fry?fref=ts Australia. Herpetologica 28:191-195. Shea, G. 2013d. Post on facebook on 20 March at: http:// Witten, G. J. 1994. Taxonomy of Pogona (Reptilia: Lacertilia: www.facebook.com/glenn.shea.73?ref=ts&fref=ts#!/ Agamidae). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 37(1):329-343. bryangrieg.fry?fref=ts Witten, G. J. and Coventry, A. J. 1984. A new lizard of the genus Shoo, L. P., Rose, R., Doughty, P., Austin, J. J. and Melville, J. 2008. Amphibolurus (Agamidae) from southern Australia. Proceedings of the Diversification patterns of pebble-mimic dragons are consistent with Royal Society of Victoria 96(3):155-159. historical disruption of important habitat corridors in arid Australia. Worrell, E. 1963. Reptiles of Australia, Angus and Robertson, Sydney, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 48:528-542. Australia:222 pp. Smith, K. L., Harmon, L. J., Shoo, L. P., and Melville, J. 2011. Wüster, W., Broadley, D. G. and Wallach, V. 2014. Comments on Evidence of constrained phenotypic evolution in a cryptic species Spracklandus Hoser, 2009 (Reptilia, Serpentes, ELAPIDAE): request complex of agamid lizards. Evolution 65-4:976-992. for confirmation of the availability of the generic name and for the Sprackland, R., Smith, H. and Strimple, P. 1997. Case 3043, Varanus nomenclatural validation of the journal in which it was published (Case teriae Sprackland, 1991 (Reptilia, Squamata): proposed conservation 3601; see BZN 70: 234–237). Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature of the specific name. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 54(2):100- 7(1):37-38. 102. CONFLICT OF INTEREST Storr, G. M. 1964. The agamid lizards of the genus Tympanocryptis in The author has no known conflicts of interest in terms of this paper Western Australia. J. Roy. Soc. West. Aust. 47:43-50. and conclusions within. Storr, G. M. 1966. The Amphibolurus reticulatus species-group (Lacertilia: Agamidae) in Western Australia. J. R. Soc. West. Aust. 49:17-25. Australasian Journal of Herpetology ® Storr, G. M. 1974. Agamid lizards of the genera Caimanops, ISSN 1836-5698 (Print) Physignathus and Diporiphora in Western Australia and Northern ISSN 1836-5779 (Online) Territory. Rec. West. Aust. Mus. 3:121-146. Storr, G. M. 1977. The Amphibolurus adelaidensis species group Publishes original research in printed form in (Lacertilia, Agamidae) in Western Australia. Rec. West. Aust. Mus. relation to reptiles, other fauna and related matters, 5:73-81. including the subjects of classification, ecology, Thompson, G. G. and Thompson, S. A. 2001. Behavioural and spatial public interest, legal, captivity, exposure of frauds, ecology of Gilbert’s dragon Lophognathus gilberti (Agamidae: “academic misconduct”, etc. Reptilia). J. Royal Soc. Western Australia 84:153-158. It is a peer reviewed printed journal published in Thomson, S. 2003. Post at: http://forums.kingsnake.com/ hard copy for permanent public scientific record, view.php?id=279134,292763 dated Dec 29 03:59:46 downloaded on with a sizeable print run and has a global audience. Hoser 2015 - Australasian Journal of Herpetology 30:37-64. 16 May 2015. Full details at: Thorpe, S. 2013. Post to the Taxacom listserver, 21 May. Available online at www.herp.nethttp://www.herp.net Copyright- Kotabi Publishing - All rights reserved