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Mersin Körfezi'nde Avlanan Balik Türlerindeki Ağir

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Mersin Körfezi'nde Avlanan Balik Türlerindeki Ağir ORIGINAL ARTICLE/ORİJİNAL ÇALIŞMA FULL PAPER TAM MAKALE MERSİN KÖRFEZİ’NDE AVLANAN BALIK TÜRLERİNDEKİ AĞIR METAL DÜZEYLERİ Fahri Karayakar ORCID ID: 0000-0002-8114-350X, Oğuz Bavbek ORCID ID: 0000-0001-6049-7213, Bedii Cicik ORCID ID: 0000-0003-3982-9943 Mersin Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Yenişehir, Mersin, Türkiye Corresponding author: 12.01.2017 Received: Fahri KARAYAKAR, Mersin Üniversitesi Su Ürün- Accepted: 18.04.2017 leri Fakültesi Yenişehir, Mersin, Türkiye Published online: 18.06.2017 E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Öz: HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN FISH Bu araştırmada Mersin Körfezinden örneklenen, tüke- SPECIES CAPTURED IN MERSIN BAY time sunulan ve ekonomik öneme sahip Scomber japo- nicus, Caranx rhoncus, Pegusa lascaris türlerinin so- In this study we aimed to determine of heavy metal le- lungaç, karaciğer, böbrek, dalak ve kas dokularındaki vels in gills, liver, kidney, spleen and muscle tissues of Zn, Cu, Pb ve Cd düzeylerinin belirlenmesi amaçlan- various fish species, Scomber japonicus, Caranx rhon- mıştır. Doku metal düzeylerinin belirlenmesinde Ato- cus, Pegusa lascaris, consumed as nutrients and samp- mik Absorbsiyon Spektrofotometrik yöntem uygulan- led from Mersin Bay. These species of fish were chosen mıştır. İncelenen metal düzeyleri dokulara, metale, since they have high economic value and consumed as mevsime ve yaşam alanlarına bağlı olarak değişim gös- a protein source. Levels of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn in the termiştir. Zn için en yüksek düzey dalak, Cu ve Cd için tissues were determined using atomic absorption tech- karaciğer, Pb için ise Solungaç dokusunda olurken, en niques. Heavy metal concentrations in sampled fish düşük birikimin kas dokusunda olduğu belirlenmiştir. changed with different tissues, metals, seasons and ha- Söz konusu türlerin kas dokusunda incelenen metal dü- bitat. The highest accumulation rate of Zn was observed zeyleri insan tüketimi için çok düşük olduğundan, Türk in spleen tissue whereas Cu were found to be accumu- Gıda Kodeks’ine göre kabul edilebilir düzeylerde ol- lated highest in liver tissue samples. In addition it was duğu saptanmıştır. observed that Cd was mainly accumulated in liver tis- sue whereas Pb was detected in gill tissue samples. Me- Keywords: Ağır Metal, Balık, Doku, Mersin Körfezi, tal levels investigated in muscle tissue of the species are Mevsim, Scomber japonicus, Caranx very low for human consumption, it has been determi- rhoncus, Pegusa lascaris ned that they are acceptable levels according to the Tur- kish Food Codex. Keywords: Heavy metals, Fish, Tissue, Mersin Bay, Seasons, Scomber japonicus, Caranx rhoncus, Pegusa lascaris JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING AND FISHERIES RESEARCH E-ISSN 2149-0236 3(3): 141-150 (2017) doi: 10.3153/JAEFR17017 © 2015-2017 ScientificWebJournals (SWJ) 141 Journal of Aquaculture Engineering and Fisheries Research, 3(3): 141-150 (2017) Journal abbreviation: J Aquacult Eng Fish Res Giriş Su ortamları, insanlar tarafından sınırsız kapasite- fosfataz, alkol dehidrogenaz ve karbonik anhidraz deki atık bölgeleri olarak görülmektedir. Ağır me- gibi yaklaşık 20 metalloenzimin yapısal bir bile- taller, su ortamına rüzgar, toprak erozyonu ve vol- şeni olup, kofaktör olarak işlev görmektedir. kanik aktiviteler gibi doğal olaylar sonucu katıla- Çinko eksikliğinin, gökkuşağı alabalığında büyü- bildiği gibi, günümüzde endüstri kollarında yay- mede yavaşlama ve gecikmeye, deri ve yüzgeç- gın bir şekilde kullanımıyla, endüstriyel, tarımsal lerde aşınmaya neden olduğu bildirilmiştir. Aynı ve evsel atık sularla da katılmakta sonuçta sucul zamanda çinko eksikliği, olası karboksipeptidaz ortamlarda kirliliğin artmasına neden olmaktadır- aktivitesini azalttığı için, protein ve karbonhidrat lar (Fergusson, 1990; Gregory vd, 2002; Taylan ve sindirimini de düşürdüğü gözlenmiştir (Watanabe Özkoç, 2007). vd, 1997). Bakır (Cu), çinko (Zn) ve demir (Fe) gibi ağır me- Kurşun, toksik etkili bir metal olup, özellikle kur- taller, organizmalar tarafından yaşamsal olaylar şun-pil üretimi, cevherlerin arıtımı, kaplama iş- için belirli düzeylerde kullanılırken, metabolik lemleri, kimya ve gübre sanayinde son derece kul- olaylarda işlevleri olmadığı bilinen cıva (Hg), lanışlı fiziksel ve kimyasal özelliklere sahip bir kadmiyum (Cd) ve kurşun (Pb) belirtilen kaynak- metaldir (Ahmed ve Bibi, 2010; Victor vd, 2012). lardan sucul ortamlara katılmaktadır. Anılan me- Kurşun, insanda özellikle merkezi sinir sistemi, tallerin yüksek derişimleri sucul organizmalarda üreme organları, böbrek ve bağışıklık sistemini toplu ölümlere ve habitat değişimine neden olur- olumsuz yönde etkileyen oldukça önemli çevresel ken, düşük derişimleri çeşitli yollarla vücuda alı- bir kirleticidir. Kurşunun kadınlarda infertiliteye, narak, metabolik, fizyolojik ve patolojik değişim- düşüğe, gebelikte yüksek tansiyon ve erken do- lere, doku ve organlarda birikime, besin zinciri ğuma neden olduğu belirlenmiştir (Winder, 1993). aracılığı ile artan derişimlerde üst trofik düzeylere Kadmiyum, doğada cevher halinde bulunmayıp, iletilerek hücresel veya moleküler düzeyde yapısal çinko ve diğer metallerin ekstraksiyon ürünü ola- ve işlevsel bozukluklara sonuçta mortaliteye ne- rak ortaya çıkar ve başlıca kimyasal stabilizatör, den olurlar (Hilmy vd, 1985; De Conto- Cinier vd, metal kaplama, pil ve pigment üretiminde kulla- 1999; Odzak vd, 2000). nılmaktadır. Kadmiyum, organizmalarda karsino- Ağır metaller, balıklar tarafından su, besin, solun- jenik, teratojenik bir etkiye sahip olup, endokrin gaçlar ve tüm vücut yüzeyinden absorbsiyon yolu ve üreme sistemi üzerine toksik etkili olduğu be- ile ortamdan vücuda alınsa da, alınım yoluna bağlı lirlenmiştir (Coles vd, 1995; Zelikoff vd, 1995). olmaksızın başlıca karaciğer, solungaç, dalak ve Balık, genellikle besin zincirinin en üst halkasında böbrek gibi metabolik bakımdan aktif olan doku yer alan, sucul kirleticilere yüksek oranda maruz ve organlarda birikirler (Heath, 1995). kalan ve insan tüketimi için de önemli olan bir be- Bakır, yüzey sularında ve yerkabuğunda bol bulu- sin kaynağıdır. Bu bağlamda yapılan araştırmada nan, hayvansal organizmalarda metabolik olay- ekonomik öneme sahip ve protein kaynağı olarak larda işlev gören birçok enzimin kofaktörü olarak tüketilen Scomber japonicus (pelajik), Caranx biyolojik öneme sahip bir iz elementtir. Bakır, rhonchus (bentopelajik), Pegusa lascaris (bentik) günlük yaşamda kullanılan evsel ve endüstriyel türleri kullanılmıştır. S. japonicus (Houttuyn, ürünlerin üretiminde, tarımsal gübre ve pestisitle- 1782), kolyoz olarak bilinen pelajik bir tür olup, rin bileşiminde yaygın bir şekilde kullanılmakta- 0-300 m derinliklerde yaşar. Boy grupları itiba- dır. Bakır toksisitesi karaciğer ve böbrekte nekro- rıyla sürü oluşturur. Sürü diğer pelajik türlerle ka- zise ve solungaçlarda hasara neden olabilir (Wata- rışık olabilir. Gün boyunca kıyıya yakın yerlerde nabe vd, 1997). Kanal yayın balığında bakırın kalır, geceleri ise açık sulara gider ve oralarda ba- yüksek düzeyleri, büyüme de yavaşlamaya (Murai lık, kalamar, kopepod ve diğer kabuklularla besle- vd, 1981), eksikliğinde ise karaciğerde Cu-Zn sü- nirler. C. rhonchus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilarie, peroksit dismutaz ve kalpte sitokrom c oksidaz ak- 1817), İstavrit olarak adlandırılan, taban üstünde tivitelerini (Gatlin ve Wilson, 1986) etkilediği bil- askıda ve su kolonunda dolaşan, sürü oluşturan, dirilmiştir. bentopelajik bir balık türü olup 60 cm boy ve 1 kg ağırlıkta olabilirler. Ticari öneme sahip olup, 30- Çinko bileşikleri, insektisit, fungisit, tekstil bo- 200 m derinliklerde yaşarlar. Küçük balık ve yama, termoelektrik cihazlar ve plastik üretimi omurgasızlarla beslenirler. P. lascaris (Risso, gibi sanayinin birçok alanında yaygın bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır (WHO, 2001). Çinko, alkalin 142 Journal of Aquaculture Engineering and Fisheries Research, 3(3): 141-150 (2017) Journal abbreviation: J Aquacult Eng Fish Res 1810), bentik bir tür olup, dil balığı olarak adlan- Örneklemeler 2012 Aralık - 2013 Kasım ayları dırılır. Çakıllı ve çamurlu kesimlerde 5-350 m de- arasında trol avcılığı yapan teknelerle Berdan - rinliklerde yayılım gösteren bu türün boyu 45-48 Karaduvar (360 39’ 23” K–0340 35’ 54”D / 360 35’ cm kadar olabilir. Çoğunlukla küçük bivalvlerle 19” K–0340 51’ 01”D) (Şekil 1.) arasını içeren beslenip, amfipod, dekapod, karides ve poliketler bölgeden aylık olarak yapılmış, mevsimsel olarak gibi kabuklular da besinini oluşturmaktadır (Whi- değerlendirilmiştir. Bu bölgenin seçiminde sanayi, tehead vd. 1984). evsel ve tarımsal aktivitelerinin etkin olması dik- kate alınmıştır. Mersin ili Doğu Akdeniz kıyı şeridinde yer alan, doğusunda çimento, cam, soda, krom, gübre sa- Belirtilen türlerin her birinden 15 örnek alınıp, so- nayi, kauçuk, cam yünü, su bazlı polimer üretimi ğuk zincir içerisinde Mersin Üniversitesi Su Ürün- gibi endüstriyel aktivitelerin yoğun olduğu, aynı leri Fakültesi Temel Bilimler araştırma laboratu- zamanda tarımsal faaliyetlerin yürütüldüğü, liman varına getirilmiştir. Balıklarda ağır metal birikimi ve serbest bölgenin de yer alması nedeniyle deniz boy ve ağırlığa bağlı olarak değişim gösterdiğin- trafiğinin yoğun olduğu, batısında ise tarımsal ak- den (Canlı ve Atlı, 2003), örneklerin her birinin tivitelerin yanı sıra dinlenme ve turizm amaçlı te- morfometrik ölçümleri yapılmış, metal analizinde sislerin yoğun olduğu bir yerleşim bölgesidir. Anı- kullanılacak doku ve organlar balıklardan ayrı ayrı lan kirlilik kayanaklarının etkisinde kalan Mersin disekte edilmiştir. Körfezi’nde pek çok araştırma yapılmıştır
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